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Calendar year
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1859 .
1859 (
MDCCCLIX ) was a
common year starting on Saturday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
common year starting on Thursday of the
Julian calendar , the 1859th year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 859th year of the
2nd millennium , the 59th year of the
19th century , and the 10th and last year of the
1850s decade. As of the start of 1859, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
January–March
April–June
April 13 –
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art is founded by
Peter Cooper , a New York industrialist, inventor and philanthropist.
April 18 –
Indian Rebellion revolutionary,
Tantia Tope is hanged for the
1857 Rebellion
April 25 – Ground is broken for the
Suez Canal , in Egypt.
April 28 – American ship
Pomona is wrecked off the Irish coast, with 424 dead.
April 29 – Austrian troops begin to cross the
Ticino River to
Piedmont .
April 30 –
A Tale of Two Cities by
Charles Dickens is published in England.
May 4 – The
Cornwall Railway opens across the
Royal Albert Bridge , linking the counties of
Devon and
Cornwall in England.
May 5 – Border Treaty between
Brazil and
Venezuela : The two countries agree their borders should be traced at the water divide, between the
Amazon and the
Orinoco basins.
[4]
May 20 –
Austro-Sardinian War –
Battle of Montebello : the Austrian army led by
Karl von Urban faces the French-Sardinian combined forces.
May 22 –
Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his 23-year-old son,
Francis II of the Two Sicilies .
May 26 –
Austro-Sardinian War –
Battle of Varese :
Giuseppe Garibaldi 's
Hunters of the Alps confront and defeat Austrian forces, led by
Field Marshal-Lieutenant Karl von Urban .
May 26 ,
June 2 –
Geologist
Joseph Prestwich and amateur
archaeologist
John Evans report (to the
Royal Society and
Society of Antiquaries of London , respectively) the results of their investigations of gravel-pits in the
Somme valley and elsewhere, extending
human history back to what will become known as the
Paleolithic Era.
[5]
[6]
May 30 –
Austro-Sardinian War –
Battle of Palestro : the
Sardinians defeat the Austrian army.
May 31 – Big Ben, the
Great Clock at the
Palace of Westminster , London, is started.
June 4 –
Austro-Sardinian War –
Battle of Magenta : The French and Sardinians defeat the Austrians.
June 6 – The British
Crown colony of
Queensland in Australia is created, by
devolving part of the territory of
New South Wales (
Queensland Day ).
June 8 – The discovery of the
Comstock Lode in the western Utah Territory sets off the Rush to Washoe.
June 15
June 17 – The only recorded
simoom ever in North America hits
Goleta and
Santa Barbara, California .
June 18 –
Aletschhorn , the second summit of the
Bernese Alps , is first ascended.
June 24:
Battle of Solferino
June 24 –
Austro-Sardinian War – Battle of Solferino : The
Kingdom of Sardinia and the armies of
Napoleon III of France defeat
Franz Joseph I of Austria in northern Italy; the battle inspires
Henri Dunant to found the
Red Cross .
July–September
July
July 1 – The first intercollegiate
baseball game is played, between
Amherst and
Williams Colleges.
July 8 –
Charles XV succeeds his father
Oscar I of Sweden and
Norway (as Charles IV).
July 11
The chimes of
Big Ben ring for the first time in London.
Austro-Sardinian War – By the preliminary treaty signed at
Villafranca , Italy,
Lombardy is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep
Venetia , and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close.
July 30 –
Grand Combin , one of the highest summits in the Alps, is first ascended.
August 16 – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the
House of Habsburg-Lorraine , ending an ascendancy of 109 years.
August 27 –
Edwin Drake drills the first
oil well in the United States, near
Titusville, Pennsylvania , starting the
Pennsylvania oil rush .
August 28 –
September 2 – The
solar storm of 1859 ,
the largest
geomagnetic solar storm on record, causes the
Northern lights to be visible as far south as
Montería ,
Colombia and knocks out
telegraph communication (this is also called the
Carrington Event ).
September – British merchant
Thomas Blake Glover begins business in
Nagasaki , Japan.
September 17 – In
San Francisco ,
Joshua Norton proclaims himself to be His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico .
October–December
October 16 –
John Brown
raids the
Harpers Ferry Armory in
Harper's Ferry ,
Virginia , in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.
October 18 – Troops under Colonel
Robert E. Lee overpower
John Brown at the Federal arsenal.
October 26 – The steamship
Royal Charter is wrecked on the coast of
Anglesey , Wales, with 454 dead.
November 1 – The current
Cape Lookout ,
North Carolina ,
lighthouse is lighted for the first time (its first-order
Fresnel lens can be seen for 19 miles).
November 10 – The
Treaty of Zürich , reaffirming the terms of the
Treaty of Villafranca , brings the
Austro-Sardinian War to an official close.
November 15 – The first
Zappas Olympics open in Greece.
November 24
December 2 – Militant
abolitionist leader
John Brown is hanged for his
October 16 raid on
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia .
December 10 – The
Ateneo de Manila University is founded, as the Escuela Municipal de Manila .
Date unknown
District nursing begins in
Liverpool , England, when philanthropist
William Rathbone employs Mary Robinson to nurse the sick poor in their own homes.
The island of
Timor is divided between Portugal and the Netherlands.
The
Rancho Rincon de Los Esteros Land Grant is confirmed to Rafael Alvisa (part of the present
Santa Clara County, California ).
Bernhard Riemann in November 1859 publishes
On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude . In his paper there is an incidental comment that later becomes the
Riemann Hypothesis , one of the most important unsolved problems in Mathematics.
Brisbane is declared the capital of newly separated colony Queensland, Australia.
The
University of Michigan Law School is founded.
Karl Marx publishes
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy .
John Stuart Mill publishes
On Liberty .
George Eliot publishes
Adam Bede .
Alfred, Lord Tennyson publishes the first set of
Idylls of the King .
The
Society for Promoting the Employment of Women is founded.
The
Mary Institute is founded in Missouri.
Tidskrift för hemmet , the first women's magazine in the Nordic countries, begins publication in Sweden.
Nillmij, as predecessor of
Aegon , a worldwide
insurance service , founded in
Dutch East Indies (now
Indonesia ).[
page needed ]
Births
January–March
Wilhelm II of Germany
Louise DeKoven Bowen
Jacqueline Comerre-Paton
Arthur Conan Doyle
January 6 –
Hugh Rodman , American admiral (d.
1940 )
January 8 –
Fanny Bullock Workman , American geographer, writer and mountain climber (d.
1925 )
January 11 –
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston , British statesman,
Viceroy of India (d.
1925 )
January 27 –
Wilhelm II of Germany , last Emperor of Germany and
King of Prussia (d.
1941 )
[7]
January 29 –
Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau , American-born Parisian socialite, model for the painting
Portrait of Madame X (d.
1915 )
February 1
February 3 –
Hugo Junkers , German industrialist, aircraft designer (d.
1935 )
February 5 –
Louis Cheikho , Lebanese
Jesuit
Chaldean priest and venerable (d.
1927 )
February 9 –
Akiyama Yoshifuru , Japanese general (d.
1930 )
February 10 –
Alexandre Millerand , President of France (d.
1943 )
February 14
February 19 –
Svante Arrhenius , Swedish chemist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1927 )
February 24 –
George Edwin Patey , British admiral (d.
1935 )
February 25 –
Vasil Kutinchev , Bulgarian general (d.
1941 )
February 26 –
Louise DeKoven Bowen , American philanthropist, activist (d.
1953 )
February 28 –
Florian Cajori , Swiss historian of mathematics (d.
1930 )
March 2 –
Sholem Aleichem , Ukrainian Yiddish novelist (d.
1916 )
March 8 –
Kenneth Grahame , English author (d.
1932 )
March 9 –
Alexandru Averescu , Romanian general and politician, 24th
Prime Minister of Romania (d.
1938 )
March 12 –
Abraham H. Cannon , American Mormon apostle (d.
1896 )
March 13 –
Alice Bellvadore Sams Turner , American physician (d.
1915 )
March 16 [
O.S. March 4] –
Alexander Stepanovich Popov , Russian physicist (d.
1906 [O.S. 1905])
[8]
[9]
March 26 –
A. E. Housman , English poet (d.
1936 )
April–June
April 3 –
Reginald De Koven , American composer, music critic (d.
1920 )
April 7 –
Jacques Loeb , German–American physiologist, biologist (d.
1924 )
April 8 –
Edmund Husserl , Austrian philosopher (d.
1938 )
[10]
April 14 –
Luigi Capello , Italian general (d.
1941 )
April 17 –
Willis Van Devanter ,
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d.
1941 )
May 1 –
Jacqueline Comerre-Paton , French artist (d.
1955 )
May 15 –
Pierre Curie , French physicist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1906 )
May 22 – Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle , Scottish writer (d.
1930 )
June 5 –
Belle Archer , American actress (d.
1900 )
June 9 –
Doveton Sturdee , British admiral (d.
1925 )
June 21 –
Henry Ossawa Tanner , American artist (d.
1937 )
July–September
Dora Knowlton Ranous
July 6
July 13 –
Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield , British co-founder of the
London School of Economics (d.
1947 )
[12]
July 28 –
Mary Anderson , American stage actress (d.
1940 )
[13]
July 29 –
Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz , Portuguese priest (d.
1948 )
[14]
August 2 –
Auguste Adib Pacha , 2-time prime minister of Lebanon (d.
1936 )
August 4 –
Knut Hamsun , Norwegian author,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1952 )
August 16 –
Dora Knowlton Ranous , American actress, author and translator (d.
1916 )
August 18 –
Anna Ancher , Danish painter (d.
1935 )
September 3 –
Jean Jaurès , French socialist (d.
1914 )
September 7 –
Margaret Crosfield , British palaeontologist, geologist (d.
1952 )
September 16 –
Yuan Shikai , Chinese dictator (d.
1916 )
September 17
September 18 –
Lincoln Loy McCandless , Hawaiian politician, rancher (d.
1940 )
September 19 –
Marshall Pinckney Wilder , American actor, humorist, comedian and monologist (d.
1915 )
September 21 –
Francesc Macià , Catalan politician (d.
1933 )
September 24 –
Radko Dimitriev , Bulgarian and Russian general (d.
1918 )
September 28 –
Alfredo Baquerizo , 19th President of Ecuador (d.
1951 )
October–December
October 6 –
Frank Seiberling , American inventor, co-founder of
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (d.
1955 )
October 9 –
Alfred Dreyfus , French military officer, subject of the
Dreyfus affair (d.
1935 )
October 12 –
Diana Abgar , Armenian diplomat (d.
1937 )
October 18 –
Henri Bergson , French philosopher, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Literature (d.
1941 )
[15]
October 20 –
John Dewey , American philosopher, psychologist and educator (d.
1952 )
November 10 –
Gustav Globočnik Edler von Vojka , Austro-Hungarian nobleman and field marshal (d.
1946 )
November 14 –
Alexander Samsonov , Russian general (d.
1914 )
November 15
November 19 –
Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov , Russian composer (d.
1935 )
November 22 –
Fusajiro Yamauchi , Japanese founder of
Nintendo (d.
1940 )
November 24 –
Cass Gilbert , American architect (
Woolworth Building ,
United States Supreme Court building ) (d.
1934 )
November 27 –
William Bliss Baker , American painter (d.
1886 )
November 29 –
Jesse Pomeroy , youngest convicted murderer in Massachusetts (d.
1932 )
December 2 –
Georges Seurat , French painter (d.
1891 )
December 5 –
John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe , British admiral (d.
1935 )
December 15 –
L. L. Zamenhof , Polish creator of Esperanto (d.
1917 )
December 17 –
Paul César Helleu , French artist (d.
1927 )
December 17 –
Wilmer W. MacElree , American lawyer and author (d.
1960 )
December 24 –
Olive E. Dana , American author (d.
1904 )
December 29 –
Venustiano Carranza , 37th President of Mexico (d.
1920 )
Date unknown
Deaths
January–June
January 21 –
Henry Hallam , English historian (b.
1777 )
January 28 –
F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich ,
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.
1782 )
February 13 –
Eliza Acton , English poet, cookery writer (b.
1799 )
[17]
February 27 –
Philip Barton Key , U.S.
District Attorney (b.
1818 )
April 8 –
Sir Joseph Thackwell , British army general (b.
1781 )
April 16 –
Alexis de Tocqueville , French historian (b.
1805 )
May 6 –
Alexander von Humboldt , German naturalist and geographer (b.
1769 )
[18]
May 13 –
Bakht Khan , commander-in-chief of
Indian rebel forces in the
Indian Rebellion of 1857 (b.
1797 )
June 11 –
Klemens Wenzel von Metternich , Austrian diplomat (b.
1773 )
June 13 –
Angélique Brûlon , French soldier, first female Knight of the French Legion of Honour (b.
1772 )
June 15 –
Mark Newman , 3rd
Principal of
Phillips Academy in
Andover, Massachusetts . (b.
1772 )
June 23 –
Maria Pavlovna, Dowager Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b.
1786 )
July–December
Wilhelm Grimm
July 8
July 16 –
Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart , British army general and colonial administrator (b.
1783 )
July 17 –
Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ,
Queen consort of Portugal (b.
1837 )
[20]
July 30 –
Richard Rush ,
United States Attorney General under
James Madison ,
United States Secretary of the Treasury under President
John Quincy Adams (b.
1780 )
August 2 –
Horace Mann , American educator, abolitionist (b.
1796 )
August 4 –
John Vianney , French saint known as the Curé de Ars (b.
1786 )
August 15 –
Nathaniel Claiborne , U.S. politician (b.
1777 )
August 28
September 15 –
Isambard Kingdom Brunel , British engineer (b.
1806 )
September 19 –
George Bush (biblical scholar) , American professor of Asian languages (b.
1796 )
September 28 –
Carl Ritter , German geographer (b.
1779 )
October 4 –
Karl Baedeker , German author, publisher (b.
1801 )
October 12 –
Robert Stephenson , English civil engineer (b.
1803 )
October 22 –
Louis Spohr , German violinist, composer (b.
1784 )
November 28 –
Washington Irving , American author (b.
1783 )
[21]
December 2 –
John Brown , American abolitionist (hanged) (b.
1800 )
December 8 –
Thomas de Quincey , English writer (b.
1785 )
December 16 –
Wilhelm Grimm , German philologist, folklorist (b.
1786 )
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