Died:Caroline Still Anderson, American physician, first African-American woman to practice medicine (b.
1848)
Monday, June 2, 1919
Third Anglo-Afghan War – British forces attacked Afghan regulars west of
Thall,
British India, despite a notice from
Afghanistan for a ceasefire. A message delay from headquarters forced commander
ColonelReginald Dyer to reply: "My guns will give an immediate reply, but your letter will be forwarded to the Divisional Commander." The attack forced the Afghan to retreat with the British in pursuit, despite resistance from 400 Afghan tribesmen.[9][10]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – Facing a general retreat and losing units to capture,
Afghanistan pursued an armistice with the
United Kingdom. Some fighting with local militia continued for another two months before a
peace treaty was signed on August 8.[24][25] The Afghans lost 1,000 men while the British recorded 236 killed in action, 615 wounded, 566 deaths from cholera, and 334 deaths from other diseases or accidents.[26]
A group of five British engineering firms formed the corporate conglomerate
Agricultural & General Engineers in
London, however, allegations of fraud forced the company to be liquidated in 1932.[33]
British troops fired on a mob protesting against the
colonial government in
Malta, killing four people. This resulted in support for political parties closely associated with
Italy and increased independence from the
United Kingdom. The date since then has been commemorated as the national holiday of Sette Giugno in
Malta.[49]
Commercial luxury transporter
Daimler created a commercial airline arm that became
Daimler Airway, a short-lived luxury commercial airline in
England.[53]
The thirteenth book in the
Oz series, The Magic of Oz, was published a month after the death of author
L. Frank Baum. Sales for it and the previous book The Tin Woodman of Oz were strong, likely due to his recent death.[54]
Royal Air ForceFairey seaplanes attacked four armed Soviet Steamboats on
Lake Onega,
Russia, during the
Russian Civil War. Although the attack did little damage, the Soviet boats were surprised and forced to flee, pursued by four smaller and less-well-armed
Royal Navy torpedo boats.[56][57]
Italian cyclist
Costante Girardengo won the
7th edition of the
Giro d'Italia cycling race, completing the 2,984 km (1,854 mi) route with a winning time of 112 hours, 51 minutes, 29 seconds.[59]
Not to be outdone by American rival
Ruth Law, French aviator
Raymonde de Laroche regained her top standing by breaking the women's altitude record again, flying to a height of 5,150 m (16,900 ft).[79]
Brazilian composer
Heitor Villa-Lobos completed Symphony No. 3, the first in the trilogy of symphonies covering the themes of war, victory, and peace. The second composition, Symphony No. 4, was completed in September.[83]
U.S. Navy pilot
Charles Hammann died in an aircraft crash at
Langley Field, Virginia. He would receive the
Medal of Honor posthumously the following year for a heroic action during
World War I, retroactively becoming the first U.S. aviator ever to receive the award.[94]
Pancho Villa lead a force of 9,500 men to
attackCiudad Juárez,
Mexico, where a force of 7,300
Carrancistas were garrisoned. When the bullets began to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the U.S.
7th Cavalry Regiment totaling 8,600 men crossed the border to repulse Villa's forces away from American territory. Villa lost 150 men while the opposing Mexican-American side lost 69 men, plus another 27 civilians killed.[103] Villa's defeat ended any other attempts to stage offensives near the Mexican-American border, making it the last major battle of the
Border War between Mexican revolutionary and American forces.[104]
The comic strip Old Doc Yak, created by
Sidney Smith, was published for a final time, with the title character purposely selling off his trademark car to his neighbours The Gumps so he could move away "to start life all over again".[107]
Some 400 soldiers with the
Canadian Armyrioted and assaulted the police station in
Epsom,
England in an attempt to release one of their own members who was incarcerated. Sixteen English police officers were involved in defending the station, with eleven injured and another dying from a head injury the following day. Eight Canadian soldiers were later arrested and put on trial, with four convicted of manslaughter. Their sentences were commuted by the
Prince of Wales and all were allowed to return to
Canada.[120][121]
Illinois had to reconfirm ratification of women's suffrage due to the error in the text of the initial resolution, but still retained the prestige of being the first U.S. state to ratify the
19th Amendment.[122]
German Rear-AdmiralLudwig von Reuter ordered the entire German
High Seas Fleet interned in
Scapa Flow off the coast of
Scotland to be
scuttled rather than have the ships seized by the
Allies under the terms negotiated at the
Paris Peace Conference. Before a
Royal Navy squadron could intervene, 15 flag ships were sunk along with 32 destroyers and four light cruisers. Nine German sailors retreating from the sinking ships in lifeboats were shot and killed by the
Royal Navy and another 16 were wounded. A total 1,774 German sailors were picked up and transported to
Royal Navy battleships.[147] Well known German battleships destroyed included:
Winnipeg general strike –
Royal Northwest Mounted Police fired a volley of bullets into a crowd of 30,000 strikers protesting the arrest of the strike leaders, killing two and injuring between 35 and 45 people, in what was later referred to as "Bloody Saturday".[150]
The fourth annual
Aerial Derby was held in
London, the first since the start of
World War I. Sixteen participants flew over the same 94-mile (151-kilometer) circuit used previously, but did it twice since aircraft were now faster than in 1915. The overall winner was G. Gathergood, who completed the race in 1 hour 27 minutes 42 seconds in an
Airco aircraft with no
handicap. H. A. Hammersley won the handicap competition in an
Avro Baby with a time of 2 hours 41 minutes 23 seconds.[151]
A
tornado struck
Fergus Falls, Minnesota, killing 57 people and causing $4 million in damages. It would be the second deadliest tornado in the state's history.[152]
German Chancellor
Gustav Bauer sent a telegram to the
Paris Peace Conference saying
Germany would sign a peace treaty provided certain articles detrimental to Germany's security and economy were removed. The
Allies responded with an ultimatum that if the treaty was not signed, Allied forces would cross the
Rhine within 24 hours.[153]
Battle of Cēsis – The
Estonian Army launched a successful counterattack against the Baltische Landeswehr, recapturing
Cēsis, Latvia, and forcing the pro-German force to retreat towards
Riga.[158] The Landeswehr suffered 274 casualties.[159] The Estonians sustained more casualties than the Latvians, with 110 dead and 295 wounded, compared the Latvians who only lost 13 dead and 30 wounded.[160] The battle proved so decisive in maintaining an independent
Estonia and
Latvia that the date is commemorated as
Victory Day in
Estonia.[161]
Faced with a prospect of a new war against the
Allies, German Chancellor
Gustav Bauer sent another telegram confirming a German delegation would travel to
Paris to sign a peace treaty.[163]
Many of the surviving German
Zeppelins from
World War I were destroyed by their own crews in order to prevent them from falling into
Allied hands. Out of the 84 built for the war, 60 had been destroyed.[169]
Winnipeg general strike – The general strike committee voted to end the strike and call on all 30,000 strikers to return to work.[179]
An American platoon of 72 men repelled an attack by a
Red Army force of 400 men at their base camp in
Romanovka,
Siberia,
Russia, killing between 41 and 57 Russian soldiers while suffering 24 killed and 25 wounded.[180]
Germany accepted responsibility for the damages and losses caused by the war and would make reparation payments to the
Allies; the Reparations Committee in 1921 would set total reparation payments to 20 billion gold marks or $5 billion in gold.[201]
Died:José Gregorio Hernández, Venezuelan physician, known for his charitable medical work for the poor in
Venezuela (killed in a vehicle accident) (b.
1864)
^Molesworth, George (1962). Afghanistan 1919—An Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War. New York: Asia Publishing House. p. 121.
OCLC7233999.
^Frame, Tom; Baker, Kevin (2000). Mutiny! Naval Insurrections in Australia and New Zealand. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. p. 102.
ISBN1-86508-351-8.
OCLC46882022.
^駅一覧 [List of stations] (PDF) (in Japanese). Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^年譜 [Chronological Record] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Seibu Railway. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Yeovil: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 72.
ISBN1-85260-508-1. R508.
^Herrmann, Dorothy (1982). With Malice Toward All: The Quips, Lives and Loves of Some Celebrated 20th-Century American Wits. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 17–18.
ISBN0-399-12710-0.
^Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1998) [1977]. North-West Frontier 1837–1947. Men-at-Arms Series # 72. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 23.
ISBN0-85045-275-9.
^Murray, Robert K. (1955), Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
ISBN0-8166-5833-1, 78
^Coben, Stanley, A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), p. 211
^Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa. p. 402. This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta
^O'Connor, Derek, "The Hunt For the Mad Mullah," Aviation History, July 2012, pp. 44-45
^Series "E", Volume 15, History of the 97th-102d Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. pp. 48, 130.
ISBN1-85260-508-1.
^Christine Stansell. The Feminist Promise. New York: The Modern Library, 2011, pp. 171–174
^"27th Battalion". First World War, 1914–1918 units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
^"УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ФРОНТ". Leksika. Лексика - українські енциклопедії та словники. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
^Bercuson, David Jay (1990), "Syndicalism Sidetracked: Canada's One Big Union", in van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.), Revolutionary Syndicalism: an International Perspective, Aldershot: Scolar Press, pp. 221–236,
ISBN0-85967-815-6
^Agricultural & General Engineers, Limited. The Times, Wednesday, Jun 29, 1932; pg. 4; Issue 46172
^"Automobilia". Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1920 (Salon [Oct] 1919). Nr. 31. Paris: Histoire & collections: 65. 2004. {{
cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (
help)
^Hovannisian, Richard. The Republic of Armenia: Vol. I, The First Year, 1918–1919. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971, pp. 176–77, notes 51, 52.
^Roberts, Ellis W. (1984). The Breaker Whistle Blows: Mining Disasters and Labor Leaders in the Anthracite Region. Scranton: Anthracite.
ISBN978-0-917445-03-3.
^Bonhardt, Attila; Sárhidai, Gyula; Winkler, László (1992). A Magyar Királyi Honvédség fegyverzete. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. pp. 10–11.
ISBN963-327-225-4.
^"239/eln. 15. 1922. számú körrendelet. "M. hir. honvédség" elnevezés használatbavétele". Rendeleti Közlöny a Magyar Királyi Honvédség Számára: Szabályrendeletek. 49 (2): 13. 22 January 1922.
^Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991,
ISBN1-55750-076-2, p. 121
^Dobson, Christopher, and John Miller, The Day They Almost Bombed Moscow: The Allied War in Russia, 1918-1920, New York: Atheneum, 1986, no ISBN, pp. 222-223
^Archibald E. Stevenson (ed.) Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics with an Exposition and Discussion of the Steps being Taken and Required to Curb It: Filed April 24, 1920, in the Senate of the State of New York, Published in 4 volumes.
Part 1: Revolutionary and Subversive Movements Abroad and At Home, Vol. 1. Albany, NY: Lyon, 1920. p. 641
^Peppercorn, Lisa M. 1991. Villa-Lobos: The Music: An Analysis of His Style, translated by Stefan de Haan. London: Kahn & Averill; White Plains, NY: Pro/Am Music Resources Inc.
ISBN1-871082-15-3 (Kahn & Averill);
ISBN0-912483-36-9, p. 86
^Series "E", Volume 20, History of the 149th-199th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 22, History of the 222d-376th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^"УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ФРОНТ". Leksika. Лексика - українські енциклопедії та словники. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
^Magyarország a XX. században I.: Politika és társadalom, hadtörténet, jogalkotás. Főszerk. Kollega Tarsoly István. Szekszárd: Babits. 1996. pp. 43-48
^Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the World's Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978,
ISBN0-89009-771-2, p. 28
^Tillman, Barrett, "Above and Beyond," Aviation History, January 1918, p. 30
^"Hairmyres Hospital"(PDF). Online Guide to East Kilbride. 25 May 2001. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 14 May 2004. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
^Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). [New York]: New Chapter Press. pp. 454–483.
ISBN978-0-942257-70-0.
^Series "O", Volume 22, Weekly Statistical Reports on progress of Air Service Activities, October 1918 – May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 17, History of the 104th-147th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^"Our History". USD Lavagnese (in Italian). Retrieved 2 January 2019.
^"Club History". Skövde AIK (in Swedish). Retrieved 3 January 2019.
^Marder, Arthur Jacob (1970). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919: 1917: Victory and Aftermath. Vol. V. London: Oxford University Press. p. 282.
ISBN0-19-215187-8.
^Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2010). The Treaty of Versailles. Milestones in Modern World History. Chelsea House Publications. p. 73.
ISBN978-160413-277-9.
^Harutyunyan, Anahit (8 March 2018).
"Առաջին խորհրդարանի (1919-1920) երեք կին պատգամավորները". ANI Armenian Research Center (in Armenian). Yerevan, Armenia: Armenian Research Center for Anteriology. Archived from
the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2019. Three female deputies of the first parliament (1919-1920)
^"Lomer Gouin". National Assembly of Quebec (in French). Retrieved 24 March 2019.
^* Liddell Hart, B. H. A History of the World War 1914–1918. London: Faber & Faber, 1934, p. 76
^[Social Democratic Party of Hungary "Hungarian Soviet Republic"]. Hungary - Geographic.org. The Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 21 December 2018. {{
cite web}}: Check |url= value (
help)
^Nefas, M. Lietuvos šaulių sąjungos ideologija: vidiniai ir išoriniai jos kūrėjai 1918 – 1940 m. Lietuvos šaulių sąjunga: praeitis, dabartis, ateitis.Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys.
ISBN978-9955-39-056-5. Kaunas: UAB „Arx Baltica", 2009, p. 11–24
^Allen, Nicholas (2003). George Russell (AE) and the new Ireland, 1905-30. Four Courts Press. p. 139.
ISBN978-1-85182-691-9.
^Davis, Robert T., ed. (2010). U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Security International. p.
49.
ISBN978-0-313-38385-4.
^Boemeke, Manfred F.; Feldman, Gerald D.; Gläser, Elisabeth, eds. (1998). The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years. Cambridge University Press. p. 220.
ISBN0-521-62132-1. {{
cite book}}: |work= ignored (
help)
^Moberly, F. J. (1995) [1931]. Military Operations Togoland and the Cameroons 1914–1916 (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. p. 422.
ISBN0-89839-235-7.
^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1962). Sovereign and Subject. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 346–353.
^Martel, Gordon, ed. (2010). A Companion to Europe 1900–1945. Hoboken NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 156.
ISBN978-1-444-33840-9.
^Lauterpacht, Elihu Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, A.G. Oppenheimer, International Law Reports, Cambridge University Press, 1998,
ISBN0-521-58070-6,
Google Print, p.537
^Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 7: Labor and World War I, 1914–1918. New York: International Publishers, 1987.
ISBN0-7178-0638-3
^Lichocka, Halina (2008). Creating Networks in Chemistry: The Founding and Early History of Chemical Societites in Europe. RSC Publishing.
ISBN978-0-85404-279-1.
^Nicol, C.G. (1921). The Story of Two Campaigns: Official War History of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Wilson and Horton. pp. 239–240.
ISBN1-84734-341-4.
^Powles, Charles Guy (1928). The History of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. p. 248.
ISBN978-1-84734-393-2.
^Wilkie, A. H. (1924). Official War History of the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. p. 240.
ISBN978-1-84342-796-4.
^Baker, Chris.
"33rd Division". The Long, Log Trail. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
^Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018,
ISBN978-171790180-4, p. 41/
^Series "E", Volume 15, History of the 97th-102d Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 20, Pages 231-233, History of the 186th Aero Squadron. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the First World War, Volume 3, Part 3, Center of Military History, United States Army, 1949 (1988 Reprint)
^Series "E", Volume 22, History of the 222d-374th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Myra L. Phelps, Public Works in Seattle: A Narrative History: the Engineering Department, 1875-1975 (Seattle: Seattle Engineering Department, 1978)
Died:Caroline Still Anderson, American physician, first African-American woman to practice medicine (b.
1848)
Monday, June 2, 1919
Third Anglo-Afghan War – British forces attacked Afghan regulars west of
Thall,
British India, despite a notice from
Afghanistan for a ceasefire. A message delay from headquarters forced commander
ColonelReginald Dyer to reply: "My guns will give an immediate reply, but your letter will be forwarded to the Divisional Commander." The attack forced the Afghan to retreat with the British in pursuit, despite resistance from 400 Afghan tribesmen.[9][10]
Third Anglo-Afghan War – Facing a general retreat and losing units to capture,
Afghanistan pursued an armistice with the
United Kingdom. Some fighting with local militia continued for another two months before a
peace treaty was signed on August 8.[24][25] The Afghans lost 1,000 men while the British recorded 236 killed in action, 615 wounded, 566 deaths from cholera, and 334 deaths from other diseases or accidents.[26]
A group of five British engineering firms formed the corporate conglomerate
Agricultural & General Engineers in
London, however, allegations of fraud forced the company to be liquidated in 1932.[33]
British troops fired on a mob protesting against the
colonial government in
Malta, killing four people. This resulted in support for political parties closely associated with
Italy and increased independence from the
United Kingdom. The date since then has been commemorated as the national holiday of Sette Giugno in
Malta.[49]
Commercial luxury transporter
Daimler created a commercial airline arm that became
Daimler Airway, a short-lived luxury commercial airline in
England.[53]
The thirteenth book in the
Oz series, The Magic of Oz, was published a month after the death of author
L. Frank Baum. Sales for it and the previous book The Tin Woodman of Oz were strong, likely due to his recent death.[54]
Royal Air ForceFairey seaplanes attacked four armed Soviet Steamboats on
Lake Onega,
Russia, during the
Russian Civil War. Although the attack did little damage, the Soviet boats were surprised and forced to flee, pursued by four smaller and less-well-armed
Royal Navy torpedo boats.[56][57]
Italian cyclist
Costante Girardengo won the
7th edition of the
Giro d'Italia cycling race, completing the 2,984 km (1,854 mi) route with a winning time of 112 hours, 51 minutes, 29 seconds.[59]
Not to be outdone by American rival
Ruth Law, French aviator
Raymonde de Laroche regained her top standing by breaking the women's altitude record again, flying to a height of 5,150 m (16,900 ft).[79]
Brazilian composer
Heitor Villa-Lobos completed Symphony No. 3, the first in the trilogy of symphonies covering the themes of war, victory, and peace. The second composition, Symphony No. 4, was completed in September.[83]
U.S. Navy pilot
Charles Hammann died in an aircraft crash at
Langley Field, Virginia. He would receive the
Medal of Honor posthumously the following year for a heroic action during
World War I, retroactively becoming the first U.S. aviator ever to receive the award.[94]
Pancho Villa lead a force of 9,500 men to
attackCiudad Juárez,
Mexico, where a force of 7,300
Carrancistas were garrisoned. When the bullets began to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the U.S.
7th Cavalry Regiment totaling 8,600 men crossed the border to repulse Villa's forces away from American territory. Villa lost 150 men while the opposing Mexican-American side lost 69 men, plus another 27 civilians killed.[103] Villa's defeat ended any other attempts to stage offensives near the Mexican-American border, making it the last major battle of the
Border War between Mexican revolutionary and American forces.[104]
The comic strip Old Doc Yak, created by
Sidney Smith, was published for a final time, with the title character purposely selling off his trademark car to his neighbours The Gumps so he could move away "to start life all over again".[107]
Some 400 soldiers with the
Canadian Armyrioted and assaulted the police station in
Epsom,
England in an attempt to release one of their own members who was incarcerated. Sixteen English police officers were involved in defending the station, with eleven injured and another dying from a head injury the following day. Eight Canadian soldiers were later arrested and put on trial, with four convicted of manslaughter. Their sentences were commuted by the
Prince of Wales and all were allowed to return to
Canada.[120][121]
Illinois had to reconfirm ratification of women's suffrage due to the error in the text of the initial resolution, but still retained the prestige of being the first U.S. state to ratify the
19th Amendment.[122]
German Rear-AdmiralLudwig von Reuter ordered the entire German
High Seas Fleet interned in
Scapa Flow off the coast of
Scotland to be
scuttled rather than have the ships seized by the
Allies under the terms negotiated at the
Paris Peace Conference. Before a
Royal Navy squadron could intervene, 15 flag ships were sunk along with 32 destroyers and four light cruisers. Nine German sailors retreating from the sinking ships in lifeboats were shot and killed by the
Royal Navy and another 16 were wounded. A total 1,774 German sailors were picked up and transported to
Royal Navy battleships.[147] Well known German battleships destroyed included:
Winnipeg general strike –
Royal Northwest Mounted Police fired a volley of bullets into a crowd of 30,000 strikers protesting the arrest of the strike leaders, killing two and injuring between 35 and 45 people, in what was later referred to as "Bloody Saturday".[150]
The fourth annual
Aerial Derby was held in
London, the first since the start of
World War I. Sixteen participants flew over the same 94-mile (151-kilometer) circuit used previously, but did it twice since aircraft were now faster than in 1915. The overall winner was G. Gathergood, who completed the race in 1 hour 27 minutes 42 seconds in an
Airco aircraft with no
handicap. H. A. Hammersley won the handicap competition in an
Avro Baby with a time of 2 hours 41 minutes 23 seconds.[151]
A
tornado struck
Fergus Falls, Minnesota, killing 57 people and causing $4 million in damages. It would be the second deadliest tornado in the state's history.[152]
German Chancellor
Gustav Bauer sent a telegram to the
Paris Peace Conference saying
Germany would sign a peace treaty provided certain articles detrimental to Germany's security and economy were removed. The
Allies responded with an ultimatum that if the treaty was not signed, Allied forces would cross the
Rhine within 24 hours.[153]
Battle of Cēsis – The
Estonian Army launched a successful counterattack against the Baltische Landeswehr, recapturing
Cēsis, Latvia, and forcing the pro-German force to retreat towards
Riga.[158] The Landeswehr suffered 274 casualties.[159] The Estonians sustained more casualties than the Latvians, with 110 dead and 295 wounded, compared the Latvians who only lost 13 dead and 30 wounded.[160] The battle proved so decisive in maintaining an independent
Estonia and
Latvia that the date is commemorated as
Victory Day in
Estonia.[161]
Faced with a prospect of a new war against the
Allies, German Chancellor
Gustav Bauer sent another telegram confirming a German delegation would travel to
Paris to sign a peace treaty.[163]
Many of the surviving German
Zeppelins from
World War I were destroyed by their own crews in order to prevent them from falling into
Allied hands. Out of the 84 built for the war, 60 had been destroyed.[169]
Winnipeg general strike – The general strike committee voted to end the strike and call on all 30,000 strikers to return to work.[179]
An American platoon of 72 men repelled an attack by a
Red Army force of 400 men at their base camp in
Romanovka,
Siberia,
Russia, killing between 41 and 57 Russian soldiers while suffering 24 killed and 25 wounded.[180]
Germany accepted responsibility for the damages and losses caused by the war and would make reparation payments to the
Allies; the Reparations Committee in 1921 would set total reparation payments to 20 billion gold marks or $5 billion in gold.[201]
Died:José Gregorio Hernández, Venezuelan physician, known for his charitable medical work for the poor in
Venezuela (killed in a vehicle accident) (b.
1864)
^Molesworth, George (1962). Afghanistan 1919—An Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War. New York: Asia Publishing House. p. 121.
OCLC7233999.
^Frame, Tom; Baker, Kevin (2000). Mutiny! Naval Insurrections in Australia and New Zealand. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. p. 102.
ISBN1-86508-351-8.
OCLC46882022.
^駅一覧 [List of stations] (PDF) (in Japanese). Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^年譜 [Chronological Record] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Seibu Railway. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Yeovil: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 72.
ISBN1-85260-508-1. R508.
^Herrmann, Dorothy (1982). With Malice Toward All: The Quips, Lives and Loves of Some Celebrated 20th-Century American Wits. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 17–18.
ISBN0-399-12710-0.
^Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1998) [1977]. North-West Frontier 1837–1947. Men-at-Arms Series # 72. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 23.
ISBN0-85045-275-9.
^Murray, Robert K. (1955), Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
ISBN0-8166-5833-1, 78
^Coben, Stanley, A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), p. 211
^Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa. p. 402. This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta
^O'Connor, Derek, "The Hunt For the Mad Mullah," Aviation History, July 2012, pp. 44-45
^Series "E", Volume 15, History of the 97th-102d Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. pp. 48, 130.
ISBN1-85260-508-1.
^Christine Stansell. The Feminist Promise. New York: The Modern Library, 2011, pp. 171–174
^"27th Battalion". First World War, 1914–1918 units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
^"УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ФРОНТ". Leksika. Лексика - українські енциклопедії та словники. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
^Bercuson, David Jay (1990), "Syndicalism Sidetracked: Canada's One Big Union", in van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.), Revolutionary Syndicalism: an International Perspective, Aldershot: Scolar Press, pp. 221–236,
ISBN0-85967-815-6
^Agricultural & General Engineers, Limited. The Times, Wednesday, Jun 29, 1932; pg. 4; Issue 46172
^"Automobilia". Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1920 (Salon [Oct] 1919). Nr. 31. Paris: Histoire & collections: 65. 2004. {{
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^Hovannisian, Richard. The Republic of Armenia: Vol. I, The First Year, 1918–1919. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971, pp. 176–77, notes 51, 52.
^Roberts, Ellis W. (1984). The Breaker Whistle Blows: Mining Disasters and Labor Leaders in the Anthracite Region. Scranton: Anthracite.
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^Bonhardt, Attila; Sárhidai, Gyula; Winkler, László (1992). A Magyar Királyi Honvédség fegyverzete. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. pp. 10–11.
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^"239/eln. 15. 1922. számú körrendelet. "M. hir. honvédség" elnevezés használatbavétele". Rendeleti Közlöny a Magyar Királyi Honvédség Számára: Szabályrendeletek. 49 (2): 13. 22 January 1922.
^Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991,
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^Dobson, Christopher, and John Miller, The Day They Almost Bombed Moscow: The Allied War in Russia, 1918-1920, New York: Atheneum, 1986, no ISBN, pp. 222-223
^Archibald E. Stevenson (ed.) Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics with an Exposition and Discussion of the Steps being Taken and Required to Curb It: Filed April 24, 1920, in the Senate of the State of New York, Published in 4 volumes.
Part 1: Revolutionary and Subversive Movements Abroad and At Home, Vol. 1. Albany, NY: Lyon, 1920. p. 641
^Peppercorn, Lisa M. 1991. Villa-Lobos: The Music: An Analysis of His Style, translated by Stefan de Haan. London: Kahn & Averill; White Plains, NY: Pro/Am Music Resources Inc.
ISBN1-871082-15-3 (Kahn & Averill);
ISBN0-912483-36-9, p. 86
^Series "E", Volume 20, History of the 149th-199th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 22, History of the 222d-376th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^"УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ФРОНТ". Leksika. Лексика - українські енциклопедії та словники. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
^Magyarország a XX. században I.: Politika és társadalom, hadtörténet, jogalkotás. Főszerk. Kollega Tarsoly István. Szekszárd: Babits. 1996. pp. 43-48
^Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the World's Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978,
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^Tillman, Barrett, "Above and Beyond," Aviation History, January 1918, p. 30
^"Hairmyres Hospital"(PDF). Online Guide to East Kilbride. 25 May 2001. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 14 May 2004. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
^Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). [New York]: New Chapter Press. pp. 454–483.
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^Series "O", Volume 22, Weekly Statistical Reports on progress of Air Service Activities, October 1918 – May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 17, History of the 104th-147th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^"Our History". USD Lavagnese (in Italian). Retrieved 2 January 2019.
^"Club History". Skövde AIK (in Swedish). Retrieved 3 January 2019.
^Marder, Arthur Jacob (1970). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919: 1917: Victory and Aftermath. Vol. V. London: Oxford University Press. p. 282.
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^Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2010). The Treaty of Versailles. Milestones in Modern World History. Chelsea House Publications. p. 73.
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^Harutyunyan, Anahit (8 March 2018).
"Առաջին խորհրդարանի (1919-1920) երեք կին պատգամավորները". ANI Armenian Research Center (in Armenian). Yerevan, Armenia: Armenian Research Center for Anteriology. Archived from
the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2019. Three female deputies of the first parliament (1919-1920)
^"Lomer Gouin". National Assembly of Quebec (in French). Retrieved 24 March 2019.
^* Liddell Hart, B. H. A History of the World War 1914–1918. London: Faber & Faber, 1934, p. 76
^[Social Democratic Party of Hungary "Hungarian Soviet Republic"]. Hungary - Geographic.org. The Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 21 December 2018. {{
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^Nefas, M. Lietuvos šaulių sąjungos ideologija: vidiniai ir išoriniai jos kūrėjai 1918 – 1940 m. Lietuvos šaulių sąjunga: praeitis, dabartis, ateitis.Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys.
ISBN978-9955-39-056-5. Kaunas: UAB „Arx Baltica", 2009, p. 11–24
^Allen, Nicholas (2003). George Russell (AE) and the new Ireland, 1905-30. Four Courts Press. p. 139.
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^Davis, Robert T., ed. (2010). U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Security International. p.
49.
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^Boemeke, Manfred F.; Feldman, Gerald D.; Gläser, Elisabeth, eds. (1998). The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years. Cambridge University Press. p. 220.
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^Moberly, F. J. (1995) [1931]. Military Operations Togoland and the Cameroons 1914–1916 (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. p. 422.
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^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1962). Sovereign and Subject. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 346–353.
^Martel, Gordon, ed. (2010). A Companion to Europe 1900–1945. Hoboken NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 156.
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^Lauterpacht, Elihu Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, A.G. Oppenheimer, International Law Reports, Cambridge University Press, 1998,
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^Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 7: Labor and World War I, 1914–1918. New York: International Publishers, 1987.
ISBN0-7178-0638-3
^Lichocka, Halina (2008). Creating Networks in Chemistry: The Founding and Early History of Chemical Societites in Europe. RSC Publishing.
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^Nicol, C.G. (1921). The Story of Two Campaigns: Official War History of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Wilson and Horton. pp. 239–240.
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^Powles, Charles Guy (1928). The History of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. p. 248.
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^Wilkie, A. H. (1924). Official War History of the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. p. 240.
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^Baker, Chris.
"33rd Division". The Long, Log Trail. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
^Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018,
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^Series "E", Volume 15, History of the 97th-102d Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Series "E", Volume 20, Pages 231-233, History of the 186th Aero Squadron. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the First World War, Volume 3, Part 3, Center of Military History, United States Army, 1949 (1988 Reprint)
^Series "E", Volume 22, History of the 222d-374th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Myra L. Phelps, Public Works in Seattle: A Narrative History: the Engineering Department, 1875-1975 (Seattle: Seattle Engineering Department, 1978)