A
pair of tornadoes struck
Brighton, Victoria,
Australia, at the same time, killing two people and injuring six others. Property damages from the storm were estimated to be between
A£100,000 and 150,000.[17]
The
Austro-Hungarian Navy Third Fleet put down a
mutiny within the Fifth Fleet off
Montenegro. About 800 sailors were imprisoned and dozens faced court-martial (with four later executed).[21]
An
election for the
Estonian Constituent Assembly was held with the
Bolsheviks hoping for a majority to keep
Estonia part of
Russia. However, they only received 38% of the vote with the majority of the other political parties combined in favor of independence.[24]
A judicial inquiry into the
Halifax Explosion last December released a report concluding the captain and crew of the
Mont-Blanc were responsible for causing the collision with the ship
Imo in
Halifax Harbour that eventually started the explosion that destroyed most of the city in
Nova Scotia and killed 1,963 people.[26]
British
troopshipSS Tuscania, the first ship carrying American troops to
Europe, was torpedoed and sunk off the coast of
Ireland with 210 killed on board.[30]
The
United States replaced the
star insignia for its military aircraft adopted in 1917 with a roundel that contained an outer red ring, an inner blue ring, and a white center. The
Allies requested the change out of a fear that the star could be mistaken for a German cross.[46]
The York Daily Record in
York, Pennsylvania, released a news article on
Jim McIlherron, a son of a black landowner in
Estill Springs, Tennessee, who was lynched and burned alive by a mob following a manhunt and shootout with local police.[47] McIlherron was on the run after shooting three young white men he accused of throwing rocks at him. A grand jury later concluded there was little substantial evidence to charge any members of the lynch mob.[48]
A violent rail strike grounded much of
Argentina, with federal troops mobilized to prevent anarchists from destroying rail tracks and train cars carrying grain.[52]
A shootout between a group of lawmen and the Powers, a family of miners, at their cabin in the
Galiuro Mountains of
Arizona resulted in four deaths and the start of the largest manhunt in the state's history. Jeff Power, Sheriff Robert F. McBride, Undersheriff Martin R. Kempton and Deputy Sheriff Thomas Kane Wooten of the
Graham County, Arizona Sheriff's Office were killed in the shootout.[56][57][58][59][60]
Battle of Antrea – The
Finnish Reds marched on
Antrea,
Finland, which held an important rail hub for the east half of the country. They captured the villages of Seistola and Ahvola west of the rail town of
Hannila but failed to take the community itself.[66]
German submarine
SM U-53 torpedoed and sank British cargo ship SS Merton Hall in the
Atlantic Ocean, killing 57 crew.[67]
Former employees for
Thomas Edison formed the
Edison Pioneers society on the same day as the inventor's 71st birthday, although Edison himself was unavailable to attend as he was "engaged in important government service" (rumored to be a secret government weapons project for use in
World War I).[74]
Battle of Antrea – In early stages of the battle,
White Guard commander
Aarne Sihvo disobeyed an order to retreat across the
Vuoksi River and instead ordered his forces to recapture the village of Ahvola,
Finland from the
Red Guards. The attack was successful and Sihvo was promoted to commander of all White forces in the area.[66]
A German navy squadron of Korvettenkapitän Heinecke’s 2nd Flotilla of the High Seas Fleet
clashed with patrolling British ships in the
Strait of Dover, resulting in nine lost ships and 22 sailors and officers killed, 13 wounded, and 54 missing. There were no German casualties.[85]
The first solo exhibition of Spanish artist
Joan Miró opened at the
Galeries Dalmau in
Barcelona but his work was ridiculed and defaced by many of the patrons.[92]
Invasion of Åland – A
Finnish Red Guard unit of 150 men landed on the
Åland Islands to help the Russians posted defend against the
White Guards and the Swedes already in the region. Meanwhile, the White Guards captured the village of Godby in
Finström while the Russians retained the village
Jomala and the artillery fort of Sålis.[55]
Operation Faustschlag – The
Central Powers launched a final offensive code-named "Operation Fist Punch" on the
Eastern Front to take advantage of crumbling Russian resistance. A total 53 divisions were involved in a three-pronged attack, with the northern force advancing on
Pskov,
Russia and
Narva,
Estonia, the central force pushing towards
Smolensk, and the southern force towards
Kiev.
Daugavpils,
Latvia was captured on the first day of the offense.[97]
German military command issued a memorandum directing air squadrons to support ground troops with suppressing aerial fire for the upcoming
spring offensive on the
Western Front, the first time aircraft worked in tandem with ground units in military operations.[106]
Battle of Rautu – Fighting commenced between the
White Guards against the
Red Guards at Rautu
Finland (now
Russia).
Russia provided much support for the Red Guards as the rail station at Rautu was located 60 kilometers north of
Petrograd and had the potential to be a staging area for an attack on the Russian capital.[110]
Battle of Varkaus – The
Red Guards, outgunned, retreated from
Varkaus,
Finland, with 700 holed up in a pulp mill in Ahlström. After running out of ammo, the force surrendered at 10:00 pm. A total of 20 Red Guards were killed, along with a dozen men from the
White Guard force.[104]
Operation Faustschlag – The
Central Powers offensive advance was so rapid that in a week it had advanced 150 miles (240 km) and was within 100 miles (160 km) of
Petrograd. Much of the advance was done by rail, with German General
Max Hoffmann writing in his diary: "It is the most comical war I have ever known. We put a handful of infantrymen with machine guns and one gun onto a train and rush them off to the next station; they take it, make prisoners of the Bolsheviks, pick up few more troops, and so on. This proceeding has, at any rate, the charm of novelty."[115]
The first drafting of new recruits for
Soviet Russia were held in
Petrograd and
Moscow while the first professional infantry units fought occupying German forces, marking it as the unofficial birth of the
Red Army.[118]
Battle of Rautu – The force of 1,0000
Finnish Red Guards were forced to retreat from Rautu,
Finland and were encircled on three sides by
Finnish White Guards days later, with the only escape route leading back to
Petrograd. The Red Guards dug trenches and began holding off White Guard attacks for several weeks.[110]
Newfoundland passenger ship
Florizel ran aground in a winter sea storm at
Cappahayden,
Newfoundland, killing 94 passengers and crew. An SOS was sent out as the 44 survivors took shelter in the undamaged part of the ship until rescue the following day.[119]
Battle of Antrea – A front line between the
White Guards and the
Red Guards formed around the villages of Ahvola and Pullila east of
Antrea. Both sides, evenly matched at 1,500 men, engaged in trench warfare that dragged the battle out for several weeks, long enough that it was nicknamed "Verdun of Finland" in reference to the 1916
battle at
Verdun,
France.[66]
Invasion of Åland –
Sweden landed a second force at
Eckerö and took control of the entire
Åland Islands by March 2, although there were still 1,200 disarmed Russian soldiers present on the islands.[55]
The film romantic comedy Headin' South, starring
Douglas Fairbanks and directed by
Arthur Rosson, was released to become one of the top 10 grossing films for the year. The film is now considered lost.[128]
^Cron, Hermann (2002). Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle [first published: 1937]. Helion & Co. p. 82.
ISBN978-1-874622-70-3.
^"Cyclone Strikes Brighton, two killed". Zeehan and Dundas Herald. No. February 7, 1918. February 2, 1918. p. 4.
^Heinrichs, Erik (1957). Mannerheim Suomen kohtaloissa I - Valkoinen kenraali 1918-1919 [Mannerheim in Finland's destinies I - The White General 1918-1919] (in Finnish). Keuruu: Otava.
^Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway, Statement No. 19, p. 188, ref. no. 200954-13
^XX sajandi kroonika, I osa; Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus, Tallinn, 2002; p. 167
^Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). Verschollen: World War I U-boat Losses. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 290.
ISBN978-1-55750-475-3.
OCLC231973419.
^Flemming, David (2004). Explosion in Halifax Harbour. Formac. p. 71.
ISBN978-0-88780-632-2.
^Massie, Robert K. Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Ballantine Books, 2004.
ISBN0-345-40878-0
^Frey, Royal D. (1968).
"Air Service Relived". Air University Review. 22 (Nov–Dec). Archived from
the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^Thayer, Lucien H. (1983). America's First Eagles: The Official History of the U.S. Air Service, A.E.F. (1917–1918). R. James Bender Publishing. pp. 114–115.
ISBN978-0-912138-24-4.
^Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 18.
ISBN978-0-85177-245-5.
^103d Aero Squadron (1918).
"Operations Summary". Gorrell's History - AEF Air Service. fold3. Retrieved 16 March 2012.{{
cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
^Angelucci, Enzo, with Peter Bowers, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1985,
ISBN0-517-56588-9, p. 19
^Becke, Major A.F. (1935). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1. The Regular British Divisions. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 28–29.
ISBN978-1-871167-09-2.
^"Westphalia". Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
^
ab"French Navy". Naval History. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
^Elfvengren, Eero (2003). "Sotilastiedustelun synty". In Karjalainen, Mikko (ed.). Salaisen sodan sivut : tiedustelua, vakoilua ja salatoimintaa jatkosodassa [Birth of Military Intelligence]. Helsinki: National Defence University. pp. 11–29.
ISBN978-9512514861.
OCLC58339565.
^Series "E", Volume 22, History of the 222d-376th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Cole, Christopher and Cheesman, E. F., The Air Defence of Great Britain 1914–1918, London: Putnam, 1984,
ISBN0-370-30538-8, pp. 400-401
^Woodward, David R. (2009). World War I Almanac. Infobase Publishing. p. 295.
ISBN9781438118963.
^Harjula, Mirko (2014). Ryssänupseerit. Helsinki: Books on Demand. p. 270.
ISBN978-952-28614-2-9.
^Battles Nomenclature Committee (1922). The Official Names of the Battles and other Engagements fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War 1919. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (Cmd. 1138). p. 45.
^Mary Declan Burke RSM, Mercy through the years : the centennial history of the Sisters of Mercy, Christchurch Diocese, 1878–1978, Sisters of Mercy Trust Board, Christchurch, 1978
^Villa Maria College, seventy-five years, 1918–1993, Villa Maria College, Christchurch, 1993
^Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence, Vol. 2 Part II. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. p. 307.
OCLC256950972.
^Wavell, Field Marshal Earl (1968) [1933]. "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). A Short History of the British Army (4th ed.). London: Constable & Co. pp. 177–178.
OCLC35621223.
^
abJäske, Eros (1991).
"Vapaussodan ajoilta". Rautu ja rautulaiset III: Historiaa ja kansanelämää. Mikkeli: Rautulaisten pitäjäseura. pp. 395–398.
ISBN978-952-90322-1-1. Archived from
the original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
^Gilbert, Martin (2008). The First World War: A Complete History. Phoenix. p. 399.
ISBN9781409102793.
^Handbook "Political parties of Russia"Archived 2012-10-15 at the
Wayback Machine; Stadnik,I. Who wrote the decree of Vladimir Illich. "Moscow News". March 3, 1991; Honcharov, S. To issue on the Sovnarkom decree's authorship "Socialist Homeland is in Danger!" (1918) "Issues on history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". 1991
^Lototskiy, SS (1971), The Soviet Army, Moscow: Progress Publishers, p. 25 cited in Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William F. (1979),
The Armed Forces of the USSR, Boulder, CO: Westview,
ISBN0891582762.
^"The Florizel Disaster". Newfoundland Shipwrecks. Trinity Historical Society Archives. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^"Foreign Rule" during the Estonian War of Independence 1918-1920: The Bolshevik Experiment of the "Estonian Worker's Commune".
Harjula, Mirko (2010). Itämeri 1914-1921: Itämeren laivastot maailmansodassa sekä Venäjän vallankumouksissa ja sisällissodassa [Baltic Sea 1914-1921: Baltic Fleets in World War I, Russian Revolutions and Civil War] (in Finnish).
Helsinki: Books on Demand.
ISBN978-952-49838-3-9.
A
pair of tornadoes struck
Brighton, Victoria,
Australia, at the same time, killing two people and injuring six others. Property damages from the storm were estimated to be between
A£100,000 and 150,000.[17]
The
Austro-Hungarian Navy Third Fleet put down a
mutiny within the Fifth Fleet off
Montenegro. About 800 sailors were imprisoned and dozens faced court-martial (with four later executed).[21]
An
election for the
Estonian Constituent Assembly was held with the
Bolsheviks hoping for a majority to keep
Estonia part of
Russia. However, they only received 38% of the vote with the majority of the other political parties combined in favor of independence.[24]
A judicial inquiry into the
Halifax Explosion last December released a report concluding the captain and crew of the
Mont-Blanc were responsible for causing the collision with the ship
Imo in
Halifax Harbour that eventually started the explosion that destroyed most of the city in
Nova Scotia and killed 1,963 people.[26]
British
troopshipSS Tuscania, the first ship carrying American troops to
Europe, was torpedoed and sunk off the coast of
Ireland with 210 killed on board.[30]
The
United States replaced the
star insignia for its military aircraft adopted in 1917 with a roundel that contained an outer red ring, an inner blue ring, and a white center. The
Allies requested the change out of a fear that the star could be mistaken for a German cross.[46]
The York Daily Record in
York, Pennsylvania, released a news article on
Jim McIlherron, a son of a black landowner in
Estill Springs, Tennessee, who was lynched and burned alive by a mob following a manhunt and shootout with local police.[47] McIlherron was on the run after shooting three young white men he accused of throwing rocks at him. A grand jury later concluded there was little substantial evidence to charge any members of the lynch mob.[48]
A violent rail strike grounded much of
Argentina, with federal troops mobilized to prevent anarchists from destroying rail tracks and train cars carrying grain.[52]
A shootout between a group of lawmen and the Powers, a family of miners, at their cabin in the
Galiuro Mountains of
Arizona resulted in four deaths and the start of the largest manhunt in the state's history. Jeff Power, Sheriff Robert F. McBride, Undersheriff Martin R. Kempton and Deputy Sheriff Thomas Kane Wooten of the
Graham County, Arizona Sheriff's Office were killed in the shootout.[56][57][58][59][60]
Battle of Antrea – The
Finnish Reds marched on
Antrea,
Finland, which held an important rail hub for the east half of the country. They captured the villages of Seistola and Ahvola west of the rail town of
Hannila but failed to take the community itself.[66]
German submarine
SM U-53 torpedoed and sank British cargo ship SS Merton Hall in the
Atlantic Ocean, killing 57 crew.[67]
Former employees for
Thomas Edison formed the
Edison Pioneers society on the same day as the inventor's 71st birthday, although Edison himself was unavailable to attend as he was "engaged in important government service" (rumored to be a secret government weapons project for use in
World War I).[74]
Battle of Antrea – In early stages of the battle,
White Guard commander
Aarne Sihvo disobeyed an order to retreat across the
Vuoksi River and instead ordered his forces to recapture the village of Ahvola,
Finland from the
Red Guards. The attack was successful and Sihvo was promoted to commander of all White forces in the area.[66]
A German navy squadron of Korvettenkapitän Heinecke’s 2nd Flotilla of the High Seas Fleet
clashed with patrolling British ships in the
Strait of Dover, resulting in nine lost ships and 22 sailors and officers killed, 13 wounded, and 54 missing. There were no German casualties.[85]
The first solo exhibition of Spanish artist
Joan Miró opened at the
Galeries Dalmau in
Barcelona but his work was ridiculed and defaced by many of the patrons.[92]
Invasion of Åland – A
Finnish Red Guard unit of 150 men landed on the
Åland Islands to help the Russians posted defend against the
White Guards and the Swedes already in the region. Meanwhile, the White Guards captured the village of Godby in
Finström while the Russians retained the village
Jomala and the artillery fort of Sålis.[55]
Operation Faustschlag – The
Central Powers launched a final offensive code-named "Operation Fist Punch" on the
Eastern Front to take advantage of crumbling Russian resistance. A total 53 divisions were involved in a three-pronged attack, with the northern force advancing on
Pskov,
Russia and
Narva,
Estonia, the central force pushing towards
Smolensk, and the southern force towards
Kiev.
Daugavpils,
Latvia was captured on the first day of the offense.[97]
German military command issued a memorandum directing air squadrons to support ground troops with suppressing aerial fire for the upcoming
spring offensive on the
Western Front, the first time aircraft worked in tandem with ground units in military operations.[106]
Battle of Rautu – Fighting commenced between the
White Guards against the
Red Guards at Rautu
Finland (now
Russia).
Russia provided much support for the Red Guards as the rail station at Rautu was located 60 kilometers north of
Petrograd and had the potential to be a staging area for an attack on the Russian capital.[110]
Battle of Varkaus – The
Red Guards, outgunned, retreated from
Varkaus,
Finland, with 700 holed up in a pulp mill in Ahlström. After running out of ammo, the force surrendered at 10:00 pm. A total of 20 Red Guards were killed, along with a dozen men from the
White Guard force.[104]
Operation Faustschlag – The
Central Powers offensive advance was so rapid that in a week it had advanced 150 miles (240 km) and was within 100 miles (160 km) of
Petrograd. Much of the advance was done by rail, with German General
Max Hoffmann writing in his diary: "It is the most comical war I have ever known. We put a handful of infantrymen with machine guns and one gun onto a train and rush them off to the next station; they take it, make prisoners of the Bolsheviks, pick up few more troops, and so on. This proceeding has, at any rate, the charm of novelty."[115]
The first drafting of new recruits for
Soviet Russia were held in
Petrograd and
Moscow while the first professional infantry units fought occupying German forces, marking it as the unofficial birth of the
Red Army.[118]
Battle of Rautu – The force of 1,0000
Finnish Red Guards were forced to retreat from Rautu,
Finland and were encircled on three sides by
Finnish White Guards days later, with the only escape route leading back to
Petrograd. The Red Guards dug trenches and began holding off White Guard attacks for several weeks.[110]
Newfoundland passenger ship
Florizel ran aground in a winter sea storm at
Cappahayden,
Newfoundland, killing 94 passengers and crew. An SOS was sent out as the 44 survivors took shelter in the undamaged part of the ship until rescue the following day.[119]
Battle of Antrea – A front line between the
White Guards and the
Red Guards formed around the villages of Ahvola and Pullila east of
Antrea. Both sides, evenly matched at 1,500 men, engaged in trench warfare that dragged the battle out for several weeks, long enough that it was nicknamed "Verdun of Finland" in reference to the 1916
battle at
Verdun,
France.[66]
Invasion of Åland –
Sweden landed a second force at
Eckerö and took control of the entire
Åland Islands by March 2, although there were still 1,200 disarmed Russian soldiers present on the islands.[55]
The film romantic comedy Headin' South, starring
Douglas Fairbanks and directed by
Arthur Rosson, was released to become one of the top 10 grossing films for the year. The film is now considered lost.[128]
^Cron, Hermann (2002). Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle [first published: 1937]. Helion & Co. p. 82.
ISBN978-1-874622-70-3.
^"Cyclone Strikes Brighton, two killed". Zeehan and Dundas Herald. No. February 7, 1918. February 2, 1918. p. 4.
^Heinrichs, Erik (1957). Mannerheim Suomen kohtaloissa I - Valkoinen kenraali 1918-1919 [Mannerheim in Finland's destinies I - The White General 1918-1919] (in Finnish). Keuruu: Otava.
^Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway, Statement No. 19, p. 188, ref. no. 200954-13
^XX sajandi kroonika, I osa; Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus, Tallinn, 2002; p. 167
^Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). Verschollen: World War I U-boat Losses. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 290.
ISBN978-1-55750-475-3.
OCLC231973419.
^Flemming, David (2004). Explosion in Halifax Harbour. Formac. p. 71.
ISBN978-0-88780-632-2.
^Massie, Robert K. Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Ballantine Books, 2004.
ISBN0-345-40878-0
^Frey, Royal D. (1968).
"Air Service Relived". Air University Review. 22 (Nov–Dec). Archived from
the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^Thayer, Lucien H. (1983). America's First Eagles: The Official History of the U.S. Air Service, A.E.F. (1917–1918). R. James Bender Publishing. pp. 114–115.
ISBN978-0-912138-24-4.
^Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 18.
ISBN978-0-85177-245-5.
^103d Aero Squadron (1918).
"Operations Summary". Gorrell's History - AEF Air Service. fold3. Retrieved 16 March 2012.{{
cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
^Angelucci, Enzo, with Peter Bowers, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1985,
ISBN0-517-56588-9, p. 19
^Becke, Major A.F. (1935). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1. The Regular British Divisions. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 28–29.
ISBN978-1-871167-09-2.
^"Westphalia". Uboat.net. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
^
ab"French Navy". Naval History. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
^Elfvengren, Eero (2003). "Sotilastiedustelun synty". In Karjalainen, Mikko (ed.). Salaisen sodan sivut : tiedustelua, vakoilua ja salatoimintaa jatkosodassa [Birth of Military Intelligence]. Helsinki: National Defence University. pp. 11–29.
ISBN978-9512514861.
OCLC58339565.
^Series "E", Volume 22, History of the 222d-376th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Cole, Christopher and Cheesman, E. F., The Air Defence of Great Britain 1914–1918, London: Putnam, 1984,
ISBN0-370-30538-8, pp. 400-401
^Woodward, David R. (2009). World War I Almanac. Infobase Publishing. p. 295.
ISBN9781438118963.
^Harjula, Mirko (2014). Ryssänupseerit. Helsinki: Books on Demand. p. 270.
ISBN978-952-28614-2-9.
^Battles Nomenclature Committee (1922). The Official Names of the Battles and other Engagements fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War 1919. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (Cmd. 1138). p. 45.
^Mary Declan Burke RSM, Mercy through the years : the centennial history of the Sisters of Mercy, Christchurch Diocese, 1878–1978, Sisters of Mercy Trust Board, Christchurch, 1978
^Villa Maria College, seventy-five years, 1918–1993, Villa Maria College, Christchurch, 1993
^Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence, Vol. 2 Part II. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. p. 307.
OCLC256950972.
^Wavell, Field Marshal Earl (1968) [1933]. "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). A Short History of the British Army (4th ed.). London: Constable & Co. pp. 177–178.
OCLC35621223.
^
abJäske, Eros (1991).
"Vapaussodan ajoilta". Rautu ja rautulaiset III: Historiaa ja kansanelämää. Mikkeli: Rautulaisten pitäjäseura. pp. 395–398.
ISBN978-952-90322-1-1. Archived from
the original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
^Gilbert, Martin (2008). The First World War: A Complete History. Phoenix. p. 399.
ISBN9781409102793.
^Handbook "Political parties of Russia"Archived 2012-10-15 at the
Wayback Machine; Stadnik,I. Who wrote the decree of Vladimir Illich. "Moscow News". March 3, 1991; Honcharov, S. To issue on the Sovnarkom decree's authorship "Socialist Homeland is in Danger!" (1918) "Issues on history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". 1991
^Lototskiy, SS (1971), The Soviet Army, Moscow: Progress Publishers, p. 25 cited in Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William F. (1979),
The Armed Forces of the USSR, Boulder, CO: Westview,
ISBN0891582762.
^"The Florizel Disaster". Newfoundland Shipwrecks. Trinity Historical Society Archives. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^"Foreign Rule" during the Estonian War of Independence 1918-1920: The Bolshevik Experiment of the "Estonian Worker's Commune".
Harjula, Mirko (2010). Itämeri 1914-1921: Itämeren laivastot maailmansodassa sekä Venäjän vallankumouksissa ja sisällissodassa [Baltic Sea 1914-1921: Baltic Fleets in World War I, Russian Revolutions and Civil War] (in Finnish).
Helsinki: Books on Demand.
ISBN978-952-49838-3-9.