English
poetMarian Allen completed the poem "To A. T. G." a few days after hearing her fiancé Arthur Greg was killed in action, the first of several to his memory.[14]
Cecil McKenzie Hill made the first flight for the Canterbury Aviation Company in
Sockburn,
New Zealand, which was used to train more pilots for military and commercial purposes.[47][48]
Sections of the
Italian Socialist Party and the
Italian General Confederation of Labour met in
Milan and, following fierce debate, approved a call inviting organizations and individual workers to comply with "discipline" to the directives of the party and not to take "isolated and fragmented" initiatives.[54]
Battle of the Crna Bend – The
Allies launched a massive infantry assault on the
Central Powers defenses but failed to make any gains.[58][59] Casualties for the
Allies were 5,450, while the Bulgarians sustained total casualties of 1,626. German casualties were unknown.[60]
Battle of Doiran – British forces failed to dislodge Bulgarian defenders at
Doiran Lake in
Serbia. With casualties at 12,000, the British called off further attacks. Bulgarian commander
Vladimir Vazov was promoted to
Major-General for achieving a major victory over the British.[61]
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo – Italian forces launched a major offensive on the Austro-Hungarian front, and were able to advance to the coastal town of
Duino, located 15 kilometers from
Trieste, by the end of the month.[63]
Second Battle of the Aisne – The French made small gains northeast of Mont Haut and repulsed a German attack at Mont Téton.[64] By then, the French had captured an estimated 28,500 German prisoners and 187 German guns.[65]
Romanian
socialist leader
Max Wexler was shot dead by his guards while in transit to a command post in
Iași,
Romania. Official reports said he was attempting to escape custody but supporters claimed it was a planned
assassination by the
Romanian military.
Romanian Prime MinisterIon I. C. Brătianu ordered an inquiry into his death but no firm proceedings were made, leaving the circumstances around his death a mystery.[82]
Battle of Arras – The offensive wound down with no breakthrough in the German
Hindenburg Line, which had proven effective in holding back
Allied attacks. The British overall suffered 150,000 casualties, while German casualties were estimated between 120,000 and 130,000. Some 25 British soldiers and officers received the
Victoria Cross for actions during the battle.[92]
Battle of the Hills – France launched a major assault on the German line between Mont Cornillet and Le Téton, capturing 985 prisoners and reporting another 600 German dead.[110]
French Army Mutinies – The 128th Regiment of the French Third Division and 66th Regiment of the French 18th Division joined the mutiny.[111]
The small town of
Codell, Kansas, was struck by a tornado, the second of three that occurred consecutively on the same date every year until
1918.[113]
The Imperial War Graves Commission was established to look at means of preserving the graves of war dead, eventually becoming the
Commonwealth War Graves Commission.[119]
A lynch party kidnapped and burned alive
Ell Persons, an African-American accused of the rape and murder of 16-year old white girl Antoinette Rappel, in
Memphis. Despite the large crowd of eyewitnesses and extremely brutal nature of the lynching, no suspects were apprehended.[121]
A month of civil violence in
Milan ended after the Italian army forcibly took over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries. Fifty people were killed and 800 were arrested.[123]
After bad weather prevented six
Imperial German NavyZeppelins from conducting high-altitude raid on
London,
Kaiser Wilhelm of
Germany concluded, "I am of the opinion that the day of the airship is past for attacks on London. They should be used as scouts for the
High Seas Fleet and strategic reconnaissance, not for bombing raids on London." The Chief of the Naval Staff argued that
airship bombing campaigns often succeeded in tying down many British personnel, guns, and aircraft on home air defense duties, and persuaded the Kaiser to allow further raids when weather conditions were favorable.[127]
While flying as an observer aboard a German
Aviatik, turbulence threw
First Lieutenant Otto Berla from his cockpit without a
parachute. As he fell, an updraft forced the tail of the aircraft upward, and Berla punched through the
plywood of the
fuselage aft of his cockpit. The aircraft's pilot returned him safely to base.[130]
The first Luftstreitkräfte (German Air Force) bombing campaign of
Operation Türkenkreuz ("Turk's Cross") on
London resulted in 95 deaths and 195 injuries. Seventy-four British aircraft took off to intercept, but the Germans lost only one aircraft.[135][136][137][138]
Battle of the Hills – French forces captured nearly all of Mont Cornille,
France and captured 120 German prisoners.[115]
Battle of Monastir – Bulgarian forces drove off French troops and re-occupied part of Hill 1248 north
Monastir,
Serbia, but the summit remained unoccupied by both sides. While it relieved some pressure off the
Allied-held Serbian city, French casualties for the battle eventually were estimated at 14,000 killed, wounded or sick. Casualties for the
Central Powers were unknown, and some 500 civilians were killed and another 650 were injured.[142]
French Army Mutinies – Mutiny spread in the
French Third Army to 5th, 6th, 13th, 35th, 43rd, 62nd, 77th and 170th Divisions, with a total 21 units revolting and 27,000 soldiers refusing to go to the trenches on the
Western Front.[150]
Battle of the Hills – German forces attacked French positions at Mont Haut, Le Casque and Le Téton but were defeated.[151]
^Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street. p. 127.
ISBN978-1-898697-56-5.
^Series "E", Volume 9, History of the 22d-24th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Frank L. Grubbs, Jr., The Struggle for Labor Loyalty: Gompers, the AF of L, and the Pacifists, 1917-1920. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968; pg. 22.
^Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. p. 35.
^Paschall, R. (1994). The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918. Cambridge Mass.: Da Capo Press. pp. 49–50.
ISBN0-306-80585-5.
^Oldham, Peter (1997). The Hindenburg Line. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. pp. 50–56, 60–71.
ISBN978-0-85052-568-7.
^Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 500–501.
ISBN0-89839-180-6.
^Данилов, Ю.Л. (1933). Русские отряды на французском и Македонском фронтах. 1916—1918 г.г. [Russian troops on the French and Macedonian fronts. 1916-1918] (in Russian). Союза офицеровь участниковъ войньи на французскомъ фронте. p. 177.
^Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 497–501.
ISBN978-0-89839-180-0.
^History of the 5th Reconnaissance Squadron, 5 May 1917 to 31 December 1998. Prepared by the 9th Reconnaissance Wing History Office, Beale AFB, California
^Pío Cáceres Bilbao. Bolivia: el Senado Nacional (album) : bosquejo histórico parlamentario, 1825-1925. Biblioteca del H. Congreso Nacional, 2000. p. 201
^Дошкинов, Петър (1935). Майското сражение в завоя на Черна 1917 г. Печатница на Военно-издателския фонд. pp. 58–60.
^Castle, Ian (2010). London 1917-18: the bomber blitz. Oxford: Osprey.
ISBN978-1-84603-682-8.
^Vincent E McHale (1983) Political parties of Europe, Greenwood Press, p.389
ISBN0-313-23804-9
^Bell, Daniel (2003). Encyclopedia of International Games. McFarland and Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina.
ISBN0-7864-1026-4.
^Ficken, Robert E. (January 1986). "Seattle's 'Ditch': The Corps of Engineers and the Lake Washington Ship Canal". Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 77 (1): 11–20.
^Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey; Hickey, Michael (25 September 2003). The First World War: The War To End All Wars. Osprey Publishing. p. 122.
ISBN1-84176-738-7.
^Series "E", Volume 4, History of the History of the 16th, 17th, and 19th-21st Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Thompson, Mark (2008) The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919, Faber and Faber, London p. 251
^Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 500–501.
ISBN978-0-89839-180-0.
^Series "E", Volume 7, History of the 30th–37th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Helgason, Guðmundur.
"WWI U-boats: U 59". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^Torrey, Glenn E (1995). The revolutionary Russian Army and Romania, 1917. Carl Beck papers in Russian and East European studies. Vol. 1103. Pittsburgh: Center for Russian & East European Studies,
University of Pittsburgh. pp. 20–22.
^Series "E", Volume 4, Histories of the 16th, 17th and 19th-20th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^"Defendamos 83 años de historia". Wayback Machine (in Spanish). El Nuevo Dario. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2017.{{
cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link)
^Leach, Jack Franklin (1952). Conscription in the United States: Historical Background. Rutland, Vt.: C.E. Tuttle Pub. Co. p. vi.
OCLC1727243.
^S.V.Petliura. Svoboda Ukrainian Daily. June 3, 1926. p. 2
^Hargrove, Nancy (1998). "The Great Parade: Cocteau, Picasso, Satie, Massine, Diaghilev—and T.S. Eliot". Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature. 31 (1).
^Helgason, Guðmundur.
"WWI U-boats: UC 36". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
^William R. Evinger: Directory of Military Bases in the U.S., Oryx Press, Phoenix, Ariz., 1991, p. 147.
^World War I Group, Historical Division, Special Staff, United States Army, Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War (1917–1919)
^Peaslee, Amos Jenkins (1974). International Governmental Organizations. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). London: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 300.
ISBN90-247-1601-2.
^Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2006), Home Front 1914-1918: How Britain Survived the Great War, The National Archives,
ISBN978-1-903365-81-6 (p. 124)
^Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. pp. 468–9.
^Powles, C. Guy; A. Wilkie (1922). The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War. Vol. III. Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs. pp. 111–113.
OCLC2959465.
^Moore, A. Briscoe (1920). The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 73.
OCLC561949575.
^Nathan, Andrew (1998). Peking Politics 1918-1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism. Center for Chinese Studies. p. 91.
ISBN978-0-89264-131-4.
^Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films. pp. 753–54.
ISBN1-879362-03-1.
^Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006,
ISBN978-1-84476-917-9, p. 265.
^Chant, Chris, The World's Great Bombers, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000,
ISBN0-7607-2012-6, p. 26.
^Hastings, Max, Bomber Command: Churchill's Epic Campaign - The Inside Story of the RAF's Valiant Attempt to End the War, New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1987,
ISBN0-671-68070-6, p. 37.
^Franks, Norman, Aircraft Versus Aircraft: The Illustrated Story of Fighter Pilot Combat From 1914 to the Present Day, London: Grub Street, 1998,
ISBN1-902304-04-7, p. 62.
^Series "E", Volume 6, History of the 25th-27th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Innes McCartney (2015). The Maritime Archaeology of a Modern Conflict: Comparing the Archaeology of German Submarine Wrecks to the Historical Text. New York: Routledge. pp. 114–117.
ISBN978-1138814356.
^Series "E", Volume 2, History of the 9th and 10th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
English
poetMarian Allen completed the poem "To A. T. G." a few days after hearing her fiancé Arthur Greg was killed in action, the first of several to his memory.[14]
Cecil McKenzie Hill made the first flight for the Canterbury Aviation Company in
Sockburn,
New Zealand, which was used to train more pilots for military and commercial purposes.[47][48]
Sections of the
Italian Socialist Party and the
Italian General Confederation of Labour met in
Milan and, following fierce debate, approved a call inviting organizations and individual workers to comply with "discipline" to the directives of the party and not to take "isolated and fragmented" initiatives.[54]
Battle of the Crna Bend – The
Allies launched a massive infantry assault on the
Central Powers defenses but failed to make any gains.[58][59] Casualties for the
Allies were 5,450, while the Bulgarians sustained total casualties of 1,626. German casualties were unknown.[60]
Battle of Doiran – British forces failed to dislodge Bulgarian defenders at
Doiran Lake in
Serbia. With casualties at 12,000, the British called off further attacks. Bulgarian commander
Vladimir Vazov was promoted to
Major-General for achieving a major victory over the British.[61]
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo – Italian forces launched a major offensive on the Austro-Hungarian front, and were able to advance to the coastal town of
Duino, located 15 kilometers from
Trieste, by the end of the month.[63]
Second Battle of the Aisne – The French made small gains northeast of Mont Haut and repulsed a German attack at Mont Téton.[64] By then, the French had captured an estimated 28,500 German prisoners and 187 German guns.[65]
Romanian
socialist leader
Max Wexler was shot dead by his guards while in transit to a command post in
Iași,
Romania. Official reports said he was attempting to escape custody but supporters claimed it was a planned
assassination by the
Romanian military.
Romanian Prime MinisterIon I. C. Brătianu ordered an inquiry into his death but no firm proceedings were made, leaving the circumstances around his death a mystery.[82]
Battle of Arras – The offensive wound down with no breakthrough in the German
Hindenburg Line, which had proven effective in holding back
Allied attacks. The British overall suffered 150,000 casualties, while German casualties were estimated between 120,000 and 130,000. Some 25 British soldiers and officers received the
Victoria Cross for actions during the battle.[92]
Battle of the Hills – France launched a major assault on the German line between Mont Cornillet and Le Téton, capturing 985 prisoners and reporting another 600 German dead.[110]
French Army Mutinies – The 128th Regiment of the French Third Division and 66th Regiment of the French 18th Division joined the mutiny.[111]
The small town of
Codell, Kansas, was struck by a tornado, the second of three that occurred consecutively on the same date every year until
1918.[113]
The Imperial War Graves Commission was established to look at means of preserving the graves of war dead, eventually becoming the
Commonwealth War Graves Commission.[119]
A lynch party kidnapped and burned alive
Ell Persons, an African-American accused of the rape and murder of 16-year old white girl Antoinette Rappel, in
Memphis. Despite the large crowd of eyewitnesses and extremely brutal nature of the lynching, no suspects were apprehended.[121]
A month of civil violence in
Milan ended after the Italian army forcibly took over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries. Fifty people were killed and 800 were arrested.[123]
After bad weather prevented six
Imperial German NavyZeppelins from conducting high-altitude raid on
London,
Kaiser Wilhelm of
Germany concluded, "I am of the opinion that the day of the airship is past for attacks on London. They should be used as scouts for the
High Seas Fleet and strategic reconnaissance, not for bombing raids on London." The Chief of the Naval Staff argued that
airship bombing campaigns often succeeded in tying down many British personnel, guns, and aircraft on home air defense duties, and persuaded the Kaiser to allow further raids when weather conditions were favorable.[127]
While flying as an observer aboard a German
Aviatik, turbulence threw
First Lieutenant Otto Berla from his cockpit without a
parachute. As he fell, an updraft forced the tail of the aircraft upward, and Berla punched through the
plywood of the
fuselage aft of his cockpit. The aircraft's pilot returned him safely to base.[130]
The first Luftstreitkräfte (German Air Force) bombing campaign of
Operation Türkenkreuz ("Turk's Cross") on
London resulted in 95 deaths and 195 injuries. Seventy-four British aircraft took off to intercept, but the Germans lost only one aircraft.[135][136][137][138]
Battle of the Hills – French forces captured nearly all of Mont Cornille,
France and captured 120 German prisoners.[115]
Battle of Monastir – Bulgarian forces drove off French troops and re-occupied part of Hill 1248 north
Monastir,
Serbia, but the summit remained unoccupied by both sides. While it relieved some pressure off the
Allied-held Serbian city, French casualties for the battle eventually were estimated at 14,000 killed, wounded or sick. Casualties for the
Central Powers were unknown, and some 500 civilians were killed and another 650 were injured.[142]
French Army Mutinies – Mutiny spread in the
French Third Army to 5th, 6th, 13th, 35th, 43rd, 62nd, 77th and 170th Divisions, with a total 21 units revolting and 27,000 soldiers refusing to go to the trenches on the
Western Front.[150]
Battle of the Hills – German forces attacked French positions at Mont Haut, Le Casque and Le Téton but were defeated.[151]
^Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street. p. 127.
ISBN978-1-898697-56-5.
^Series "E", Volume 9, History of the 22d-24th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Frank L. Grubbs, Jr., The Struggle for Labor Loyalty: Gompers, the AF of L, and the Pacifists, 1917-1920. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968; pg. 22.
^Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. p. 35.
^Paschall, R. (1994). The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918. Cambridge Mass.: Da Capo Press. pp. 49–50.
ISBN0-306-80585-5.
^Oldham, Peter (1997). The Hindenburg Line. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. pp. 50–56, 60–71.
ISBN978-0-85052-568-7.
^Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 500–501.
ISBN0-89839-180-6.
^Данилов, Ю.Л. (1933). Русские отряды на французском и Македонском фронтах. 1916—1918 г.г. [Russian troops on the French and Macedonian fronts. 1916-1918] (in Russian). Союза офицеровь участниковъ войньи на французскомъ фронте. p. 177.
^Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 497–501.
ISBN978-0-89839-180-0.
^History of the 5th Reconnaissance Squadron, 5 May 1917 to 31 December 1998. Prepared by the 9th Reconnaissance Wing History Office, Beale AFB, California
^Pío Cáceres Bilbao. Bolivia: el Senado Nacional (album) : bosquejo histórico parlamentario, 1825-1925. Biblioteca del H. Congreso Nacional, 2000. p. 201
^Дошкинов, Петър (1935). Майското сражение в завоя на Черна 1917 г. Печатница на Военно-издателския фонд. pp. 58–60.
^Castle, Ian (2010). London 1917-18: the bomber blitz. Oxford: Osprey.
ISBN978-1-84603-682-8.
^Vincent E McHale (1983) Political parties of Europe, Greenwood Press, p.389
ISBN0-313-23804-9
^Bell, Daniel (2003). Encyclopedia of International Games. McFarland and Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina.
ISBN0-7864-1026-4.
^Ficken, Robert E. (January 1986). "Seattle's 'Ditch': The Corps of Engineers and the Lake Washington Ship Canal". Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 77 (1): 11–20.
^Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey; Hickey, Michael (25 September 2003). The First World War: The War To End All Wars. Osprey Publishing. p. 122.
ISBN1-84176-738-7.
^Series "E", Volume 4, History of the History of the 16th, 17th, and 19th-21st Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Thompson, Mark (2008) The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919, Faber and Faber, London p. 251
^Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. pp. 500–501.
ISBN978-0-89839-180-0.
^Series "E", Volume 7, History of the 30th–37th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Helgason, Guðmundur.
"WWI U-boats: U 59". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^Torrey, Glenn E (1995). The revolutionary Russian Army and Romania, 1917. Carl Beck papers in Russian and East European studies. Vol. 1103. Pittsburgh: Center for Russian & East European Studies,
University of Pittsburgh. pp. 20–22.
^Series "E", Volume 4, Histories of the 16th, 17th and 19th-20th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^"Defendamos 83 años de historia". Wayback Machine (in Spanish). El Nuevo Dario. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2017.{{
cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link)
^Leach, Jack Franklin (1952). Conscription in the United States: Historical Background. Rutland, Vt.: C.E. Tuttle Pub. Co. p. vi.
OCLC1727243.
^S.V.Petliura. Svoboda Ukrainian Daily. June 3, 1926. p. 2
^Hargrove, Nancy (1998). "The Great Parade: Cocteau, Picasso, Satie, Massine, Diaghilev—and T.S. Eliot". Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature. 31 (1).
^Helgason, Guðmundur.
"WWI U-boats: UC 36". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
^William R. Evinger: Directory of Military Bases in the U.S., Oryx Press, Phoenix, Ariz., 1991, p. 147.
^World War I Group, Historical Division, Special Staff, United States Army, Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War (1917–1919)
^Peaslee, Amos Jenkins (1974). International Governmental Organizations. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). London: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 300.
ISBN90-247-1601-2.
^Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2006), Home Front 1914-1918: How Britain Survived the Great War, The National Archives,
ISBN978-1-903365-81-6 (p. 124)
^Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. pp. 468–9.
^Powles, C. Guy; A. Wilkie (1922). The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War. Vol. III. Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs. pp. 111–113.
OCLC2959465.
^Moore, A. Briscoe (1920). The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 73.
OCLC561949575.
^Nathan, Andrew (1998). Peking Politics 1918-1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism. Center for Chinese Studies. p. 91.
ISBN978-0-89264-131-4.
^Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films. pp. 753–54.
ISBN1-879362-03-1.
^Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006,
ISBN978-1-84476-917-9, p. 265.
^Chant, Chris, The World's Great Bombers, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000,
ISBN0-7607-2012-6, p. 26.
^Hastings, Max, Bomber Command: Churchill's Epic Campaign - The Inside Story of the RAF's Valiant Attempt to End the War, New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1987,
ISBN0-671-68070-6, p. 37.
^Franks, Norman, Aircraft Versus Aircraft: The Illustrated Story of Fighter Pilot Combat From 1914 to the Present Day, London: Grub Street, 1998,
ISBN1-902304-04-7, p. 62.
^Series "E", Volume 6, History of the 25th-27th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Innes McCartney (2015). The Maritime Archaeology of a Modern Conflict: Comparing the Archaeology of German Submarine Wrecks to the Historical Text. New York: Routledge. pp. 114–117.
ISBN978-1138814356.
^Series "E", Volume 2, History of the 9th and 10th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.