Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Opiods_neuropep | ||||||||
Pfam | PF01160 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR006024 | ||||||||
PROSITE | PDOC00964 | ||||||||
|
Opioid peptides or opiate peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides. Such peptides may be produced by the body itself, for example endorphins. The effects of these peptides vary, but they all resemble those of opiates. Brain opioid peptide systems are known to play an important role in motivation, emotion, attachment behaviour, the response to stress and pain, control of food intake, and the rewarding effects of alcohol and nicotine.
Opioid-like peptides may also be absorbed from partially digested food ( casomorphins, exorphins, and rubiscolins). Opioid peptides from food typically have lengths between 4–8 amino acids. Endogenous opioids are generally much longer.
Opioid peptides are released by post-translational proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins. The precursors consist of the following components: a signal sequence that precedes a conserved region of about 50 residues; a variable-length region; and the sequence of the neuropeptides themselves. Sequence analysis reveals that the conserved N-terminal region of the precursors contains 6 cysteines, which are probably involved in disulfide bond formation. It is speculated that this region might be important for neuropeptide processing. [1]
The human genome contains several homologous genes that are known to code for endogenous opioid peptides.
While not peptides, codeine and morphine are also produced in the human body. [6] [7]
Exogenous opioid substances are called exorphins, as opposed to endorphins. Exorphins include opioid food peptides, such as gluten exorphin and opioid food peptides, and are often contained in cereals and animal milk. Exorphins mimic the actions of endorphins by binding to and activating opioid receptors in the brain.
Common exorphins include:
Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. ... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995). ... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine
Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand ..., citing:
Morphine occurs endogenously ( Poeaknapo et. al. 2004) ...
Principal endogenous agonists (Human) [are]
β-endorphin (POMC, P01189), [Met]enkephalin (PENK, P01210), [Leu]enkephalin (PENK, P01210)
Principal endogenous agonists (Human) [are]
β-endorphin (POMC, P01189), [Leu]enkephalin (PENK, P01210), [Met]enkephalin (PENK, P01210)
Comments: Dynorphin A and big dynorphin are the highest potency endogenous ligands ...
Principal endogenous agonists (Human) [are]
big dynorphin (PDYN, P01213), dynorphin A (PDYN, P01213)
Dynorphin A (1–8) is a fraction of Dynorphin A with only Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile peptide chain.
Principal endogenous agonists at κ receptor.
Peptide sequence
YGGFLRRIRPKLKWDNQKRYGGFLRRQFKVVT
Natural/Endogenous Ligands
nociceptin/orphanin FQ
Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Opiods_neuropep | ||||||||
Pfam | PF01160 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR006024 | ||||||||
PROSITE | PDOC00964 | ||||||||
|
Opioid peptides or opiate peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides. Such peptides may be produced by the body itself, for example endorphins. The effects of these peptides vary, but they all resemble those of opiates. Brain opioid peptide systems are known to play an important role in motivation, emotion, attachment behaviour, the response to stress and pain, control of food intake, and the rewarding effects of alcohol and nicotine.
Opioid-like peptides may also be absorbed from partially digested food ( casomorphins, exorphins, and rubiscolins). Opioid peptides from food typically have lengths between 4–8 amino acids. Endogenous opioids are generally much longer.
Opioid peptides are released by post-translational proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins. The precursors consist of the following components: a signal sequence that precedes a conserved region of about 50 residues; a variable-length region; and the sequence of the neuropeptides themselves. Sequence analysis reveals that the conserved N-terminal region of the precursors contains 6 cysteines, which are probably involved in disulfide bond formation. It is speculated that this region might be important for neuropeptide processing. [1]
The human genome contains several homologous genes that are known to code for endogenous opioid peptides.
While not peptides, codeine and morphine are also produced in the human body. [6] [7]
Exogenous opioid substances are called exorphins, as opposed to endorphins. Exorphins include opioid food peptides, such as gluten exorphin and opioid food peptides, and are often contained in cereals and animal milk. Exorphins mimic the actions of endorphins by binding to and activating opioid receptors in the brain.
Common exorphins include:
Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. ... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995). ... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine
Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand ..., citing:
Morphine occurs endogenously ( Poeaknapo et. al. 2004) ...
Principal endogenous agonists (Human) [are]
β-endorphin (POMC, P01189), [Met]enkephalin (PENK, P01210), [Leu]enkephalin (PENK, P01210)
Principal endogenous agonists (Human) [are]
β-endorphin (POMC, P01189), [Leu]enkephalin (PENK, P01210), [Met]enkephalin (PENK, P01210)
Comments: Dynorphin A and big dynorphin are the highest potency endogenous ligands ...
Principal endogenous agonists (Human) [are]
big dynorphin (PDYN, P01213), dynorphin A (PDYN, P01213)
Dynorphin A (1–8) is a fraction of Dynorphin A with only Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile peptide chain.
Principal endogenous agonists at κ receptor.
Peptide sequence
YGGFLRRIRPKLKWDNQKRYGGFLRRQFKVVT
Natural/Endogenous Ligands
nociceptin/orphanin FQ