The German Freikorps broke through German Soviet defenses around
Munich, then the capital of the
Bavarian Soviet Republic, and began capturing the city street by street.[1]
Riots broke out in
Cleveland during a parade in the
Public Square that was organized by American socialist leader
C. E. Ruthenberg to protest the imprisonment of labor leader
Eugene V. Debs. While exact causes of the initial violence were disputed, the riots spread and resulted in two people killed, 40 injured, and 116 arrested.[2]
Weimar Republic troops and the Freikorps occupied
Munich and crushed remaining German Soviet resistance after two days of intense street fighting. In total, 606 people were killed including 335 civilians. German forces also killed several Soviet leaders, including
Gustav Landauer, and arrested
Eugen Leviné, president of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.[11]
The British weekly film magazine Picture Show published its first issue. It was the longest-running British film magazine until its final publication in 1960.[16]
A
riot broke out in
Fremantle,
Australia when strikers for the
Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia attempted to stop a rival union from crossing the picket line to unload a ship in port. During the violence, union worker Tom Edwards was struck in the head by a police baton and died from his injury days later.[19][20][21]
Lucina C. Broadwell, a 29-year-old mother of three in
Barre, Vermont, was found murdered early morning in what was considered "one of the most horrendous crimes to take place in Vermont up to that time." Her body was naked except for shoes and stockings, and an autopsy found she had been strangled.[23] Lucina was buried in
Johnson, Vermont, on May 7, 1919.[24]
The comic strip Harold Teen, created by
Carl Ed, was first published in the Chicago Tribune, becoming the first cartoon to feature an adolescent as the main character.[25]
The
May Fourth Movement spread to other cities in
China as student groups joined in solidarity with their
Beijing counterparts who had been arrested and jailed for anti-imperialism protests the previous day in
Tiananmen.[26]
L. Frank Baum, 62, the creator of The Wizard of Oz series, died in
Los Angeles after suffering a stroke the previous day. It was reported his last words to his wife
Maude were "Now we can cross the
Shifting Sands," a reference to the impenetrable desert that surrounded the mythical
Land of Oz he created through 12 novels (two more would be published after his death).[48]
The constitution of
Luxembourg was amended to extend universal suffrage to all citizens over age 21, regardless of sex. This amendment came into force on May 15.[58]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – A planned uprising in
Peshawar,
British India to coincide with the Afghan invasion was quashed after British authorities threatened to cut off the local water supply to citizens.[59]
Australian journalist
Edward George Honey, under the pen name Warren Foster, proposed the idea of a moment of silence to commemorate the
armistice of
World War I in a letter to The Evening News: "Five little minutes only. Five silent minutes of national remembrance. A very sacred intercession. Communion with the Glorious Dead who won us peace, and from the communion new strength, hope and faith in the morrow."[60][61]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – A British force attempted to recapture the border Indian Bagh from the Afghans but failed when it was split up to protect its flanks.[59]
Women in
Belgium who were widows or single mothers of servicemen that were either killed in action, taken prisoner by the enemy, or were involved in the
resistance movement were allowed to vote and run for office.[67]
Portugal held
new elections less than a year after the previous ones, with the
Democratic Party that had boycotted in the previous year returning to win the majority of the seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.[79]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – Reinforced with a second division, the British were able to recapture the Indian border town of Bagh in their second attack against the Afghans and force them to retreat over the border. The Afghans suffered 400 casualties, including 100 killed, while the British recorded eight killed and 31 wounded.[80]
The
Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in
Odessa and established in
Tiraspol (now part of
Moldova) as an autonomous part of
Soviet Russia, even though neither city was part of the historical
Bessarabia. The actual region had merged with
Romania in 1918 but was never recognized by the Russian Soviet government. Eventually, the soviet republic in exile was dissolved in September.[81][82]
The first
Hostess CupCake was sold by Taggart Bakery as the Chocolate Cup Cake, often in pairs for five cents. In 1925, the
Continental Baking Company bought out Taggaret Bakery and the dessert became associated with the
Hostess brand.[84]
Single women over age 20 were given the right to vote in local elections on the
Isle of Jersey.[108]
Arrests were made in the murder of
Lucina C. Broadwell of
Barre, Vermont. George Long and Isabelle Parker were charged with murder after it was revealed Long had been having an affair with Broadwell while Parker, being Long's landlord, had participated in covering it up.[109] The resulting trial in October lead to a conviction of murder in the second degree for Long and a reduced charge of "conducting a house of ill fame" for Parker. Long was sentenced to life imprisonment while Parker received two and half years. She died in prison two years later.[110]
The
U.S. NavyblimpC-5 completed a pioneering overnight flight from its base at
Cape May, New Jersey, to
St. John's, becoming the first
airship to visit the
Newfoundland port. The navy planned for C-5 to become the first airship to
fly across the
Atlantic Ocean. However, shortly after arriving, C-5 broke her mooring lines during high winds and drifted out unmanned into the ocean where she crashed in the evening 85 miles from St. John's. Recovered by a British ship, C-5 never flew again.[111][112][113]
Died:Aaron Aaronsohn, Romanian-Palestinian botanist, first to identify
emmer, the first
wheat grain grown by primitive humans (killed in a plane crash) (b.
1876)
Third Anglo-Afghan War – British
Sikh forces attacked a force of 3,000 Afghan troops near the
Khyber Pass, inflicting 600 casualties including 200 killed while suffering 22 killed and 137 wounded. The Afghans abandoned their position, losing most of their artillery pieces and machine guns.[120]
Around 800 ethnic Greek militia began
looting and burning Turkish villages in
Urla,
Turkey a day after the
Greek landing at Smyrna. A local Turkish militia of 120 men plus 25 regular Ottoman troops were organized to repel the attacks.[121]
Women in
Jamaica over the age of 25 that earned income or paid taxes became eligible to vote.[122][123]
British pilot
Harry Hawker and co-pilot Kenneth Mackenzie-Grieve attempted the first non-stop
transatlantic flight but were forced to ditch their aircraft only 2,253 km (1,400 mi) after leaving
Newfoundland.[137] The
London newspaper Daily Mail awarded them a prize of £5,000 for their attempt anyway since Hawker flew over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) without ditching the aircraft.[138]
The
Idaho State Police was established, initially as the Bureau of Constabulary under the
Idaho Department of Law Enforcement.[139]
The
Chamber of Deputies passed a bill to extend universal suffrage to women in
France, with 377 in favor and 97 against. However, it failed to pass the Senate and delayed women's voting rights until 1944.[146][147]
American hotel owner
Raymond Orteig offered a
prize of $25,000 to the first aviator to fly non-stop from
New York City to
Paris. However, aircraft were still not designed to do transatlantic flights of that length until the mid-1920s when Orteig offered the prize again. Ultimately, it was
Charles Lindbergh who won it in 1927.[156]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – Stretched supplies and communications created disorder among British forces within the
Kurram region along the Afghan-British India border, with several posts being abandoned.[167]
Journalist
Constancio C. Vigil published the first edition of the weekly newspaper El Gráfico in
Buenos Aires. It eventually became a monthly sports magazine before its run ended in 2018.[196]
^John J. Grabowski; David D. VanTassel, eds. (1996). The encyclopedia of Cleveland history (2nd ed.). Bloomington [u.a.]: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 1165.
ISBN978-0253330567.
^"45th Battalion". First World War, 1914–1918 units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
^Danesi, Encyclopedia of Media and Communication,
p. 488
^Bellamy & Schecter, Gramsci and the Italian State,
p. 28
^(in Polish) Rafał Kowalczyk and Łukasz Kamiński,
Zakazane święta PRLu, Polskie Radio Online, May 3, 2008. Retrieved on 4 July 2011 (from the Internet Archive)
^Barthorp, Michael (2002) [1982]. Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947. London: Cassell. p. 151.
ISBN0-304-36294-8.
^Hernalsteen, An (November 2014).
"'Ik wou dat ik een Blankenberge had'" ['I wish I had a Blankenberge']. Grafzerkje vzw (in Dutch). Archived from
the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
^Kerrigan, Evans E. (1964). "Expeditionary Medals". American War Medals and Decorations. New York: The Viking Press. p. 105.
OCLC702555627.
^Phillips, William L. (1976) "The Editions of Winesburg, Ohio". in Campbell, Hilbert H. and Modlin, Charles E.A (eds). Sherwood Anderson: Centennial Studies. Troy, NY: Whitston Publishing Company.
ISBN0-87875-093-2. pp. 153-54
^Molesworth, George (1962). Afghanistan 1919—An Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War. New York: Asia Publishing House. pp. 49–53.
OCLC7233999.
^Adams, Joshua (June 2014).
"All Aboard The Peace Train"(PDF). Arming All Sides.
London,
England: On the Record Community Interest Company. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
^Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919. Vol. 2, History of Air Service Units Attached to the 3d Army.
Washington, D.C.:
National Archives.
^Traksmaa, August: Lühike vabadussõja ajalugu, Olion, 1992,
ISBN5-450-01325-6, p. 141
^Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918-1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988.
ISBN0-85130-164-9, p. 307
^Sarısakal, Baki (2008). Belge ve tanıklarla Samsun'dan Ankara'ya: 19 Mayıs 1919 - 23 Nisan 1920, Issue 1. Samsun Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Kültür ve Sosyal İşler Daire Başkanlığı. p. 213.
ISBN978-9759229665.
^"Indonesia Volcano Starts to Erupt," Associated Press, November 3, 2007
^Jensen, Peter Kincaid (1979). "The Greco-Turkish War, 1920–1922". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 4. 10 (4): 553–565.
doi:
10.1017/s0020743800051333.
S2CID163086095.
^Becke, Major A.F. (1938). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 3A. New Army Divisions (9–26). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 103.
ISBN1-871167-08-6.
^"Groups 10-19". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^John C. Miles, Guardians of the Parks: A History of the National Parks and Conservation Association (Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1995).
ISBN1-56032-446-5, pp. 4-52
^Nash, S.E. 1999. Time, Trees, and Prehistory: Tree-Ring Dating and the Development of North American Archaeology 1914-1950. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press. pp. 24-30
^"Calendar". Fablok SA (in Polish). Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^"Hundreds Present When 'The Pioneer' is Unveiled Today," Eugene Daily Guard, May 22, 1919.
^Kuzyk, Valentyna.
"Mykola Dmytrovych LEONTOVYCH". National Organization of Composers of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Archived from
the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
^Barnes, C. H. (1964). Bristol Aircraft since 1910. London: Putnam Publishing. pp. 134–137.
ISBN0-370-00015-3.
^Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920. Jyri Kork (Ed.). Esto, Baltimore, 1988 (Reprint from Estonian War of Independence 1918-1920. Historical Committee for the War of Independence, Tallinn, 1938)
^"Stadium History". Brann SK (in Norwegian). Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^David Bilton, Hull Pals, 10th, 11th 12th and 13th Battalions East Yorkshire Regiment – A History of 92 Infantry Brigade, 31st Division, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2014,
ISBN978-1-78346-185-1, pp. 267-272
^"Triplane Wrecked at Farnborough - Capt P.T. Rawlings Killed". News. The Times. No. 42110. London. 27 May 1919. col D, p. 9.
^Beadle, Jeremy; Harrison, Ian (25 September 2007). "Last time the British army used scaling ladders". Military. Firsts, Lasts & Onlys. London: Robson. p. 112.
ISBN9781905798063.
^Jonathan D. Smele, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926, p. 190
^Wim P. van Meurs, East European Monographs, 1994, The Bessarabian question in communist historiography: nationalist and communist politics and history-writing, p. 77
^"Raskolnikov biography" (in Russian). Archived from
the original on 26 June 2007. В конце 1918 назначен зам. командующего 7-й армией по морской части и член РВС Балтийского флота. Поставлен во главе крупного отряда (линкор, крейсер, 2 миноносца), который должен был противодействовать английскому флоту. Проявил себя бездарным командиром и в начале 1919 был бзят в плен на миноносце "Спартак". 27.5.1919 был обменян на 17 пленных английских офицеров. В 1919–20 командовал Астраханско-Каспийской (затем Волжско-Каспийской) военной.
^Palazzo, Albert (2002). Defenders of Australia: The 3rd Australian Division 1916–1991. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications. p. 54.
ISBN1-876439-03-3.
^Morgan, Joseph (2014). "Voices from Gallipoli and the Western Front: The Forgotten 26th". Sabretache. LV (1 (March)). Garran, Australian Capital Territory: Military Historical Society of Australia: 26.
ISSN0048-8933.
^Richard B. Gregg, "The National War Labor Board," Harvard Law Review, vol. 33, no. 1 (Nov. 1919), p. 63
JSTOR1328084
The German Freikorps broke through German Soviet defenses around
Munich, then the capital of the
Bavarian Soviet Republic, and began capturing the city street by street.[1]
Riots broke out in
Cleveland during a parade in the
Public Square that was organized by American socialist leader
C. E. Ruthenberg to protest the imprisonment of labor leader
Eugene V. Debs. While exact causes of the initial violence were disputed, the riots spread and resulted in two people killed, 40 injured, and 116 arrested.[2]
Weimar Republic troops and the Freikorps occupied
Munich and crushed remaining German Soviet resistance after two days of intense street fighting. In total, 606 people were killed including 335 civilians. German forces also killed several Soviet leaders, including
Gustav Landauer, and arrested
Eugen Leviné, president of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.[11]
The British weekly film magazine Picture Show published its first issue. It was the longest-running British film magazine until its final publication in 1960.[16]
A
riot broke out in
Fremantle,
Australia when strikers for the
Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia attempted to stop a rival union from crossing the picket line to unload a ship in port. During the violence, union worker Tom Edwards was struck in the head by a police baton and died from his injury days later.[19][20][21]
Lucina C. Broadwell, a 29-year-old mother of three in
Barre, Vermont, was found murdered early morning in what was considered "one of the most horrendous crimes to take place in Vermont up to that time." Her body was naked except for shoes and stockings, and an autopsy found she had been strangled.[23] Lucina was buried in
Johnson, Vermont, on May 7, 1919.[24]
The comic strip Harold Teen, created by
Carl Ed, was first published in the Chicago Tribune, becoming the first cartoon to feature an adolescent as the main character.[25]
The
May Fourth Movement spread to other cities in
China as student groups joined in solidarity with their
Beijing counterparts who had been arrested and jailed for anti-imperialism protests the previous day in
Tiananmen.[26]
L. Frank Baum, 62, the creator of The Wizard of Oz series, died in
Los Angeles after suffering a stroke the previous day. It was reported his last words to his wife
Maude were "Now we can cross the
Shifting Sands," a reference to the impenetrable desert that surrounded the mythical
Land of Oz he created through 12 novels (two more would be published after his death).[48]
The constitution of
Luxembourg was amended to extend universal suffrage to all citizens over age 21, regardless of sex. This amendment came into force on May 15.[58]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – A planned uprising in
Peshawar,
British India to coincide with the Afghan invasion was quashed after British authorities threatened to cut off the local water supply to citizens.[59]
Australian journalist
Edward George Honey, under the pen name Warren Foster, proposed the idea of a moment of silence to commemorate the
armistice of
World War I in a letter to The Evening News: "Five little minutes only. Five silent minutes of national remembrance. A very sacred intercession. Communion with the Glorious Dead who won us peace, and from the communion new strength, hope and faith in the morrow."[60][61]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – A British force attempted to recapture the border Indian Bagh from the Afghans but failed when it was split up to protect its flanks.[59]
Women in
Belgium who were widows or single mothers of servicemen that were either killed in action, taken prisoner by the enemy, or were involved in the
resistance movement were allowed to vote and run for office.[67]
Portugal held
new elections less than a year after the previous ones, with the
Democratic Party that had boycotted in the previous year returning to win the majority of the seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.[79]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – Reinforced with a second division, the British were able to recapture the Indian border town of Bagh in their second attack against the Afghans and force them to retreat over the border. The Afghans suffered 400 casualties, including 100 killed, while the British recorded eight killed and 31 wounded.[80]
The
Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in
Odessa and established in
Tiraspol (now part of
Moldova) as an autonomous part of
Soviet Russia, even though neither city was part of the historical
Bessarabia. The actual region had merged with
Romania in 1918 but was never recognized by the Russian Soviet government. Eventually, the soviet republic in exile was dissolved in September.[81][82]
The first
Hostess CupCake was sold by Taggart Bakery as the Chocolate Cup Cake, often in pairs for five cents. In 1925, the
Continental Baking Company bought out Taggaret Bakery and the dessert became associated with the
Hostess brand.[84]
Single women over age 20 were given the right to vote in local elections on the
Isle of Jersey.[108]
Arrests were made in the murder of
Lucina C. Broadwell of
Barre, Vermont. George Long and Isabelle Parker were charged with murder after it was revealed Long had been having an affair with Broadwell while Parker, being Long's landlord, had participated in covering it up.[109] The resulting trial in October lead to a conviction of murder in the second degree for Long and a reduced charge of "conducting a house of ill fame" for Parker. Long was sentenced to life imprisonment while Parker received two and half years. She died in prison two years later.[110]
The
U.S. NavyblimpC-5 completed a pioneering overnight flight from its base at
Cape May, New Jersey, to
St. John's, becoming the first
airship to visit the
Newfoundland port. The navy planned for C-5 to become the first airship to
fly across the
Atlantic Ocean. However, shortly after arriving, C-5 broke her mooring lines during high winds and drifted out unmanned into the ocean where she crashed in the evening 85 miles from St. John's. Recovered by a British ship, C-5 never flew again.[111][112][113]
Died:Aaron Aaronsohn, Romanian-Palestinian botanist, first to identify
emmer, the first
wheat grain grown by primitive humans (killed in a plane crash) (b.
1876)
Third Anglo-Afghan War – British
Sikh forces attacked a force of 3,000 Afghan troops near the
Khyber Pass, inflicting 600 casualties including 200 killed while suffering 22 killed and 137 wounded. The Afghans abandoned their position, losing most of their artillery pieces and machine guns.[120]
Around 800 ethnic Greek militia began
looting and burning Turkish villages in
Urla,
Turkey a day after the
Greek landing at Smyrna. A local Turkish militia of 120 men plus 25 regular Ottoman troops were organized to repel the attacks.[121]
Women in
Jamaica over the age of 25 that earned income or paid taxes became eligible to vote.[122][123]
British pilot
Harry Hawker and co-pilot Kenneth Mackenzie-Grieve attempted the first non-stop
transatlantic flight but were forced to ditch their aircraft only 2,253 km (1,400 mi) after leaving
Newfoundland.[137] The
London newspaper Daily Mail awarded them a prize of £5,000 for their attempt anyway since Hawker flew over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) without ditching the aircraft.[138]
The
Idaho State Police was established, initially as the Bureau of Constabulary under the
Idaho Department of Law Enforcement.[139]
The
Chamber of Deputies passed a bill to extend universal suffrage to women in
France, with 377 in favor and 97 against. However, it failed to pass the Senate and delayed women's voting rights until 1944.[146][147]
American hotel owner
Raymond Orteig offered a
prize of $25,000 to the first aviator to fly non-stop from
New York City to
Paris. However, aircraft were still not designed to do transatlantic flights of that length until the mid-1920s when Orteig offered the prize again. Ultimately, it was
Charles Lindbergh who won it in 1927.[156]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – Stretched supplies and communications created disorder among British forces within the
Kurram region along the Afghan-British India border, with several posts being abandoned.[167]
Journalist
Constancio C. Vigil published the first edition of the weekly newspaper El Gráfico in
Buenos Aires. It eventually became a monthly sports magazine before its run ended in 2018.[196]
^John J. Grabowski; David D. VanTassel, eds. (1996). The encyclopedia of Cleveland history (2nd ed.). Bloomington [u.a.]: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 1165.
ISBN978-0253330567.
^"45th Battalion". First World War, 1914–1918 units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
^Danesi, Encyclopedia of Media and Communication,
p. 488
^Bellamy & Schecter, Gramsci and the Italian State,
p. 28
^(in Polish) Rafał Kowalczyk and Łukasz Kamiński,
Zakazane święta PRLu, Polskie Radio Online, May 3, 2008. Retrieved on 4 July 2011 (from the Internet Archive)
^Barthorp, Michael (2002) [1982]. Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947. London: Cassell. p. 151.
ISBN0-304-36294-8.
^Hernalsteen, An (November 2014).
"'Ik wou dat ik een Blankenberge had'" ['I wish I had a Blankenberge']. Grafzerkje vzw (in Dutch). Archived from
the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
^Kerrigan, Evans E. (1964). "Expeditionary Medals". American War Medals and Decorations. New York: The Viking Press. p. 105.
OCLC702555627.
^Phillips, William L. (1976) "The Editions of Winesburg, Ohio". in Campbell, Hilbert H. and Modlin, Charles E.A (eds). Sherwood Anderson: Centennial Studies. Troy, NY: Whitston Publishing Company.
ISBN0-87875-093-2. pp. 153-54
^Molesworth, George (1962). Afghanistan 1919—An Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War. New York: Asia Publishing House. pp. 49–53.
OCLC7233999.
^Adams, Joshua (June 2014).
"All Aboard The Peace Train"(PDF). Arming All Sides.
London,
England: On the Record Community Interest Company. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
^Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919. Vol. 2, History of Air Service Units Attached to the 3d Army.
Washington, D.C.:
National Archives.
^Traksmaa, August: Lühike vabadussõja ajalugu, Olion, 1992,
ISBN5-450-01325-6, p. 141
^Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918-1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988.
ISBN0-85130-164-9, p. 307
^Sarısakal, Baki (2008). Belge ve tanıklarla Samsun'dan Ankara'ya: 19 Mayıs 1919 - 23 Nisan 1920, Issue 1. Samsun Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Kültür ve Sosyal İşler Daire Başkanlığı. p. 213.
ISBN978-9759229665.
^"Indonesia Volcano Starts to Erupt," Associated Press, November 3, 2007
^Jensen, Peter Kincaid (1979). "The Greco-Turkish War, 1920–1922". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 4. 10 (4): 553–565.
doi:
10.1017/s0020743800051333.
S2CID163086095.
^Becke, Major A.F. (1938). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 3A. New Army Divisions (9–26). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 103.
ISBN1-871167-08-6.
^"Groups 10-19". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^John C. Miles, Guardians of the Parks: A History of the National Parks and Conservation Association (Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1995).
ISBN1-56032-446-5, pp. 4-52
^Nash, S.E. 1999. Time, Trees, and Prehistory: Tree-Ring Dating and the Development of North American Archaeology 1914-1950. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press. pp. 24-30
^"Calendar". Fablok SA (in Polish). Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^"Hundreds Present When 'The Pioneer' is Unveiled Today," Eugene Daily Guard, May 22, 1919.
^Kuzyk, Valentyna.
"Mykola Dmytrovych LEONTOVYCH". National Organization of Composers of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Archived from
the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
^Barnes, C. H. (1964). Bristol Aircraft since 1910. London: Putnam Publishing. pp. 134–137.
ISBN0-370-00015-3.
^Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920. Jyri Kork (Ed.). Esto, Baltimore, 1988 (Reprint from Estonian War of Independence 1918-1920. Historical Committee for the War of Independence, Tallinn, 1938)
^"Stadium History". Brann SK (in Norwegian). Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^David Bilton, Hull Pals, 10th, 11th 12th and 13th Battalions East Yorkshire Regiment – A History of 92 Infantry Brigade, 31st Division, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2014,
ISBN978-1-78346-185-1, pp. 267-272
^"Triplane Wrecked at Farnborough - Capt P.T. Rawlings Killed". News. The Times. No. 42110. London. 27 May 1919. col D, p. 9.
^Beadle, Jeremy; Harrison, Ian (25 September 2007). "Last time the British army used scaling ladders". Military. Firsts, Lasts & Onlys. London: Robson. p. 112.
ISBN9781905798063.
^Jonathan D. Smele, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926, p. 190
^Wim P. van Meurs, East European Monographs, 1994, The Bessarabian question in communist historiography: nationalist and communist politics and history-writing, p. 77
^"Raskolnikov biography" (in Russian). Archived from
the original on 26 June 2007. В конце 1918 назначен зам. командующего 7-й армией по морской части и член РВС Балтийского флота. Поставлен во главе крупного отряда (линкор, крейсер, 2 миноносца), который должен был противодействовать английскому флоту. Проявил себя бездарным командиром и в начале 1919 был бзят в плен на миноносце "Спартак". 27.5.1919 был обменян на 17 пленных английских офицеров. В 1919–20 командовал Астраханско-Каспийской (затем Волжско-Каспийской) военной.
^Palazzo, Albert (2002). Defenders of Australia: The 3rd Australian Division 1916–1991. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications. p. 54.
ISBN1-876439-03-3.
^Morgan, Joseph (2014). "Voices from Gallipoli and the Western Front: The Forgotten 26th". Sabretache. LV (1 (March)). Garran, Australian Capital Territory: Military Historical Society of Australia: 26.
ISSN0048-8933.
^Richard B. Gregg, "The National War Labor Board," Harvard Law Review, vol. 33, no. 1 (Nov. 1919), p. 63
JSTOR1328084