Home • Search • Translate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Fluoxetine.

Fluvoxamine
Clinical data
Trade namesLuvox, others
AHFS/ Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a695004
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		 By mouth
Drug class Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability53% (90% confidence interval: 44–62%) [3]
Protein binding77–80% [3] [4]
Metabolism Liver (primarily O- demethylation)
Major: CYP1A2
Minor: CYP3A4
Minor: CYP2C19 [3]
Elimination half-life12–13 hours (single dose), 22 hours (repeated dosing) [3]
Excretion Kidney (98%; 94% as metabolites, 4% as unchanged drug) [3]
Identifiers
  • 2-{[(E)-{5-Methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] pentylidene}amino]oxy}ethanamine [5]
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard ( EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.125.476 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H21F3N2O2
Molar mass318.340 g·mol−1
3D model ( JSmol)
  • FC(F)(F)c1ccc(\C(=N\OCCN)CCCCOC)cc1
  • InChI=1S/C15H21F3N2O2/c1-21-10-3-2-4-14(20-22-11-9-19)12-5-7-13(8-6-12)15(16,17)18/h5-8H,2-4,9-11,19H2,1H3/b20-14+ checkY
  • Key:CJOFXWAVKWHTFT-XSFVSMFZSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY  (what is this?)   (verify)

Fluvoxamine, sold under the brand name Luvox among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. [6] It is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), [7] but is also used to treat anxiety disorders [8] such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. [9] [10] [11]

Fluvoxamine's side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs: constipation, gastrointestinal problems, headache, anxiety, irritation, sexual problems, dry mouth, sleep problems and a risk of suicide at the start of treatment by lifting the psychomotor inhibition, but these effects appear to be significantly weaker than with other SSRIs (except gastrointestinal side-effects). [12]

Although the many drug-drug interactions of fluvoxamine can be problematic (and may temper enthusiasm for its prescribing, advocation and usage to some), its tolerance-profile itself is actually superior in some respects to other SSRIs (particularly with respect to cardiovascular complications), despite its age. [13] Compared to escitalopram and sertraline, indeed, fluvoxamine's gastrointestinal profile may be less intense, [14] often being limited to nausea. [15] Mosapride has demonstrated efficacy in treating fluvoxamine-induced nausea. [16] It is also advised practice to divide total daily doses of fluvoxamine greater than 100 milligrams, with the higher fraction being taken at bedtime (e.g., 50 mg at the beginning of the waking day and 200 mg at bedtime). In any case, high starting daily doses of fluvoxamine rather than the recommended gradual titration (starting at 50 milligrams and gradually titrating, up to 300 if necessary) may predispose to nauseous discomfort. [17]

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [18]

Medical uses

In many countries (e.g., Australia, [19] [20] the United Kingdom, [21] and Russia [22]) it is commonly used for major depressive disorder. Fluvoxamine is also approved in the United States for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), [23] [7] and social anxiety disorder. [24] In Japan, it is also approved to treat OCD, social anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. [25] [26] Fluvoxamine is indicated for children and adolescents with OCD. [27] The NICE guidelines in the United Kingdom have, as of 2005, authorized its use for obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults and adolescents of any age and children over the age of 7.[ medical citation needed]

There is evidence that fluvoxamine is effective for generalised social anxiety in adults, although, as with other SSRIs, some of the results may be compromised by having been funded by pharmaceutical companies. [28] [29] Of the SSRIs, however, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline do appear consistent as viable treatments for generalised social anxiety. [30] [31] Phenelzine, [32] [33] brofaromine, venlafaxine, gabapentin, pregabalin and clonazepam represent other viable options for the pharmacological treatment of generalised social anxiety.[ medical citation needed]

Fluvoxamine is also effective for treating a range of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and separation anxiety disorder. [34] [35] [36]

The drug works long-term, and retains its therapeutic efficacy for at least one year. [37] It has also been found to possess some analgesic properties in line with other SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants. [38] [39] [40]

The average therapeutic dose for fluvoxamine is 100 to 300 mg/day, with 300 mg being the upper daily limit normally recommended. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, however, often requires higher doses; doses of up to 450 mg/day may be prescribed in this case. [41] [42] [43] In any case with fluvoxamine, treatment is generally begun at 50 mg and increased in 50 mg increments every 4 to 7 days until a therapeutic optimum is reached. [44]

Adverse effects

Fluvoxamine's side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs, with gastrointestinal side effects more characteristic of those receiving treatment with fluvoxamine. [3] [23] [19] [21] [45] [46]

Common

Common side effects occurring with 1–10% incidence:

Uncommon

Uncommon side effects occurring with 0.1–1% incidence:

  • Arthralgia
  • Confusional state
  • Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. oedema [buildup of fluid in the tissues], rash, pruritus)
  • Extrapyramidal side effects (e.g. dystonia, parkinsonism, tremor, etc.)
  • Hallucination
  • Orthostatic hypotension

Rare

Rare side effecs occurring with 0.01–0.1% incidence:

  • Abnormal hepatic (liver) function
  • Galactorrhoea (expulsion of breast milk unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding)
  • Mania
  • Photosensitivity (being abnormally sensitive to light)
  • Seizures

Unknown frequency

Interactions

Luvox (fluvoxamine) 100 mg film-coated scored tablets

Fluvoxamine inhibits the following cytochrome P450 enzymes: [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56][ excessive citations]

By so doing, fluvoxamine can increase serum concentration of the substrates of these enzymes. [48]

Fluvoxamine may also elevate plasma levels of olanzapine by approximately two times. [59] Combined olanzapine and fluvoxamine, which may cause increased sedation, [60] should be used cautiously and controlled clinically and by therapeutic drug monitoring to avoid olanzapine induced adverse effects and/or intoxication. [61] [62]

The plasma levels of oxidatively metabolized benzodiazepines (e.g., triazolam, midazolam, alprazolam and diazepam) are likely to be increased when co-administered with fluvoxamine. However, the clearance of benzodiazepines metabolized by glucuronidation (e.g., lorazepam; oxazepam, which is coincidentally a metabolite of diazepam; [63] temazepam) [64] [65] are not affected by fluvoxamine and may be safely taken alongside fluvoxamine should concurrent treatment with a benzodiazepine be necessary. [66] Additionally, it appears that benzodiazepines metabolized by nitro-reduction ( clonazepam, nitrazepam) may also, in a somewhat similar vein, be unlikely to be affected by fluvoxamine. [67] [68]

Using fluvoxamine and alprazolam together can increase alprazolam plasma concentrations. [69] If alprazolam is coadministered with fluvoxamine, the initial alprazolam dose should be reduced to the lowest effective dose. [70] [71]

Fluvoxamine and ramelteon coadministration is not indicated. [72] [73]

Fluvoxamine has been observed to increase serum concentrations of mirtazapine, which is mainly metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, by three- to four-fold in humans. [74] Caution and adjustment of dosage as necessary are warranted when combining fluvoxamine and mirtazapine. [74]

Fluvoxamine seriously affects the pharmacokinetics of tizanidine and increases the intensity and duration of its effects. Because of the potentially hazardous consequences, the concomitant use of tizanidine with fluvoxamine, or other potent inhibitors of CYP1A2, should be avoided. [75]

When a beta-blocker is required, atenolol, [76] pindolol [77] [78] [79] and, possibly, metoprolol [80] [81] [57] [82] may be safer choices than propranolol, as the latter's metabolism is seriously, potentially dangerously, inhibited by fluvoxamine. [83] Indeed, fluvoxamine may increase propranolol blood-levels by five-fold. [84]

Clomipramine increases fluvoxamine levels and, conversely-likewise, fluvoxamine increases clomipramine levels (thereby its serotoninergic potential) and inhibits its metabolism to its strongly-noradrenergic metabolite, norclomipramine. [85] [86]

Pharmacology

Receptor affinity profile [87] [88] [89]
Site Ki (nM)
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter 2.5
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter 1,427
5-HT2C 5,786
α1-adrenergic 1,288
σ1 36

Fluvoxamine is a potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with around 100-fold affinity for the serotonin transporter over the norepinephrine transporter. [49] It has negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter or any other site, with the sole exception of the σ1 receptor. [90] [13] It behaves as a potent agonist at this receptor and has the highest affinity (36 nM) of any SSRI for doing so. [90] This may contribute to its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and may also afford it some efficacy in treating the cognitive symptoms of depression. [91] Unlike some other SSRIs, fluvoxamine's metabolites are pharmacologically neutral. [92]

History

Fluvoxamine was developed by Kali-Duphar, [93] part of Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Belgium, now Abbott Laboratories, and introduced as Floxyfral in Switzerland in 1983. [93] It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994, and introduced as Luvox in the US. [94] In India, it is available, among several other brands, as Uvox by Abbott. [95] It was one of the first SSRI antidepressants to be launched, and is prescribed in many countries to patients with major depression. [96] It was the first SSRI, a non- TCA drug, approved by the U.S. FDA specifically for the treatment of OCD. [97] At the end of 1995, more than ten million patients worldwide had been treated with fluvoxamine. [98][ failed verification] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be registered for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in children by the FDA in 1997. [99] In Japan, fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be approved for the treatment of depression in 1999 [100] [101] and was later in 2005 the first drug to be approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. [102] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI approved for clinical use in the United Kingdom. [103] Manufacturers include BayPharma, Synthon, and Teva, among others. [104]

Research directions

While early studies have suggested potential benefits for fluvoxamine as an anti-inflammatory agent and a possible impact on reducing cytokine storms, further studies did not confirm this expected benefit on COVID-19 patients. [105] [106] A cytokine storm refers to an excessive immune response characterized by a release of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. [107]

In May 2022, based on a review of available scientific evidence, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) chose not to issue an emergency use authorization covering the use of fluvoxamine to treat COVID-19, saying that, at the time, the data was not sufficient to conclude that fluvoxamine may be effective in treating non-hospitalized people with COVID-19 to prevent serious illness or hospitalization. The agency stated that study results suggest that further clinical trials may be warranted. [108] [109]

A large double-blind randomized controlled trial called ACTIV-6, published in 2023 in JAMA, revealed that taking 200 mg of fluvoxamine every day for about two weeks was not significantly better than placebo at shortening the duration of mild or moderate COVID-19 symptoms. [110][ medical citation needed]

There is tentative evidence that fluvoxamine may reduce the overall morbidity of COVID-19 and complications thereof. [111] [112]

Environment

Fluvoxamine is a common finding in waters near human settlement. [113] Christensen et al. 2007 finds it is "very toxic to aquatic organisms" by European Union standards. [113]

References

  1. ^ Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  2. ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Product Information Luvox". TGA eBusiness Services. Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  4. ^ van Harten J (March 1993). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 24 (3): 203–220. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199324030-00003. PMID  8384945. S2CID  84636672.
  5. ^ "Luvox". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  6. ^ "Fluvoxamine Maleate Information". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  7. ^ a b McCain JA (July 2009). "Antidepressants and suicide in adolescents and adults: a public health experiment with unintended consequences?". P & T. 34 (7): 355–378. PMC  2799109. PMID  20140100.
  8. ^ "Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (17): 1279–1285. April 2001. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200104263441703. PMID  11323729.
  9. ^ Figgitt DP, McClellan KJ (October 2000). "Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its use in the management of adults with anxiety disorders". Drugs. 60 (4): 925–954. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200060040-00006. PMID  11085201. S2CID  265712201.
  10. ^ Irons J (December 2005). "Fluvoxamine in the treatment of anxiety disorders". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 1 (4): 289–299. PMC  2424117. PMID  18568110.
  11. ^ Asnis GM, Hameedi FA, Goddard AW, Potkin SG, Black D, Jameel M, et al. (August 2001). "Fluvoxamine in the treatment of panic disorder: a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in outpatients". Psychiatry Research. 103 (1): 1–14. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00265-7. PMID  11472786. S2CID  40412606.
  12. ^ Vezmar, S. et al., « Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Fluvoxamine and Amitriptyline in Depression », J Pharmacol Sci, vol. 110, no 1, 2009, p. 98 – 104 (ISSN 1347-8648)
  13. ^ a b Westenberg HG, Sandner C (April 2006). "Tolerability and safety of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 60 (4): 482–491. doi: 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00865.x. PMC  1448696. PMID  16620364.
  14. ^ Oliva V, Lippi M, Paci R, Del Fabro L, Delvecchio G, Brambilla P, et al. (July 2021). "Gastrointestinal side effects associated with antidepressant treatments in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 109. Elsevier BV: 110266. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110266. PMID  33549697. S2CID  231809760.
  15. ^ Irons J (December 2005). "Fluvoxamine in the treatment of anxiety disorders". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 1 (4): 289–299. PMC  2424117. PMID  18568110.
  16. ^ Ueda N, Yoshimura R, Shinkai K, Terao T, Nakamura J (November 2001). "Characteristics of fluvoxamine-induced nausea". Psychiatry Research. 104 (3). Elsevier BV: 259–264. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00320-1. PMID  11728615. S2CID  38761139.
  17. ^ Ware MR (1 March 1997). "Fluvoxamine: A Review of the Controlled Trials in Depression". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 58 (suppl 5). Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.: 15–23. ISSN  0160-6689. PMID  9184623. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  18. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  19. ^ a b Rossi S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN  978-0-9805790-9-3.
  20. ^ "Luvox Tablets". NPS MedicineWise. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  21. ^ a b Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65th ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN  978-0-85711-084-8.
  22. ^ "Summary of Full Prescribing Information: Fluvoxamine". Drug Registry of Russia (RLS) Drug Compendium (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  23. ^ a b "Fluvoxamine Maleate tablet, coated prescribing information". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  24. ^ "Luvox CR approved for OCD and SAD". MPR. 29 February 2008. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  25. ^ "2005 News Releases". Astellas Pharma. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  26. ^ "International Approvals: Ebixa, Depromel/Luvox, M-Vax". www.medscape.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  27. ^ "Fluvoxamine Product Insert" (PDF). Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  28. ^ Williams T, Hattingh CJ, Kariuki CM, Tromp SA, van Balkom AJ, Ipser JC, et al. (October 2017). "Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD001206. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001206.pub3. PMC  6360927. PMID  29048739.
  29. ^ Liu X, Li X, Zhang C, Sun M, Sun Z, Xu Y, et al. (July 2018). "Efficacy and tolerability of fluvoxamine in adults with social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis". Medicine (Baltimore). 97 (28): e11547. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011547. PMC  6076099. PMID  29995828.
  30. ^ Williams, T., McCaul, M., Schwarzer, G., Cipriani, A., Stein, D. J., & Ipser, J. (2020). Pharmacological treatments for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Acta neuropsychiatrica, 32(4), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2020.6
  31. ^ Davidson J. R. (2003). Pharmacotherapy of social phobia. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum, (417), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s417.7.x
  32. ^ Tancer, M. E., & Uhde, T. W. (1997). Role of serotonin drugs in the treatment of social phobia. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 58 Suppl 5, 50–54.
  33. ^ Aarre T. F. (2003). Phenelzine efficacy in refractory social anxiety disorder: a case series. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 57(4), 313–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480310002110
  34. ^ "Antidepressants for children and teenagers: what works for anxiety and depression?". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 3 November 2022. doi: 10.3310/nihrevidence_53342. S2CID  253347210. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  35. ^ Boaden K, Tomlinson A, Cortese S, Cipriani A (2 September 2020). "Antidepressants in Children and Adolescents: Meta-Review of Efficacy, Tolerability and Suicidality in Acute Treatment". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11: 717. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00717. PMC  7493620. PMID  32982805.
  36. ^ Correll CU, Cortese S, Croatto G, Monaco F, Krinitski D, Arrondo G, et al. (June 2021). "Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: an umbrella review". World Psychiatry. 20 (2): 244–275. doi: 10.1002/wps.20881. PMC  8129843. PMID  34002501.
  37. ^ Wilde MI, Plosker GL, Benfield P (November 1993). "Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic use in depressive illness". Drugs. 46 (5): 895–924. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199346050-00008. PMID  7507038. S2CID  195691900.
  38. ^ Kwasucki J, Stepień A, Maksymiuk G, Olbrych-Karpińska B (2002). "[Evaluation of analgesic action of fluvoxamine compared with efficacy of imipramine and tramadol for treatment of sciatica--open trial]". Wiadomosci Lekarskie. 55 (1–2): 42–50. PMID  12043315.
  39. ^ Schreiber S, Pick CG (August 2006). "From selective to highly selective SSRIs: a comparison of the antinociceptive properties of fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram and escitalopram". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (6): 464–468. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.11.013. PMID  16413173. S2CID  39278756.
  40. ^ Coquoz D, Porchet HC, Dayer P (September 1993). "Central analgesic effects of desipramine, fluvoxamine, and moclobemide after single oral dosing: a study in healthy volunteers". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 54 (3): 339–344. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1993.156. PMID  8375130. S2CID  8229797.
  41. ^ Seibell PJ, Hamblin RJ, Hollander E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Overview and standard treatment strategies. Psychiatric Annals. 2015 Jun 1;45(6):297-302.
  42. ^ Rivas-Vazquez, R.A. and Blais, M.A., 1997. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and atypical antidepressants: A review and update for psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28(6), p.526.
  43. ^ Middleton, R., Wheaton, M.G., Kayser, R. and Simpson, H.B., 2019. Treatment resistance in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Treatment resistance in psychiatry: risk factors, biology, and management, pp.165-177.
  44. ^ Figgitt, D.P. and McClellan, K.J., 2000. Fluvoxamine: an updated review of its use in the management of adults with anxiety disorders. Drugs, 60, pp.925-954.
  45. ^ Taylor D, Paton C, Shitij K (2012). The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN  978-0-470-97948-8.
  46. ^ "Faverin 100 mg film-coated tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Abbott Healthcare Products Limited. 14 May 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  47. ^ Szalavitz M (7 January 2011). "Top Ten Legal Drugs Linked to Violence". Time. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  48. ^ a b Ciraulo DA, Shader RI (2011). Ciraulo DA, Shader RI (eds.). Pharmacotherapy of Depression (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 49. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7. ISBN  978-1-60327-435-7.
  49. ^ a b Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN  978-0-07-162442-8.
  50. ^ Baumann P (December 1996). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 31 (6): 444–469. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199631060-00004. PMID  8968657. S2CID  31923953.
  51. ^ DeVane CL, Gill HS (1997). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine: applications to dosage regimen design". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 58 (Suppl 5): 7–14. PMID  9184622.
  52. ^ DeVane CL (1998). "Translational pharmacokinetics: current issues with newer antidepressants". Depression and Anxiety. 8 (Suppl 1): 64–70. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:1+<64::AID-DA10>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID  9809216. S2CID  22297498.
  53. ^ Bondy B, Spellmann I (March 2007). "Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotics: useful for the clinician?". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 20 (2): 126–130. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328017f69f. PMID  17278909. S2CID  23859992.
  54. ^ Kroon LA (September 2007). "Drug interactions with smoking". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 64 (18): 1917–1921. doi: 10.2146/ajhp060414. PMID  17823102.
  55. ^ Waknine Y (13 April 2007). "Prescribers Warned of Tizanidine Drug Interactions". Medscape News. Medscape. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  56. ^ "Fluvoxamine (Oral Route) Precautions". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  57. ^ a b Hemeryck A, Belpaire FM (February 2002). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cytochrome P-450 mediated drug-drug interactions: an update". Current Drug Metabolism. 3 (1): 13–37. doi: 10.2174/1389200023338017. PMID  11876575.
  58. ^ "Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers". FDA. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  59. ^ Spina E, de Leon J (January 2007). "Metabolic drug interactions with newer antipsychotics: a comparative review". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 100 (1): 4–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00017.x. PMID  17214606.
  60. ^ Bogetto F, Bellino S, Vaschetto P, Ziero S (October 2000). "Olanzapine augmentation of fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a 12-week open trial". Psychiatry Research. 96 (2): 91–98. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00203-1. PMID  11063782. S2CID  43395897.
  61. ^ Hiemke C, Peled A, Jabarin M, Hadjez J, Weigmann H, Härtter S, et al. (October 2002). "Fluvoxamine augmentation of olanzapine in chronic schizophrenia: pharmacokinetic interactions and clinical effects". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 22 (5): 502–506. doi: 10.1097/00004714-200210000-00010. PMID  12352274. S2CID  38073367.
  62. ^ "Movox". NPS MedicineWise. 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  63. ^ Dinis-Oliveira RJ (November 2017). "Metabolic profile of oxazepam and related benzodiazepines: clinical and forensic aspects". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 49 (4): 451–463. doi: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1377223. PMID  28903606. S2CID  4528255.
  64. ^ Raouf M (2016). Fudin J (ed.). "Benzodiazepine Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  65. ^ Peppers MP (1996). "Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal in the elderly and in patients with liver disease". Pharmacotherapy. 16 (1): 49–57. doi: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02915.x. PMID  8700792. S2CID  1389910.
  66. ^ "fluvoxamine maleate: PRODUCT MONOGRAPH" (PDF). 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  67. ^ "Luvox Data Sheet" (PDF). Medsafe, New Zealand. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  68. ^ "Faverin Tablets". NPS MedicineWise. July 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  69. ^ Suzuki Y, Shioiri T, Muratake T, Kawashima Y, Sato S, Hagiwara M, et al. (April 2003). "Effects of concomitant fluvoxamine on the metabolism of alprazolam in Japanese psychiatric patients: interaction with CYP2C19 mutated alleles". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 58 (12): 829–833. doi: 10.1007/s00228-003-0563-9. PMID  12698310. S2CID  32559753.
  70. ^ Gerlach M, Warnke A, Greenhill L (2014). Psychiatric Drugs in Children and Adolescents: Basic Pharmacology and Practical Applications. Springer-Verlag Wien. p. 131. ISBN  978-3-7091-1500-8. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  71. ^ Fleishaker JC, Hulst LK (1994). "A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the combined administration of alprazolam and fluvoxamine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 46 (1): 35–39. doi: 10.1007/bf00195913. PMID  8005185. S2CID  2161450.
  72. ^ Obach RS, Ryder TF (August 2010). "Metabolism of ramelteon in human liver microsomes and correlation with the effect of fluvoxamine on ramelteon pharmacokinetics". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 38 (8): 1381–1391. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.034009. PMID  20478852. S2CID  8421997.
  73. ^ Pandi-Perumal SR, Spence DW, Verster JC, Srinivasan V, Brown GM, Cardinali DP, et al. (12 April 2011). "Pharmacotherapy of insomnia with ramelteon: safety, efficacy and clinical applications". Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 3: 51–65. doi: 10.4137/JCNSD.S1611. PMC  3663615. PMID  23861638.
  74. ^ a b Anttila AK, Rasanen L, Leinonen EV (October 2001). "Fluvoxamine augmentation increases serum mirtazapine concentrations three- to fourfold". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 35 (10): 1221–1223. doi: 10.1345/aph.1A014. PMID  11675851. S2CID  44807359.
  75. ^ Granfors MT, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Ahonen J, Neuvonen PJ (April 2004). "Fluvoxamine drastically increases concentrations and effects of tizanidine: a potentially hazardous interaction". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 75 (4): 331–341. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.12.005. PMID  15060511. S2CID  25781307.
  76. ^ Perucca E, Gatti G, Spina E (September 1994). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 27 (3): 175–190. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199427030-00002. PMID  7988100. S2CID  22472247.
  77. ^ Zanardi R, Serretti A, Rossini D, Franchini L, Cusin C, Lattuada E, et al. (September 2001). "Factors affecting fluvoxamine antidepressant activity: influence of pindolol and 5-HTTLPR in delusional and nondelusional depression". Biological Psychiatry. 50 (5): 323–330. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01118-0. PMID  11543734. S2CID  22692759.
  78. ^ Sluzewska A, Szczawinska K (May 1996). "The effects of pindolol addition to fluvoxamine and buspirone in chronic mild stress model of depression". Behavioural Pharmacology. 7: 105.
  79. ^ Mundo E, Guglielmo E, Bellodi L (September 1998). "Effect of adjuvant pindolol on the antiobsessional response to fluvoxamine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 13 (5): 219–224. doi: 10.1097/00004850-199809000-00005. PMID  9817627. S2CID  23946424.
  80. ^ Belpaire FM, Wijnant P, Temmerman A, Rasmussen BB, Brøsen K (May 1998). "The oxidative metabolism of metoprolol in human liver microsomes: inhibition by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 54 (3): 261–264. doi: 10.1007/s002280050456. PMID  9681670. S2CID  28105445.
  81. ^ Xu ZH, Xie HG, Zhou HH (October 1996). "In vivo inhibition of CYP2C19 but not CYP2D6 by fluvoxamine". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 42 (4): 518–521. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1996.45319.x (inactive 22 April 2024). PMC  2042705. PMID  8904628.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( link)
  82. ^ Belpaire FM, Wijnant P, Tammerman A, Bogaert M, Rasmussen B, Brosen K (1997). "Inhibition of the oxidative metabolism of metoprolol by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in human liver microsomes". Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2 (11): 147.
  83. ^ van Harten J (1995). "Overview of the pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 29 (Suppl 1): 1–9. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199500291-00003. PMID  8846617. S2CID  71812133.
  84. ^ Muscatello MR, Spina E, Bandelow B, Baldwin DS (May 2012). "Clinically relevant drug interactions in anxiety disorders". Human Psychopharmacology. 27 (3): 239–253. doi: 10.1002/hup.2217. PMID  22311403. S2CID  11592004.
  85. ^ Szegedi A, Wetzel H, Leal M, Härtter S, Hiemke C (June 1996). "Combination treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine: drug monitoring, safety, and tolerability data". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 57 (6): 257–264. PMID  8666564.
  86. ^ Hardy NE, Walkup JT (November 2021). "Clomipramine in Combination with Fluvoxamine: A Potent Medication Combination for Severe or Refractory Pediatric OCD". Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 30 (4): 273–277. PMC  8561855. PMID  34777510.
  87. ^ Ishikawa M, Ishiwata K, Ishii K, Kimura Y, Sakata M, Naganawa M, et al. (October 2007). "High occupancy of sigma-1 receptors in the human brain after single oral administration of fluvoxamine: a positron emission tomography study using [11C]SA4503". Biological Psychiatry. 62 (8): 878–883. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.001. PMID  17662961. S2CID  728565.
  88. ^ Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (2009). The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of psychopharmacology (4th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Pub. p. 354. ISBN  978-1-585-62386-0. OCLC  320111564.
  89. ^ Yahata M, Chiba K, Watanabe T, Sugiyama Y (September 2017). "Possibility of Predicting Serotonin Transporter Occupancy From the In Vitro Inhibition Constant for Serotonin Transporter, the Clinically Relevant Plasma Concentration of Unbound Drugs, and Their Profiles for Substrates of Transporters". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 106 (9): 2345–2356. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.007. PMID  28501470.
  90. ^ a b Hashimoto K (September 2009). "Sigma-1 receptors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: clinical implications of their relationship". Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (3): 197–204. doi: 10.2174/1871524910909030197. PMID  20021354.
  91. ^ Hindmarch I, Hashimoto K (April 2010). "Cognition and depression: the effects of fluvoxamine, a sigma-1 receptor agonist, reconsidered". Human Psychopharmacology. 25 (3): 193–200. doi: 10.1002/hup.1106. PMID  20373470. S2CID  26491662.
  92. ^ Hrdina PD (July 1991). "Pharmacology of serotonin uptake inhibitors: focus on fluvoxamine". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 16 (2 Suppl 1): 10–18. PMC  1188307. PMID  1931931.
  93. ^ a b Sittig's Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (PDF) (3rd ed.). William Andrew. 2008. p. 1699. ISBN  978-0-8155-1526-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  94. ^ Leslie LK, Newman TB, Chesney PJ, Perrin JM (July 2005). "The Food and Drug Administration's deliberations on antidepressant use in pediatric patients". Pediatrics. 116 (1): 195–204. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0074. PMC  1550709. PMID  15995053.
  95. ^ "Brand Index―Fluvoxamine India". Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  96. ^ Omori IM, Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Cipriani A, Barbui C, McGuire H, et al. (March 2010). "Fluvoxamine versus other anti-depressive agents for depression". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD006114. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006114.pub2. PMC  4171125. PMID  20238342.
  97. ^ "OCD Medication". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  98. ^ "Fluvoxamine Product Monograph" (PDF). 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  99. ^ "Luvox Approved For Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Teens". Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  100. ^ Higuchi T, Briley M (February 2007). "Japanese experience with milnacipran, the first serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor in Japan". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (1): 41–58. doi: 10.2147/nedt.2007.3.1.41. PMC  2654524. PMID  19300537.
  101. ^ Wishart DS, Guo AC, Oler E, Wang F, Anjum A, Peters H, et al. "Showing metabocard for Fluvoxamine (HMDB0014322)". Human Metabolome Database, HMDB. 5.0.
  102. ^ "Solvay's Fluvoxamine maleate is first drug approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in Japan". Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  103. ^ Walker R, Whittlesea C, eds. (2007) [1994]. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN  978-0-7020-4293-5.
  104. ^ "Fluvoxamine". www.drugbank.ca. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  105. ^ Bhuta S, Khokher W, Kesireddy N, Iftikhar S, Beran A, Mhanna M, et al. (2022). "Fluvoxamine in Nonhospitalized Patients With Acute COVID-19 Infection and the Lack of Efficacy in Reducing Rates of Hospitalization, Mechanical Ventilation, and Mortality in Placebo-Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". American Journal of Therapeutics. 29 (3): e298–e304. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001496. PMID  35383578. S2CID  247978477.
  106. ^ Asadi Anar M, Foroughi E, Sohrabi E, Peiravi S, Tavakoli Y, Kameli Khouzani M, et al. (2022). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: New hope in the fight against COVID-19". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 13: 1036093. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036093. PMC  9748354. PMID  36532776.
  107. ^ Hu B, Huang S, Yin L (January 2021). "The cytokine storm and COVID-19". Journal of Medical Virology. 93 (1): 250–256. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26232. PMC  7361342. PMID  32592501.
  108. ^ "FDA declines to authorize common antidepressant as COVID treatment". Reuters. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  109. ^ Memorandum Explaining Basis for Declining Request for Emergency Use Authorization of Fluvoxamine Maleate (PDF) (Memorandum). Food and Drug Administration. 16 May 2022. 4975580. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  110. ^ Ingram I (17 November 2023). "Higher-Dose Fluvoxamine Fails for COVID Outpatients". MedPage Today. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  111. ^ Nyirenda JL, Sofroniou M, Toews I, Mikolajewska A, Lehane C, Monsef I, et al. (September 2022). "Fluvoxamine for the treatment of COVID-19". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Systematic review). 2022 (9): CD015391. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015391. PMC  9473347. PMID  36103313.
  112. ^ Wannigama DL, Hurst C, Phattharapornjaroen P, Hongsing P, Sirichumroonwit N, Chanpiwat K, et al. (April 2024). "Early treatment with fluvoxamine, bromhexine, cyproheptadine, and niclosamide to prevent clinical deterioration in patients with symptomatic COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial". eClinicalMedicine. 70: 102517. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102517. PMC  10955208. PMID  38516100.
  113. ^ a b
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Fluvoxamine&oldid=1221040605"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Fluoxetine.

Fluvoxamine
Clinical data
Trade namesLuvox, others
AHFS/ Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a695004
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		 By mouth
Drug class Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability53% (90% confidence interval: 44–62%) [3]
Protein binding77–80% [3] [4]
Metabolism Liver (primarily O- demethylation)
Major: CYP1A2
Minor: CYP3A4
Minor: CYP2C19 [3]
Elimination half-life12–13 hours (single dose), 22 hours (repeated dosing) [3]
Excretion Kidney (98%; 94% as metabolites, 4% as unchanged drug) [3]
Identifiers
  • 2-{[(E)-{5-Methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] pentylidene}amino]oxy}ethanamine [5]
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard ( EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.125.476 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H21F3N2O2
Molar mass318.340 g·mol−1
3D model ( JSmol)
  • FC(F)(F)c1ccc(\C(=N\OCCN)CCCCOC)cc1
  • InChI=1S/C15H21F3N2O2/c1-21-10-3-2-4-14(20-22-11-9-19)12-5-7-13(8-6-12)15(16,17)18/h5-8H,2-4,9-11,19H2,1H3/b20-14+ checkY
  • Key:CJOFXWAVKWHTFT-XSFVSMFZSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY  (what is this?)   (verify)

Fluvoxamine, sold under the brand name Luvox among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. [6] It is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), [7] but is also used to treat anxiety disorders [8] such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. [9] [10] [11]

Fluvoxamine's side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs: constipation, gastrointestinal problems, headache, anxiety, irritation, sexual problems, dry mouth, sleep problems and a risk of suicide at the start of treatment by lifting the psychomotor inhibition, but these effects appear to be significantly weaker than with other SSRIs (except gastrointestinal side-effects). [12]

Although the many drug-drug interactions of fluvoxamine can be problematic (and may temper enthusiasm for its prescribing, advocation and usage to some), its tolerance-profile itself is actually superior in some respects to other SSRIs (particularly with respect to cardiovascular complications), despite its age. [13] Compared to escitalopram and sertraline, indeed, fluvoxamine's gastrointestinal profile may be less intense, [14] often being limited to nausea. [15] Mosapride has demonstrated efficacy in treating fluvoxamine-induced nausea. [16] It is also advised practice to divide total daily doses of fluvoxamine greater than 100 milligrams, with the higher fraction being taken at bedtime (e.g., 50 mg at the beginning of the waking day and 200 mg at bedtime). In any case, high starting daily doses of fluvoxamine rather than the recommended gradual titration (starting at 50 milligrams and gradually titrating, up to 300 if necessary) may predispose to nauseous discomfort. [17]

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [18]

Medical uses

In many countries (e.g., Australia, [19] [20] the United Kingdom, [21] and Russia [22]) it is commonly used for major depressive disorder. Fluvoxamine is also approved in the United States for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), [23] [7] and social anxiety disorder. [24] In Japan, it is also approved to treat OCD, social anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. [25] [26] Fluvoxamine is indicated for children and adolescents with OCD. [27] The NICE guidelines in the United Kingdom have, as of 2005, authorized its use for obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults and adolescents of any age and children over the age of 7.[ medical citation needed]

There is evidence that fluvoxamine is effective for generalised social anxiety in adults, although, as with other SSRIs, some of the results may be compromised by having been funded by pharmaceutical companies. [28] [29] Of the SSRIs, however, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline do appear consistent as viable treatments for generalised social anxiety. [30] [31] Phenelzine, [32] [33] brofaromine, venlafaxine, gabapentin, pregabalin and clonazepam represent other viable options for the pharmacological treatment of generalised social anxiety.[ medical citation needed]

Fluvoxamine is also effective for treating a range of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and separation anxiety disorder. [34] [35] [36]

The drug works long-term, and retains its therapeutic efficacy for at least one year. [37] It has also been found to possess some analgesic properties in line with other SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants. [38] [39] [40]

The average therapeutic dose for fluvoxamine is 100 to 300 mg/day, with 300 mg being the upper daily limit normally recommended. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, however, often requires higher doses; doses of up to 450 mg/day may be prescribed in this case. [41] [42] [43] In any case with fluvoxamine, treatment is generally begun at 50 mg and increased in 50 mg increments every 4 to 7 days until a therapeutic optimum is reached. [44]

Adverse effects

Fluvoxamine's side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs, with gastrointestinal side effects more characteristic of those receiving treatment with fluvoxamine. [3] [23] [19] [21] [45] [46]

Common

Common side effects occurring with 1–10% incidence:

Uncommon

Uncommon side effects occurring with 0.1–1% incidence:

  • Arthralgia
  • Confusional state
  • Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. oedema [buildup of fluid in the tissues], rash, pruritus)
  • Extrapyramidal side effects (e.g. dystonia, parkinsonism, tremor, etc.)
  • Hallucination
  • Orthostatic hypotension

Rare

Rare side effecs occurring with 0.01–0.1% incidence:

  • Abnormal hepatic (liver) function
  • Galactorrhoea (expulsion of breast milk unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding)
  • Mania
  • Photosensitivity (being abnormally sensitive to light)
  • Seizures

Unknown frequency

Interactions

Luvox (fluvoxamine) 100 mg film-coated scored tablets

Fluvoxamine inhibits the following cytochrome P450 enzymes: [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56][ excessive citations]

By so doing, fluvoxamine can increase serum concentration of the substrates of these enzymes. [48]

Fluvoxamine may also elevate plasma levels of olanzapine by approximately two times. [59] Combined olanzapine and fluvoxamine, which may cause increased sedation, [60] should be used cautiously and controlled clinically and by therapeutic drug monitoring to avoid olanzapine induced adverse effects and/or intoxication. [61] [62]

The plasma levels of oxidatively metabolized benzodiazepines (e.g., triazolam, midazolam, alprazolam and diazepam) are likely to be increased when co-administered with fluvoxamine. However, the clearance of benzodiazepines metabolized by glucuronidation (e.g., lorazepam; oxazepam, which is coincidentally a metabolite of diazepam; [63] temazepam) [64] [65] are not affected by fluvoxamine and may be safely taken alongside fluvoxamine should concurrent treatment with a benzodiazepine be necessary. [66] Additionally, it appears that benzodiazepines metabolized by nitro-reduction ( clonazepam, nitrazepam) may also, in a somewhat similar vein, be unlikely to be affected by fluvoxamine. [67] [68]

Using fluvoxamine and alprazolam together can increase alprazolam plasma concentrations. [69] If alprazolam is coadministered with fluvoxamine, the initial alprazolam dose should be reduced to the lowest effective dose. [70] [71]

Fluvoxamine and ramelteon coadministration is not indicated. [72] [73]

Fluvoxamine has been observed to increase serum concentrations of mirtazapine, which is mainly metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, by three- to four-fold in humans. [74] Caution and adjustment of dosage as necessary are warranted when combining fluvoxamine and mirtazapine. [74]

Fluvoxamine seriously affects the pharmacokinetics of tizanidine and increases the intensity and duration of its effects. Because of the potentially hazardous consequences, the concomitant use of tizanidine with fluvoxamine, or other potent inhibitors of CYP1A2, should be avoided. [75]

When a beta-blocker is required, atenolol, [76] pindolol [77] [78] [79] and, possibly, metoprolol [80] [81] [57] [82] may be safer choices than propranolol, as the latter's metabolism is seriously, potentially dangerously, inhibited by fluvoxamine. [83] Indeed, fluvoxamine may increase propranolol blood-levels by five-fold. [84]

Clomipramine increases fluvoxamine levels and, conversely-likewise, fluvoxamine increases clomipramine levels (thereby its serotoninergic potential) and inhibits its metabolism to its strongly-noradrenergic metabolite, norclomipramine. [85] [86]

Pharmacology

Receptor affinity profile [87] [88] [89]
Site Ki (nM)
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter 2.5
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter 1,427
5-HT2C 5,786
α1-adrenergic 1,288
σ1 36

Fluvoxamine is a potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with around 100-fold affinity for the serotonin transporter over the norepinephrine transporter. [49] It has negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter or any other site, with the sole exception of the σ1 receptor. [90] [13] It behaves as a potent agonist at this receptor and has the highest affinity (36 nM) of any SSRI for doing so. [90] This may contribute to its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and may also afford it some efficacy in treating the cognitive symptoms of depression. [91] Unlike some other SSRIs, fluvoxamine's metabolites are pharmacologically neutral. [92]

History

Fluvoxamine was developed by Kali-Duphar, [93] part of Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Belgium, now Abbott Laboratories, and introduced as Floxyfral in Switzerland in 1983. [93] It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994, and introduced as Luvox in the US. [94] In India, it is available, among several other brands, as Uvox by Abbott. [95] It was one of the first SSRI antidepressants to be launched, and is prescribed in many countries to patients with major depression. [96] It was the first SSRI, a non- TCA drug, approved by the U.S. FDA specifically for the treatment of OCD. [97] At the end of 1995, more than ten million patients worldwide had been treated with fluvoxamine. [98][ failed verification] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be registered for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in children by the FDA in 1997. [99] In Japan, fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be approved for the treatment of depression in 1999 [100] [101] and was later in 2005 the first drug to be approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. [102] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI approved for clinical use in the United Kingdom. [103] Manufacturers include BayPharma, Synthon, and Teva, among others. [104]

Research directions

While early studies have suggested potential benefits for fluvoxamine as an anti-inflammatory agent and a possible impact on reducing cytokine storms, further studies did not confirm this expected benefit on COVID-19 patients. [105] [106] A cytokine storm refers to an excessive immune response characterized by a release of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. [107]

In May 2022, based on a review of available scientific evidence, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) chose not to issue an emergency use authorization covering the use of fluvoxamine to treat COVID-19, saying that, at the time, the data was not sufficient to conclude that fluvoxamine may be effective in treating non-hospitalized people with COVID-19 to prevent serious illness or hospitalization. The agency stated that study results suggest that further clinical trials may be warranted. [108] [109]

A large double-blind randomized controlled trial called ACTIV-6, published in 2023 in JAMA, revealed that taking 200 mg of fluvoxamine every day for about two weeks was not significantly better than placebo at shortening the duration of mild or moderate COVID-19 symptoms. [110][ medical citation needed]

There is tentative evidence that fluvoxamine may reduce the overall morbidity of COVID-19 and complications thereof. [111] [112]

Environment

Fluvoxamine is a common finding in waters near human settlement. [113] Christensen et al. 2007 finds it is "very toxic to aquatic organisms" by European Union standards. [113]

References

  1. ^ Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  2. ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Product Information Luvox". TGA eBusiness Services. Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  4. ^ van Harten J (March 1993). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 24 (3): 203–220. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199324030-00003. PMID  8384945. S2CID  84636672.
  5. ^ "Luvox". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  6. ^ "Fluvoxamine Maleate Information". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  7. ^ a b McCain JA (July 2009). "Antidepressants and suicide in adolescents and adults: a public health experiment with unintended consequences?". P & T. 34 (7): 355–378. PMC  2799109. PMID  20140100.
  8. ^ "Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (17): 1279–1285. April 2001. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200104263441703. PMID  11323729.
  9. ^ Figgitt DP, McClellan KJ (October 2000). "Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its use in the management of adults with anxiety disorders". Drugs. 60 (4): 925–954. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200060040-00006. PMID  11085201. S2CID  265712201.
  10. ^ Irons J (December 2005). "Fluvoxamine in the treatment of anxiety disorders". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 1 (4): 289–299. PMC  2424117. PMID  18568110.
  11. ^ Asnis GM, Hameedi FA, Goddard AW, Potkin SG, Black D, Jameel M, et al. (August 2001). "Fluvoxamine in the treatment of panic disorder: a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in outpatients". Psychiatry Research. 103 (1): 1–14. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00265-7. PMID  11472786. S2CID  40412606.
  12. ^ Vezmar, S. et al., « Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Fluvoxamine and Amitriptyline in Depression », J Pharmacol Sci, vol. 110, no 1, 2009, p. 98 – 104 (ISSN 1347-8648)
  13. ^ a b Westenberg HG, Sandner C (April 2006). "Tolerability and safety of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 60 (4): 482–491. doi: 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00865.x. PMC  1448696. PMID  16620364.
  14. ^ Oliva V, Lippi M, Paci R, Del Fabro L, Delvecchio G, Brambilla P, et al. (July 2021). "Gastrointestinal side effects associated with antidepressant treatments in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 109. Elsevier BV: 110266. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110266. PMID  33549697. S2CID  231809760.
  15. ^ Irons J (December 2005). "Fluvoxamine in the treatment of anxiety disorders". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 1 (4): 289–299. PMC  2424117. PMID  18568110.
  16. ^ Ueda N, Yoshimura R, Shinkai K, Terao T, Nakamura J (November 2001). "Characteristics of fluvoxamine-induced nausea". Psychiatry Research. 104 (3). Elsevier BV: 259–264. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00320-1. PMID  11728615. S2CID  38761139.
  17. ^ Ware MR (1 March 1997). "Fluvoxamine: A Review of the Controlled Trials in Depression". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 58 (suppl 5). Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.: 15–23. ISSN  0160-6689. PMID  9184623. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  18. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  19. ^ a b Rossi S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN  978-0-9805790-9-3.
  20. ^ "Luvox Tablets". NPS MedicineWise. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  21. ^ a b Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65th ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN  978-0-85711-084-8.
  22. ^ "Summary of Full Prescribing Information: Fluvoxamine". Drug Registry of Russia (RLS) Drug Compendium (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  23. ^ a b "Fluvoxamine Maleate tablet, coated prescribing information". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  24. ^ "Luvox CR approved for OCD and SAD". MPR. 29 February 2008. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  25. ^ "2005 News Releases". Astellas Pharma. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  26. ^ "International Approvals: Ebixa, Depromel/Luvox, M-Vax". www.medscape.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  27. ^ "Fluvoxamine Product Insert" (PDF). Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  28. ^ Williams T, Hattingh CJ, Kariuki CM, Tromp SA, van Balkom AJ, Ipser JC, et al. (October 2017). "Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD001206. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001206.pub3. PMC  6360927. PMID  29048739.
  29. ^ Liu X, Li X, Zhang C, Sun M, Sun Z, Xu Y, et al. (July 2018). "Efficacy and tolerability of fluvoxamine in adults with social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis". Medicine (Baltimore). 97 (28): e11547. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011547. PMC  6076099. PMID  29995828.
  30. ^ Williams, T., McCaul, M., Schwarzer, G., Cipriani, A., Stein, D. J., & Ipser, J. (2020). Pharmacological treatments for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Acta neuropsychiatrica, 32(4), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2020.6
  31. ^ Davidson J. R. (2003). Pharmacotherapy of social phobia. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum, (417), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s417.7.x
  32. ^ Tancer, M. E., & Uhde, T. W. (1997). Role of serotonin drugs in the treatment of social phobia. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 58 Suppl 5, 50–54.
  33. ^ Aarre T. F. (2003). Phenelzine efficacy in refractory social anxiety disorder: a case series. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 57(4), 313–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480310002110
  34. ^ "Antidepressants for children and teenagers: what works for anxiety and depression?". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 3 November 2022. doi: 10.3310/nihrevidence_53342. S2CID  253347210. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  35. ^ Boaden K, Tomlinson A, Cortese S, Cipriani A (2 September 2020). "Antidepressants in Children and Adolescents: Meta-Review of Efficacy, Tolerability and Suicidality in Acute Treatment". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11: 717. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00717. PMC  7493620. PMID  32982805.
  36. ^ Correll CU, Cortese S, Croatto G, Monaco F, Krinitski D, Arrondo G, et al. (June 2021). "Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: an umbrella review". World Psychiatry. 20 (2): 244–275. doi: 10.1002/wps.20881. PMC  8129843. PMID  34002501.
  37. ^ Wilde MI, Plosker GL, Benfield P (November 1993). "Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic use in depressive illness". Drugs. 46 (5): 895–924. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199346050-00008. PMID  7507038. S2CID  195691900.
  38. ^ Kwasucki J, Stepień A, Maksymiuk G, Olbrych-Karpińska B (2002). "[Evaluation of analgesic action of fluvoxamine compared with efficacy of imipramine and tramadol for treatment of sciatica--open trial]". Wiadomosci Lekarskie. 55 (1–2): 42–50. PMID  12043315.
  39. ^ Schreiber S, Pick CG (August 2006). "From selective to highly selective SSRIs: a comparison of the antinociceptive properties of fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram and escitalopram". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (6): 464–468. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.11.013. PMID  16413173. S2CID  39278756.
  40. ^ Coquoz D, Porchet HC, Dayer P (September 1993). "Central analgesic effects of desipramine, fluvoxamine, and moclobemide after single oral dosing: a study in healthy volunteers". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 54 (3): 339–344. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1993.156. PMID  8375130. S2CID  8229797.
  41. ^ Seibell PJ, Hamblin RJ, Hollander E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Overview and standard treatment strategies. Psychiatric Annals. 2015 Jun 1;45(6):297-302.
  42. ^ Rivas-Vazquez, R.A. and Blais, M.A., 1997. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and atypical antidepressants: A review and update for psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28(6), p.526.
  43. ^ Middleton, R., Wheaton, M.G., Kayser, R. and Simpson, H.B., 2019. Treatment resistance in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Treatment resistance in psychiatry: risk factors, biology, and management, pp.165-177.
  44. ^ Figgitt, D.P. and McClellan, K.J., 2000. Fluvoxamine: an updated review of its use in the management of adults with anxiety disorders. Drugs, 60, pp.925-954.
  45. ^ Taylor D, Paton C, Shitij K (2012). The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN  978-0-470-97948-8.
  46. ^ "Faverin 100 mg film-coated tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Abbott Healthcare Products Limited. 14 May 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  47. ^ Szalavitz M (7 January 2011). "Top Ten Legal Drugs Linked to Violence". Time. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  48. ^ a b Ciraulo DA, Shader RI (2011). Ciraulo DA, Shader RI (eds.). Pharmacotherapy of Depression (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 49. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7. ISBN  978-1-60327-435-7.
  49. ^ a b Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN  978-0-07-162442-8.
  50. ^ Baumann P (December 1996). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 31 (6): 444–469. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199631060-00004. PMID  8968657. S2CID  31923953.
  51. ^ DeVane CL, Gill HS (1997). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine: applications to dosage regimen design". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 58 (Suppl 5): 7–14. PMID  9184622.
  52. ^ DeVane CL (1998). "Translational pharmacokinetics: current issues with newer antidepressants". Depression and Anxiety. 8 (Suppl 1): 64–70. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:1+<64::AID-DA10>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID  9809216. S2CID  22297498.
  53. ^ Bondy B, Spellmann I (March 2007). "Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotics: useful for the clinician?". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 20 (2): 126–130. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328017f69f. PMID  17278909. S2CID  23859992.
  54. ^ Kroon LA (September 2007). "Drug interactions with smoking". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 64 (18): 1917–1921. doi: 10.2146/ajhp060414. PMID  17823102.
  55. ^ Waknine Y (13 April 2007). "Prescribers Warned of Tizanidine Drug Interactions". Medscape News. Medscape. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  56. ^ "Fluvoxamine (Oral Route) Precautions". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  57. ^ a b Hemeryck A, Belpaire FM (February 2002). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cytochrome P-450 mediated drug-drug interactions: an update". Current Drug Metabolism. 3 (1): 13–37. doi: 10.2174/1389200023338017. PMID  11876575.
  58. ^ "Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers". FDA. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  59. ^ Spina E, de Leon J (January 2007). "Metabolic drug interactions with newer antipsychotics: a comparative review". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 100 (1): 4–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00017.x. PMID  17214606.
  60. ^ Bogetto F, Bellino S, Vaschetto P, Ziero S (October 2000). "Olanzapine augmentation of fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a 12-week open trial". Psychiatry Research. 96 (2): 91–98. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00203-1. PMID  11063782. S2CID  43395897.
  61. ^ Hiemke C, Peled A, Jabarin M, Hadjez J, Weigmann H, Härtter S, et al. (October 2002). "Fluvoxamine augmentation of olanzapine in chronic schizophrenia: pharmacokinetic interactions and clinical effects". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 22 (5): 502–506. doi: 10.1097/00004714-200210000-00010. PMID  12352274. S2CID  38073367.
  62. ^ "Movox". NPS MedicineWise. 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  63. ^ Dinis-Oliveira RJ (November 2017). "Metabolic profile of oxazepam and related benzodiazepines: clinical and forensic aspects". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 49 (4): 451–463. doi: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1377223. PMID  28903606. S2CID  4528255.
  64. ^ Raouf M (2016). Fudin J (ed.). "Benzodiazepine Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  65. ^ Peppers MP (1996). "Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal in the elderly and in patients with liver disease". Pharmacotherapy. 16 (1): 49–57. doi: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02915.x. PMID  8700792. S2CID  1389910.
  66. ^ "fluvoxamine maleate: PRODUCT MONOGRAPH" (PDF). 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  67. ^ "Luvox Data Sheet" (PDF). Medsafe, New Zealand. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  68. ^ "Faverin Tablets". NPS MedicineWise. July 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  69. ^ Suzuki Y, Shioiri T, Muratake T, Kawashima Y, Sato S, Hagiwara M, et al. (April 2003). "Effects of concomitant fluvoxamine on the metabolism of alprazolam in Japanese psychiatric patients: interaction with CYP2C19 mutated alleles". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 58 (12): 829–833. doi: 10.1007/s00228-003-0563-9. PMID  12698310. S2CID  32559753.
  70. ^ Gerlach M, Warnke A, Greenhill L (2014). Psychiatric Drugs in Children and Adolescents: Basic Pharmacology and Practical Applications. Springer-Verlag Wien. p. 131. ISBN  978-3-7091-1500-8. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  71. ^ Fleishaker JC, Hulst LK (1994). "A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the combined administration of alprazolam and fluvoxamine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 46 (1): 35–39. doi: 10.1007/bf00195913. PMID  8005185. S2CID  2161450.
  72. ^ Obach RS, Ryder TF (August 2010). "Metabolism of ramelteon in human liver microsomes and correlation with the effect of fluvoxamine on ramelteon pharmacokinetics". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 38 (8): 1381–1391. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.034009. PMID  20478852. S2CID  8421997.
  73. ^ Pandi-Perumal SR, Spence DW, Verster JC, Srinivasan V, Brown GM, Cardinali DP, et al. (12 April 2011). "Pharmacotherapy of insomnia with ramelteon: safety, efficacy and clinical applications". Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 3: 51–65. doi: 10.4137/JCNSD.S1611. PMC  3663615. PMID  23861638.
  74. ^ a b Anttila AK, Rasanen L, Leinonen EV (October 2001). "Fluvoxamine augmentation increases serum mirtazapine concentrations three- to fourfold". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 35 (10): 1221–1223. doi: 10.1345/aph.1A014. PMID  11675851. S2CID  44807359.
  75. ^ Granfors MT, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Ahonen J, Neuvonen PJ (April 2004). "Fluvoxamine drastically increases concentrations and effects of tizanidine: a potentially hazardous interaction". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 75 (4): 331–341. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.12.005. PMID  15060511. S2CID  25781307.
  76. ^ Perucca E, Gatti G, Spina E (September 1994). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 27 (3): 175–190. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199427030-00002. PMID  7988100. S2CID  22472247.
  77. ^ Zanardi R, Serretti A, Rossini D, Franchini L, Cusin C, Lattuada E, et al. (September 2001). "Factors affecting fluvoxamine antidepressant activity: influence of pindolol and 5-HTTLPR in delusional and nondelusional depression". Biological Psychiatry. 50 (5): 323–330. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01118-0. PMID  11543734. S2CID  22692759.
  78. ^ Sluzewska A, Szczawinska K (May 1996). "The effects of pindolol addition to fluvoxamine and buspirone in chronic mild stress model of depression". Behavioural Pharmacology. 7: 105.
  79. ^ Mundo E, Guglielmo E, Bellodi L (September 1998). "Effect of adjuvant pindolol on the antiobsessional response to fluvoxamine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 13 (5): 219–224. doi: 10.1097/00004850-199809000-00005. PMID  9817627. S2CID  23946424.
  80. ^ Belpaire FM, Wijnant P, Temmerman A, Rasmussen BB, Brøsen K (May 1998). "The oxidative metabolism of metoprolol in human liver microsomes: inhibition by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 54 (3): 261–264. doi: 10.1007/s002280050456. PMID  9681670. S2CID  28105445.
  81. ^ Xu ZH, Xie HG, Zhou HH (October 1996). "In vivo inhibition of CYP2C19 but not CYP2D6 by fluvoxamine". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 42 (4): 518–521. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1996.45319.x (inactive 22 April 2024). PMC  2042705. PMID  8904628.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( link)
  82. ^ Belpaire FM, Wijnant P, Tammerman A, Bogaert M, Rasmussen B, Brosen K (1997). "Inhibition of the oxidative metabolism of metoprolol by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in human liver microsomes". Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2 (11): 147.
  83. ^ van Harten J (1995). "Overview of the pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 29 (Suppl 1): 1–9. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199500291-00003. PMID  8846617. S2CID  71812133.
  84. ^ Muscatello MR, Spina E, Bandelow B, Baldwin DS (May 2012). "Clinically relevant drug interactions in anxiety disorders". Human Psychopharmacology. 27 (3): 239–253. doi: 10.1002/hup.2217. PMID  22311403. S2CID  11592004.
  85. ^ Szegedi A, Wetzel H, Leal M, Härtter S, Hiemke C (June 1996). "Combination treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine: drug monitoring, safety, and tolerability data". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 57 (6): 257–264. PMID  8666564.
  86. ^ Hardy NE, Walkup JT (November 2021). "Clomipramine in Combination with Fluvoxamine: A Potent Medication Combination for Severe or Refractory Pediatric OCD". Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 30 (4): 273–277. PMC  8561855. PMID  34777510.
  87. ^ Ishikawa M, Ishiwata K, Ishii K, Kimura Y, Sakata M, Naganawa M, et al. (October 2007). "High occupancy of sigma-1 receptors in the human brain after single oral administration of fluvoxamine: a positron emission tomography study using [11C]SA4503". Biological Psychiatry. 62 (8): 878–883. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.001. PMID  17662961. S2CID  728565.
  88. ^ Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (2009). The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of psychopharmacology (4th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Pub. p. 354. ISBN  978-1-585-62386-0. OCLC  320111564.
  89. ^ Yahata M, Chiba K, Watanabe T, Sugiyama Y (September 2017). "Possibility of Predicting Serotonin Transporter Occupancy From the In Vitro Inhibition Constant for Serotonin Transporter, the Clinically Relevant Plasma Concentration of Unbound Drugs, and Their Profiles for Substrates of Transporters". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 106 (9): 2345–2356. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.007. PMID  28501470.
  90. ^ a b Hashimoto K (September 2009). "Sigma-1 receptors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: clinical implications of their relationship". Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (3): 197–204. doi: 10.2174/1871524910909030197. PMID  20021354.
  91. ^ Hindmarch I, Hashimoto K (April 2010). "Cognition and depression: the effects of fluvoxamine, a sigma-1 receptor agonist, reconsidered". Human Psychopharmacology. 25 (3): 193–200. doi: 10.1002/hup.1106. PMID  20373470. S2CID  26491662.
  92. ^ Hrdina PD (July 1991). "Pharmacology of serotonin uptake inhibitors: focus on fluvoxamine". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 16 (2 Suppl 1): 10–18. PMC  1188307. PMID  1931931.
  93. ^ a b Sittig's Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (PDF) (3rd ed.). William Andrew. 2008. p. 1699. ISBN  978-0-8155-1526-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  94. ^ Leslie LK, Newman TB, Chesney PJ, Perrin JM (July 2005). "The Food and Drug Administration's deliberations on antidepressant use in pediatric patients". Pediatrics. 116 (1): 195–204. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0074. PMC  1550709. PMID  15995053.
  95. ^ "Brand Index―Fluvoxamine India". Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  96. ^ Omori IM, Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Cipriani A, Barbui C, McGuire H, et al. (March 2010). "Fluvoxamine versus other anti-depressive agents for depression". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD006114. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006114.pub2. PMC  4171125. PMID  20238342.
  97. ^ "OCD Medication". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  98. ^ "Fluvoxamine Product Monograph" (PDF). 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  99. ^ "Luvox Approved For Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Teens". Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  100. ^ Higuchi T, Briley M (February 2007). "Japanese experience with milnacipran, the first serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor in Japan". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (1): 41–58. doi: 10.2147/nedt.2007.3.1.41. PMC  2654524. PMID  19300537.
  101. ^ Wishart DS, Guo AC, Oler E, Wang F, Anjum A, Peters H, et al. "Showing metabocard for Fluvoxamine (HMDB0014322)". Human Metabolome Database, HMDB. 5.0.
  102. ^ "Solvay's Fluvoxamine maleate is first drug approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in Japan". Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  103. ^ Walker R, Whittlesea C, eds. (2007) [1994]. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN  978-0-7020-4293-5.
  104. ^ "Fluvoxamine". www.drugbank.ca. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  105. ^ Bhuta S, Khokher W, Kesireddy N, Iftikhar S, Beran A, Mhanna M, et al. (2022). "Fluvoxamine in Nonhospitalized Patients With Acute COVID-19 Infection and the Lack of Efficacy in Reducing Rates of Hospitalization, Mechanical Ventilation, and Mortality in Placebo-Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". American Journal of Therapeutics. 29 (3): e298–e304. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001496. PMID  35383578. S2CID  247978477.
  106. ^ Asadi Anar M, Foroughi E, Sohrabi E, Peiravi S, Tavakoli Y, Kameli Khouzani M, et al. (2022). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: New hope in the fight against COVID-19". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 13: 1036093. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036093. PMC  9748354. PMID  36532776.
  107. ^ Hu B, Huang S, Yin L (January 2021). "The cytokine storm and COVID-19". Journal of Medical Virology. 93 (1): 250–256. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26232. PMC  7361342. PMID  32592501.
  108. ^ "FDA declines to authorize common antidepressant as COVID treatment". Reuters. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  109. ^ Memorandum Explaining Basis for Declining Request for Emergency Use Authorization of Fluvoxamine Maleate (PDF) (Memorandum). Food and Drug Administration. 16 May 2022. 4975580. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  110. ^ Ingram I (17 November 2023). "Higher-Dose Fluvoxamine Fails for COVID Outpatients". MedPage Today. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  111. ^ Nyirenda JL, Sofroniou M, Toews I, Mikolajewska A, Lehane C, Monsef I, et al. (September 2022). "Fluvoxamine for the treatment of COVID-19". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Systematic review). 2022 (9): CD015391. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015391. PMC  9473347. PMID  36103313.
  112. ^ Wannigama DL, Hurst C, Phattharapornjaroen P, Hongsing P, Sirichumroonwit N, Chanpiwat K, et al. (April 2024). "Early treatment with fluvoxamine, bromhexine, cyproheptadine, and niclosamide to prevent clinical deterioration in patients with symptomatic COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial". eClinicalMedicine. 70: 102517. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102517. PMC  10955208. PMID  38516100.
  113. ^ a b
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Fluvoxamine&oldid=1221040605"

Videos

Youtube | Vimeo | Bing

Websites

Google | Yahoo | Bing

Encyclopedia

Google | Yahoo | Bing

Facebook




Top Of Page

Home • Search • Translate

© CSE