January 1 – The
St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between
St. Petersburg and
Tampa, Florida, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with
Tony Jannus (the first federally-licensed pilot) conveying passengers in a
Benoist XIVflying boat. Abram C. Pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger, and over 3,000 people witness the first departure.[1]
The
Sakurajimavolcano in Japan begins to erupt, becoming effusive after a very large earthquake on
January 13. The lava flow causes the island which it forms to be linked to the
Ōsumi Peninsula.[2]
April 9 –
Tampico Affair: A misunderstanding involving
United States Navy sailors in
Mexico and army troops loyal to Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta leads to a breakdown in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico.[15]
April 11 – Canadian
Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, and becomes the first woman in the
British Empire to reach the rank of major.[16]
April 14–
18 – The first International Criminal Police Congress is held in
Monaco; 24 countries are represented, including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas; the Dean of the Paris Law School is president.
April 21 –
United States occupation of Veracruz: 2,300 U.S. Navy sailors and Marines from the South Atlantic fleet land in the port city of
Veracruz, Mexico, which they will occupy for over six months. The
Ypiranga incident occurs when they attempt to enforce an arms embargo against Mexico, by preventing the German cargo steamer
SS Ypiranga from unloading arms for the Mexican government in the port.
April 22 – Mexico ends diplomatic relations with the United States for the time being.
The Secretary of the Austro-Hungarian Legation at
Belgrade sends a dispatch to
Vienna, suggesting Serbian complicity in the crime of Sarajevo. Anti-Serb riots continue throughout Bosnia.
The International Exhibition opens at the "White City",
Ashton Gate,
Bristol, England, U.K. It closes on August 15, and the site is used as a military depot.[29]
July 5 – A council is held at
Potsdam: powerful leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia and France.
July 7 –
Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff, and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.
July 9 – The Emperor of
Austria-Hungary receives the report of the Austro-Hungarian investigation into the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo. The Times (London) publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as "pestilent rats").
July 13 – Reports surface of a projected Serbian attack upon the Austro-Hungarian Legation at
Belgrade.
July 14 – The
Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the
House of Lords in the U.K. It allows
Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe and later developments in Ireland, this Act will never be implemented in its original form.
July 23 –
July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.
July 25 – Serbia responds to the ultimatum from the 23rd accepting some but not all of Austria-Hungary's demands. In response Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with
Serbia and begins to
mobilise its own forces.
Radomir Putnik,
Chief of the Serbian General Staff, is arrested in
Budapest, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.
In
Massachusetts, the new
Cape Cod Canal opens; it shortens the trip between New York and
Boston by 66 miles, but also turns Cape Cod into an island.[37]
The
July Crisis ends when German troops invade Belgium at 8:02 am (local time).
In London the King declares war on Germany, for this violation of Belgian neutrality and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole
British Empire against Germany. The United States declares neutrality.
SS Königin Luise, taken over two days earlier by the
Imperial German Navy as a
minelayer, lays
mines 40 miles (64 km) off the east coast of England. She is intercepted and sunk by the British
Royal Navylight cruiserHMS Amphion, the first German naval loss of the war. The following day, Amphion strikes mines laid by the Königin Luise and is sunk with some loss of life, in the first British casualties of the war.
German
zeppelins drop bombs on
Liège, Belgium, killing 9 civilians.
The first electric
traffic light is installed between Euclid Avenue and East 105 Street, in
Cleveland, Ohio.
British colonial troops of the British
Gold Coast Regiment, entering the German West African colony of
Togoland, encounter the German-led police force at a factory in
Nuatja, near
Lomé, and the police open fire on the patrol.[43]Alhaji Grunshi returns fire,[44] the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war.[43]
Lake Nyasa is the scene of a brief naval battle, when Captain Edmund Rhoades, commander of the British steamship
SS Gwendolen, hears that war has broken out, and he receives orders from the British high command to "sink, burn, or destroy" the German Empire's only ship on the lake, the Hermann von Wissmann, commanded by a Captain Berndt. Rhoades's crew finds the Hermann von Wissmann in a bay near "Sphinxhaven", in German East African territorial waters. Gwendolen disables the German vessel with a single cannon shot from a range of about 1,800 meters (2,000 yards). This very brief engagement is hailed by The Times in London as the British Empire's first naval victory of World War I.
The
First Battle of the Marne begins: Situated north-east of Paris, the
French 6th Army under
General Maunoury attacks German forces near Paris. Over 2,000,000 fight (500,000 are killed/wounded) in the
Allied victory. A French and British counterattack at the
Marne ends the German advance on Paris.
September 14 –
Royal Australian Navy submarine
HMAS AE1 vanishes while on combat patrol near
Papua New Guinea, beginning one of Australia's longest naval mysteries; the sunken vessel will not be discovered for another 103 years.
British
super-dreadnought battleship
HMS Audacious (23,400 tons) is sunk off
Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin.
December 15 –
Hōjō Coal Mine Disaster: A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Hōjō mine in
Kyūshū, Japan, kills 687 people (the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history).
December 25 – World War I:
Cuxhaven Raid: British aircraft launched from warships attack the German port of
Cuxhaven with submarine support, although little damage is caused.[80]
^United States. Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital Office; United States. Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital (1927).
The Lincoln Memorial, Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 466.
^Smith, David James (2010).
One Morning In Sarajevo. Hachette UK.
ISBN978-0-297-85608-5.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016. He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Princip's arrest – this photograph shows the arrest of Behr.
^
ab"The Gold Coast Mobilized, A Proud Record: The case of Sergeant Grunshi". The Times. No. 48572. London. March 25, 1940. p. 7.
^Thompson, J. Lee (2007). Forgotten Patriot: A Life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St. James's and Cape Town, 1854-1925. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 311.
ISBN978-0-8386-4121-7.
^Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
ISBN0-14-102715-0.
^Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 277.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1953).
Summaries of Selected Military Campaigns. The Academy. p. 89.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
^Herwig, H. (2009). The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World. New York: Random House. pp. 217–219.
ISBN978-1-4000-6671-1.
^Military Review. 1933. p. 137.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
^United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1953).
Summaries of Selected Military Campaigns. The Academy. pp. 80–85.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
^Stikkers, Andre (2014). Glycine Airman Book - Play it again Sam! Airman History and Overview (3rd ed.). The Netherlands: Adr. Heinen. pp. 15, 66.
ISBN978-90-8680-157-2.
^Barry Kernfeld, ed. (2002). "Adler, Larry". The new Grove dictionary of jazz. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p. 16.
ISBN1-56159-284-6.
^The Strad. Orpheus. 1991. p. 201.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Peggy Saari; Stephen Allison; Marie C. Ellavich (1996).
Scientists: A-F. U-X-L. p. 105.
ISBN978-0-7876-0960-3.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^Henry Townsend; Bill Greensmith (1999).
A Blues Life. University of Illinois Press. p. 2.
ISBN978-0-252-02526-6.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Poets of Tomorrow. Hogarth Press. 1939. p. 45.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Soviet Life. Embassy of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics in the USA. 1984. p. 3.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
^"Buscan convertir en museo la casa de Troilo" [They seek to turn the house of Troilo into a museum] (in Spanish). parlamentario.com. May 17, 2007.
Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
^Behrens, Roy R. "Paul Rand." Print, Sept–Oct. 1999: pages 68 ff
^NATO Letter. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Information Division. 1957. p. 3.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^Tapol. Tapol, the British Campaign for the Release of Indonesian Political Prisoners. 2004. p. 23.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^The Illustrated Weekly of India. Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1975. p. 39.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
^Official Associated Press Almanac. New York Times, Book & Educational Division. 1970. p. 544.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
^Shetty, Prabhakara H. (October 30, 1993).
"Richard Laurence Millington Synge". In James, Laylin K. (ed.). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 356.
ISBN978-0-8412-2690-6.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^Lois Sakany (November 2002).
Joe DiMaggio. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 11.
ISBN978-0-8239-3779-0.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
^Science Chronicle. Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 1974. p. 67.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^Cleveland Amory; Earl Blackwell (1963).
Celebrity Register. Simon and Schuster. p. 656.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^Sons of the American Revolution (1914).
National Year Book. Sons of the American Revolution. p. 98.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^New Perspectives. Information Centre of the World Peace Council. 1983. p. 31.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Houri Berberian, Armenians and the Iranian constitutional revolution of 1905-1911: "the love for freedom has no fatherland", Westview Press, 2001. (p. 154).
^Chemical Society (Great Britain) (1915).
Journal of the Chemical Society. The Society. p. 582.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Theodore Roosevelt (1954).
1914-1919. Harvard University Press. p. 861.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
^New Zealand Slavonic Journal. Department of Russian, Victoria University of Wellington. 1978. p. 7.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^this Day.
"Obituary: John Muir". The New York Times.
Archived from the original on May 9, 2006. Retrieved April 23, 2007.
Beatty, Jack. The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began (1912)
excerpt; argues the war was not inevitable
Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900-1933 (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 297–349; emphasis on World War I
January 1 – The
St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between
St. Petersburg and
Tampa, Florida, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with
Tony Jannus (the first federally-licensed pilot) conveying passengers in a
Benoist XIVflying boat. Abram C. Pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger, and over 3,000 people witness the first departure.[1]
The
Sakurajimavolcano in Japan begins to erupt, becoming effusive after a very large earthquake on
January 13. The lava flow causes the island which it forms to be linked to the
Ōsumi Peninsula.[2]
April 9 –
Tampico Affair: A misunderstanding involving
United States Navy sailors in
Mexico and army troops loyal to Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta leads to a breakdown in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico.[15]
April 11 – Canadian
Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, and becomes the first woman in the
British Empire to reach the rank of major.[16]
April 14–
18 – The first International Criminal Police Congress is held in
Monaco; 24 countries are represented, including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas; the Dean of the Paris Law School is president.
April 21 –
United States occupation of Veracruz: 2,300 U.S. Navy sailors and Marines from the South Atlantic fleet land in the port city of
Veracruz, Mexico, which they will occupy for over six months. The
Ypiranga incident occurs when they attempt to enforce an arms embargo against Mexico, by preventing the German cargo steamer
SS Ypiranga from unloading arms for the Mexican government in the port.
April 22 – Mexico ends diplomatic relations with the United States for the time being.
The Secretary of the Austro-Hungarian Legation at
Belgrade sends a dispatch to
Vienna, suggesting Serbian complicity in the crime of Sarajevo. Anti-Serb riots continue throughout Bosnia.
The International Exhibition opens at the "White City",
Ashton Gate,
Bristol, England, U.K. It closes on August 15, and the site is used as a military depot.[29]
July 5 – A council is held at
Potsdam: powerful leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia and France.
July 7 –
Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff, and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.
July 9 – The Emperor of
Austria-Hungary receives the report of the Austro-Hungarian investigation into the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo. The Times (London) publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as "pestilent rats").
July 13 – Reports surface of a projected Serbian attack upon the Austro-Hungarian Legation at
Belgrade.
July 14 – The
Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the
House of Lords in the U.K. It allows
Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe and later developments in Ireland, this Act will never be implemented in its original form.
July 23 –
July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.
July 25 – Serbia responds to the ultimatum from the 23rd accepting some but not all of Austria-Hungary's demands. In response Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with
Serbia and begins to
mobilise its own forces.
Radomir Putnik,
Chief of the Serbian General Staff, is arrested in
Budapest, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.
In
Massachusetts, the new
Cape Cod Canal opens; it shortens the trip between New York and
Boston by 66 miles, but also turns Cape Cod into an island.[37]
The
July Crisis ends when German troops invade Belgium at 8:02 am (local time).
In London the King declares war on Germany, for this violation of Belgian neutrality and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole
British Empire against Germany. The United States declares neutrality.
SS Königin Luise, taken over two days earlier by the
Imperial German Navy as a
minelayer, lays
mines 40 miles (64 km) off the east coast of England. She is intercepted and sunk by the British
Royal Navylight cruiserHMS Amphion, the first German naval loss of the war. The following day, Amphion strikes mines laid by the Königin Luise and is sunk with some loss of life, in the first British casualties of the war.
German
zeppelins drop bombs on
Liège, Belgium, killing 9 civilians.
The first electric
traffic light is installed between Euclid Avenue and East 105 Street, in
Cleveland, Ohio.
British colonial troops of the British
Gold Coast Regiment, entering the German West African colony of
Togoland, encounter the German-led police force at a factory in
Nuatja, near
Lomé, and the police open fire on the patrol.[43]Alhaji Grunshi returns fire,[44] the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war.[43]
Lake Nyasa is the scene of a brief naval battle, when Captain Edmund Rhoades, commander of the British steamship
SS Gwendolen, hears that war has broken out, and he receives orders from the British high command to "sink, burn, or destroy" the German Empire's only ship on the lake, the Hermann von Wissmann, commanded by a Captain Berndt. Rhoades's crew finds the Hermann von Wissmann in a bay near "Sphinxhaven", in German East African territorial waters. Gwendolen disables the German vessel with a single cannon shot from a range of about 1,800 meters (2,000 yards). This very brief engagement is hailed by The Times in London as the British Empire's first naval victory of World War I.
The
First Battle of the Marne begins: Situated north-east of Paris, the
French 6th Army under
General Maunoury attacks German forces near Paris. Over 2,000,000 fight (500,000 are killed/wounded) in the
Allied victory. A French and British counterattack at the
Marne ends the German advance on Paris.
September 14 –
Royal Australian Navy submarine
HMAS AE1 vanishes while on combat patrol near
Papua New Guinea, beginning one of Australia's longest naval mysteries; the sunken vessel will not be discovered for another 103 years.
British
super-dreadnought battleship
HMS Audacious (23,400 tons) is sunk off
Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin.
December 15 –
Hōjō Coal Mine Disaster: A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Hōjō mine in
Kyūshū, Japan, kills 687 people (the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history).
December 25 – World War I:
Cuxhaven Raid: British aircraft launched from warships attack the German port of
Cuxhaven with submarine support, although little damage is caused.[80]
^United States. Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital Office; United States. Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital (1927).
The Lincoln Memorial, Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 466.
^Smith, David James (2010).
One Morning In Sarajevo. Hachette UK.
ISBN978-0-297-85608-5.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016. He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Princip's arrest – this photograph shows the arrest of Behr.
^
ab"The Gold Coast Mobilized, A Proud Record: The case of Sergeant Grunshi". The Times. No. 48572. London. March 25, 1940. p. 7.
^Thompson, J. Lee (2007). Forgotten Patriot: A Life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St. James's and Cape Town, 1854-1925. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 311.
ISBN978-0-8386-4121-7.
^Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
ISBN0-14-102715-0.
^Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 277.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1953).
Summaries of Selected Military Campaigns. The Academy. p. 89.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
^Herwig, H. (2009). The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World. New York: Random House. pp. 217–219.
ISBN978-1-4000-6671-1.
^Military Review. 1933. p. 137.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
^United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1953).
Summaries of Selected Military Campaigns. The Academy. pp. 80–85.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
^Stikkers, Andre (2014). Glycine Airman Book - Play it again Sam! Airman History and Overview (3rd ed.). The Netherlands: Adr. Heinen. pp. 15, 66.
ISBN978-90-8680-157-2.
^Barry Kernfeld, ed. (2002). "Adler, Larry". The new Grove dictionary of jazz. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p. 16.
ISBN1-56159-284-6.
^The Strad. Orpheus. 1991. p. 201.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Peggy Saari; Stephen Allison; Marie C. Ellavich (1996).
Scientists: A-F. U-X-L. p. 105.
ISBN978-0-7876-0960-3.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^Henry Townsend; Bill Greensmith (1999).
A Blues Life. University of Illinois Press. p. 2.
ISBN978-0-252-02526-6.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Poets of Tomorrow. Hogarth Press. 1939. p. 45.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Soviet Life. Embassy of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics in the USA. 1984. p. 3.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
^"Buscan convertir en museo la casa de Troilo" [They seek to turn the house of Troilo into a museum] (in Spanish). parlamentario.com. May 17, 2007.
Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
^Behrens, Roy R. "Paul Rand." Print, Sept–Oct. 1999: pages 68 ff
^NATO Letter. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Information Division. 1957. p. 3.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^Tapol. Tapol, the British Campaign for the Release of Indonesian Political Prisoners. 2004. p. 23.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^The Illustrated Weekly of India. Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1975. p. 39.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
^Official Associated Press Almanac. New York Times, Book & Educational Division. 1970. p. 544.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
^Shetty, Prabhakara H. (October 30, 1993).
"Richard Laurence Millington Synge". In James, Laylin K. (ed.). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 356.
ISBN978-0-8412-2690-6.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^Lois Sakany (November 2002).
Joe DiMaggio. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 11.
ISBN978-0-8239-3779-0.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
^Science Chronicle. Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 1974. p. 67.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^Cleveland Amory; Earl Blackwell (1963).
Celebrity Register. Simon and Schuster. p. 656.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^Sons of the American Revolution (1914).
National Year Book. Sons of the American Revolution. p. 98.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^New Perspectives. Information Centre of the World Peace Council. 1983. p. 31.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Houri Berberian, Armenians and the Iranian constitutional revolution of 1905-1911: "the love for freedom has no fatherland", Westview Press, 2001. (p. 154).
^Chemical Society (Great Britain) (1915).
Journal of the Chemical Society. The Society. p. 582.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^Theodore Roosevelt (1954).
1914-1919. Harvard University Press. p. 861.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
^New Zealand Slavonic Journal. Department of Russian, Victoria University of Wellington. 1978. p. 7.
Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^this Day.
"Obituary: John Muir". The New York Times.
Archived from the original on May 9, 2006. Retrieved April 23, 2007.
Beatty, Jack. The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began (1912)
excerpt; argues the war was not inevitable
Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900-1933 (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 297–349; emphasis on World War I