The
Republic of China was established as Dr.
Sun Yat-sen took the oath of office as the Provisional President at
Nanjing.[1] According to
Homer Lea, an advisor to Sun and the only Westerner to witness the ceremony, a band played "Behold, the Conquering Hero Comes" and the hymn "God Be with You till We Meet Again". Although Sun's supporters controlled most of southern
China,
Yuan Shikai retained power in the north as the chief of the Emperor's army in
Beijing, and would soon become president of a united nation.[2]
The
Swiss Civil Code, adopted on December 10, 1907, came into operation under the
Berne Convention. The code was the work of law professor
Eugen Huber and the product of 15 years of refinement. As one commentator noted, "There was nothing hurried in the preparation or adoption of this code".[3]
The city of
Timmins,
Ontario, was incorporated as a company town located at the "Porcupine Camp" of a gold mining company.[9]
Born:
Kim Philby, British intelligence officer, member of the
Cambridge Fivespy ring who passed secret information to the
Soviet Union; as Harold Adrian Russell Philby in
Ambala,
British India (d.
1988). Philby was born three days after
Klaus Fuchs, who had betrayed American atomic secrets to the Soviets, and died four months after Fuchs.
With 4,000 Russian troops occupying the Persian city of
Tabriz, the Russian authorities executed eight of the Iranian leaders who had supported the
Persian Constitutional Revolution and had failed to leave the city. The date chosen coincided with Shi'ite holiday of the 10th of
Muharram.[10]
Neurologist
Ernst Trömner introduced a test for what he called the Fingerbeugephänomen, though it is more commonly called "
Trömner's reflex", at a meeting of the
Hamburg Medical Society. The reflex is tested on a patient's fingers for signs of a lesion of the cervical nerves.[12]
The Royal Charter of the
Boy Scouts Association was granted by
King George, granting corporate status to the British organization that had been founded in 1908.[15]
The
Moon was at its closest point to
Earth in the
20th century, at 221,451 miles distance (356,375 km). On March 2, 1984, the Moon would be furthest away during the century, at 252,731 miles. The closest approach in the
21st century was on November 14, 2016, at 221,535 miles, and the most distant took place on March 14, 2002 (252,728 miles).[16]
Dr.
Sun Yat-sen issued the "Manifesto from the Republic of China to All Friendly Nations", shifting a change in its foreign policy with a promise to end the isolationism of the Manchu Emperors, and "to rejoin China with the international community".[17] On the same day, Dr. Sun met with women's suffragist
Lin Zongsu and pledged to aid in allowing women the right to vote in the new republic.[18]
A colonial force of 200 men left the port of
Dili for the inland to suppress a growing
revolt in
East Timor.[19]
The
Tong Wars in
New York City's
Chinatown resumed, one year and two days after the January 3, 1911, truce between the
Hip Sing and
On Leong gangs. Lung Yu, the vice-president of the Hip Sing Tong, was killed in a shootout at a gambling hall on 21 Pell Street.[20]
The
Moscow Art Theatre opened with a
production of Hamlet, a production that drew international acclaim and brought the theater company "to the world's stage."[21]
The first airplane crash in
Australia occurred, when pilot W. E. Hart was forced to crash land between
Mount Druitt and
Rooty Hill in
New South Wales. Fortunately, he and his companion were able to escape with minor injuries.[23]
At a meeting of the Geological Association of Germany at
Frankfurt am Main,
Alfred Wegener first presented the theory of
continental drift, reading his paper, Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdinde (Kontinente und Ozeane) auf geophysikalischer Grundlage ("The geophysical basis of the evolution of large-scale features of the earth's crust").[24]
William Morgan Shuster resigned as treasurer-general of
Persia, bringing to an end the war with
Russia. In return for his resignation, the Russians guaranteed safe passage through occupied territory for Shuster and his family. He left
Tehran on January 11 by automobile, and departed the country on the Russian steamer Teheran on January 14, returning to the
United States by way of Russia.[25]
The
African National Congress (ANC) was founded as the South African Native National Congress in a four-day meeting at
Bloemfontein,
South Africa. African lawyer
Pixley ka Isaka Seme wrote letters to the leaders of South Africa's various tribes and organized the meeting, giving the opening address to 60 delegates. Reverend
John Langalibalele Dube, who published the
Zulu language newspaper Ilange Lasa Natal, was elected as the organization's first president, with
Sol Plaatje as secretary and Seme as treasurer. The ANC adopted its present name in 1923.[27]
The common council in
San Diego passed a resolution limiting public space for soap box presentations, a common means for local activists to communicate to local citizens, in response to citizen complaints that activist groups such as the
Industrial Workers of the World were blocking traffic. The resolution initiated months of
labor violence and vigilantism in
San Diego before disappearing by the autumn.[30]
The 130-foot tall
Equitable Building,
New York City's first skyscraper, was destroyed by a fast moving fire. The blaze had started at 5:00 in the morning, so the loss of life was low, but the offices of three of the nation's largest financial institutions — Equitable Life, Mercantile Safe Deposit, and many law firms — were destroyed. Fireproof vaults protected several billion dollars of securities, stocks and bonds from destruction.[31][32]
The official results of the 1911 French census were released, showing 39,601,509 residents, an increase of 349,264 from the 1906 census of 39,252,245.[34]
Died:Thomas Hardy, 81, Australian winemaker, credited as the "Father of the South Australian Wine Industry" (b.
1830)
January 11, 1912 (Thursday)
French Prime MinisterJoseph Caillaux and his cabinet were forced to resign, two days after the
French Senate concluded that he had secretly negotiated the give-away of French territory without the President's knowledge in working out a treaty with
Germany. French Foreign Minister
Justin de Selves declined to deny the accusations against Caillaux.[39]
The Russian steamer Russ, on its way across the
Black Sea from
Galați,
Romania to
Odessa, sank in with 172 people on board. Among the casualties were the new Consul General, Carl Anseff, and his family.[40]
Lawrence textile strike – Receiving their paychecks a day before the rest of the employees at the Everett Mills Company in
Lawrence, Massachusetts, mostly Polish-speaking women employed as weavers found that the company had cut their pay (already low, ranging from 9+1⁄2 cents to 20 cents per hour) after a new state law had gone into effect limiting the work week to 54 hours. The women immediately walked off the job. The next day, the strike would spread to the other companies in the city.[41]
With 208 seats in the
Reichstag at stake in the
first round of the German parliamentary election, the Socialists won 64 of the seats and increased their margin by 26 while the government coalition lost 29. The second round was set for January 23, with 121 seats to be filled.[42]
The
Lawrence textile strike began a day after the first group of textile workers in
Lawrence, Massachusetts, received smaller paychecks, other employees at the Everett Mills got their reduced pay, and walked off the job. Employees at the other companies—American Woolen, Arlington Mills and Pacific Mills—followed suit.[43] Men, women and children from 25 different nationalities defied attempts to break up the strike, holding out for nine weeks until March 13, when American Woolen agreed to the strikers' demands, raising wages by 5 to 25%, and giving 25% extra for overtime.[44][45]
The
General Post Office of the British government assumed control of the
National Telephone Company, "leaving the United States as the only major nation in which the network was privately owned".[46]
The lowest temperatures ever measured at
Iowa (-47 °F at
Washta, matched on February 3, 1996, at
Elkader)[48] and in
Minnesota (-40 °F at
Pipestone) were recorded on the same day during the height of a
cold wave across much of the northern
United States. Pipestone also set the record for Minnesota's highest temperature (108 °F) on four occasions between 1930 and 1936.[49]
Cattle baron John Beal Sneed shot and killed Albert Boyce Sr., former manager of the famous
XIT Ranch in the
Texas Panhandle, when the two crossed paths at the Metropolitan Hotel in
Fort Worth, Texas. The two had been bitterly
feuding when Sneed's wife Lenora had an affair with Boyce in late 1911. The murder kicked off one of the most sensational trials in the history of
Texas up to that point and further violent feuding between the two families that resulted in another six deaths.[54][55]
Camp Trouble, the first training site for
U.S. Navy aviators, was opened on a peninsula in
San Diego Bay, consisting of a set of tents and three airplanes. By May, all three of the planes had been wrecked, and the squadron was transferred to
Annapolis, Maryland, on May 2, 1912.[60]
The
General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire was dissolved, three days after a proposed constitutional amendment that would allow
Sultan Hamid to dissolve parliament in time of war, failed to receive more than 125 votes out of 188 that would have been necessary in the 376 member chamber.[62][63]
British Antarctic Expedition – One day away from the
South Pole, Captain
Robert Falcon Scott wrote in his journal, "The worst has happened, or nearly the worst." After starting the afternoon "in high spirits", the party saw "the remains of a camp; sledge tracks and ski tracks going and coming and the clear trace of dogs' paws- many dogs. This told us the whole story. The Norwegians have forestalled us and are first at the Pole."[64]
An attempt was made on the life of China's Premier
Yuan Shikai. Three bombs were thrown at him as he was returning from an audience at the Imperial Palace in the
Forbidden City. Yuan was unhurt, but twenty people around him were injured.[65]
The
British Antarctic Expedition, consisting of
Robert Falcon Scott and his team of four explorers, reached the
South Pole, only to find the flag of
Norway that had been planted by the Norwegian Expedition led by
Roald Amundsen. "The Pole," Scott wrote in his journal; "Yes, but under very different circumstances from those expected. We have had a horrible day." He added, "Great God! This is an awful place and terrible enough for us to have laboured to it without the reward of priority. Well, it is something to have got here. Now for the run home and a desperate struggle. I wonder if we can do it."[68]
French scientist
Alexis Carrel, working at the
Rockefeller Institute in
New York City, removed a piece of the heart of a chicken embryo, then kept the fragment alive for the remaining 32 years of his life.[69] Carrel, who won the
Nobel Prize later in the year (though not for the experiment), died on November 5, 1944. The tissue lasted until September 1946.[70]
Over 1,000 people in
Ecuador were killed in the
fighting between troops from the
Quito national government and the
Guayaquil rebel government at
Yaguachi, northeast of
Guayaquil. General Julio Andrade, leader of the Quito troops, defeated the rebels. General Flavio Alfaro, commander of the rebel troops, was wounded.[72]
The ship Wistow Hall with 57 people on board, sank in a gale off of the coast of
Aberdeenshire,
Scotland. Only the captain and three other people were saved.[73]
The results of the British Miners' Federation vote on a
strike were released, showing 445,801 in favor and 115,921 against.[75] The
strike, aimed at securing a minimum wage for coal miners, would begin on March 1 and last until April 4.[76]
U.S. President
William Howard Taft pardoned
Charles W. Morse after the
Wall Street financier had served more than a year of a 15-year prison sentence, upon being advised that Morse was terminally ill.[79] Morse recovered and outlived Taft, dying in 1933.[80]
British Antarctic Expedition – In despair over having been beaten to the South Pole by
Roald Amundsen of
Norway, exhausted and with limited supplies
Robert Falcon Scott and his four fellow explorers set off on a 900-mile journey northward to their base. Caught in unusually cold weather, none of them would survive.[81]
The first successful strike in Mexican history was settled after 25 days, as company owners agreed to reduce the workday to ten hours and increase weekly wages by ten percent.[84]
The second round of Reichstag elections began, with 77 seats, followed by 80 on Monday and concluding with 34 on January 25.[85]
January 21, 1912 (Sunday)
Two days after a woman and her four children in
Crowley, Louisiana, were hacked to death in their home by the killer later dubbed the "Mulatto Ax Murderer", Felix Broussard, his wife and three children were killed in similar fashion in
Lake Charles, about fifty miles west. Six people had been killed in November in
Lafayette, 25 miles to the west of Crowley. The killings had started in January 1911 in
Rayne, 15 miles from Crowley, and occurred in
Texas as well. The Broussard killings marked 24 murders to that point.[86]
Joseph Conrad achieved his first popular success as the New York Herald began serializing his novel Chance, having bought the rights to the unfinished work, halted in 1906, in June, 1911. Conrad continued to work on finishing the book while the first chapters were appearing weekly in the Herald, completing it on March 26.[87]
Sun Yat-sen and
Yuan Shikai completed their negotiations on the unification of the
Republic of China and the area in Northern China, with Dr. Sun agreeing to yield the presidency to Yuan upon the abdication of the Emperor.[88]
Four black residents were lynched in
Hamilton, Georgia, following the alleged murder of a white landowner,[89][90] who in some historical accounts has been a notorious sexual predator of black women in
Harris County, Georgia.[91]
The
Overseas Railroad carried its first passengers from
Palm Beach to
Key West with the completion of the six-year construction of the Key West Extension of the
Florida East Coast Railway.
Henry Flagler, the railway's owner, financed the seemingly impossible project of building bridges and landfill to lay 169 miles of railroad tracks across the waters to link the islands of the
Florida Keys.[92] Flagler, 82, arrived with the other passengers at 10:43 a.m. to a cheering crowd of 10,000 people, and told the gathering, "Now I can die happy. My dream is fulfilled." He would pass away 1 year and 4 months later.[93]
Former
Illinois Central Railroad company President J.T. Harahan and three other passengers were killed in a wreck near
Kinmundy, Illinois, when the private car of Vice-president F.O. Melcher of the Rock Island line was struck from behind by another train.[94]
The
International Opium Convention was signed at
The Hague by 12 nations.[95] The signatories resolved to work toward "the gradual suppression of the abuse of opium, morphine, cocaine, as also of the drugs prepared or derived from these substances which give rise or might give rise to similar abuses."[96]
The town of
Forgan, Oklahoma, was incorporated as the end of the line for the Wichita Falls & Northwestern Railroad Company.[97]
January 24, 1912 (Wednesday)
An earthquake measuring 6.5 in magnitude struck the Greek island of
Zakynthos, killing 51 people.[98][99]
Ripudaman Singh became the
Maharaja of the Indian principality of
Nabha. The
Sikh leader was forced to abdicate by the British authorities on July 7, 1923.[100]
General Pedro Montero, who had been proclaimed
President of Ecuador on
December 29 by rebelling Ecuadorian troops, was sentenced to 16 years in prison following his
court-martial in
Guayaquil. Montero had been captured in battle three days earlier. As soon as former president
Leónidas Plaza announced the military court's findings, members of the crowd outside protested that the sentence was too light. Several rushed in inside and shot General Montero to death, then carried his corpse outside, where the mob beheaded it and burned it in a bonfire.[101]
Voting in elections for the
Reichstag was concluded, with the Socialists having the largest number of seats—100 out of 397, and the Radical and National Liberal parties having 44 and 47, for a total of 191, still short of a majority. Chancellor
Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg was able to find a new government.[103]
Karl Grulich, German aviator, tripled the record for staying aloft with multiple passengers, flying for 1 hour and 35 minutes in a Harlan monoplane over
Johannistal,
Germany. The prior record had been 31 minutes by Frenchman M. Busson on March 10, 1911, at Rheims.[104]
January 26, 1912 (Friday)
A group of 47 generals and commanders of China's Imperial Army, all of whom had pledged their allegiance to the monarchy earlier in the month, signed a petition to the Emperor and the regent, asking that the
Manchu rulers give way to a republic under
Yuan Shikai. "This
memorial dealt a lethal blow to the dynasty," an author would note later.[105]
In
Walla Walla, Washington, Assistant Fire Chief Robert J. Wolf was killed after becoming trapped in the basement of the Jones Building while fighting a fire.[109]
January 27, 1912 (Saturday)
According to his own letter to the magazine Popular Astronomy, amateur astronomer Frank B. Harris was observing through his telescope and saw an
object crossing the Moon, which he described as something that "was fully as black comparatively as marks on this paper, and in shape like a crow poised". Harris estimated it as being 250 miles long and 50 miles wide.[110] Although nobody else reported witnessing the phenomenon, the story has been repeated in the decades that followed. The briefly reported event has been described as something "that launched the 'modern' period of anomalous lunar happenings.[111]
A mob in
Quito,
Ecuador stormed the penitentiary where former
PresidentEloy Alfaro and his brothers Flavio and Medardo had been held as prisoners of war since their capture on January 22. Eloy, who had been the 15th
President of Ecuador as recently as last August, and had served from 1895 to 1901, and again from 1906 to 1911, and Flavio, who had been proclaimed president by rebels in Guayaquil, were lynched along with the others. The resulting violence instigated the
Concha Revolution.[112]
The Lin-shih ts'an-i-yuan, also known as the Nanking Assembly and the first legislature for the
Republic of China, convened at
Nanjing with representatives from all of the provinces.[113]
Renowned trial lawyer
Clarence Darrow was indicted by a grand jury in Los Angeles, on charges of attempted bribery of a juror in the case that he was defending for J.B. McNamara. Arrested, he was released on $20,000 bail. Darrow would be acquitted in August after a three-month trial. In a separate case, the jury deadlocked with eight of twelve jurors. The district attorney agreed not to renew the charges as long as Darrow agreed never to practice in California again.[119]
In an interview with the Chicago Evening Post, former U.S. President
Theodore Roosevelt announced for the first time that he would accept the nomination for the presidency, though he would not actively seek a return to the
White House.
Captain Carlo Montu of the Italian Army became the first pilot to be wounded in combat, after he was struck by anti-aircraft fire from Ottoman forces.[121]
British songwriter and music hall performer
Jack Judge performed "
It's a Long Way to Tipperary" for the first time at the Grand Theater in
Stalybridge,
England, following a five
shilling bet the day before that he could write a song overnight. The song proved popular and was recorded by
John McCormack in 1914 at the start of
World War I, making it a staple wartime song.
^Lawrence M. Kaplan, Homer Lea: American Soldier of Fortune (University Press of Kentucky, 2010) p. 181
^John Norton Pomeroy, A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence: As Administered in the United States of America (The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2002) p. 700
^Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer’s Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 7, 12, 15, 46 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)
^Hart, George, ed. (c. 1978). The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd. p. 25.
^
abThe Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica] (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1913) pp xxi-xxii
^McCartney, Iain (1996). Old Trafford - Theatre of Dreams. Harefield: Yore Publications.
ISBN1-874427-96-8., p. 15
^Gene Burnett, Florida's Past: People and Events That Shaped the State (Pineapple Press Inc, 1996) p. 23
^Terry Boyle, Hidden Ontario: Secrets from Ontario's Past (Dundurn Press Ltd., 2011) p. 23
^Afary, Janet (1996). The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, & the Origins of Feminism.
Columbia University Press. p. 337.
^Robertson, Donald B. (1986). Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History: The Desert States: Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah.
Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers. pp. 77, 102.
ISBN0-87004-305-6.
^Kim Long, The Moon Book: Fascinating Facts About the Magnificent, Mysterious Moon (Big Earth Publishing, 1998) p. 1
^C. X. George Wei, Chinese Nationalism in Perspective: Historical and Recent Cases (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) p. 108
^David Strand, An Unfinished Republic: Leading by Word and Deed in Modern China (University of California Press, 2011) p. 113
^Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1999). Timor Loro Sae: 500 Years. Macau: Livros do Oriente. p. 180.
^Bruce Hall, Tea That Burns: A Family Memoir of Chinatown (Simon and Schuster, 2002) p. 159; "Tong Leader Slain in Chinatown War", New York Times, January 6, 1912
^Benedetti, Jean. 1999. Stanislavski: His Life and Art. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1988. London: Methuen.
ISBN0-413-52520-1, p. 199
^"New Mexico Now a State". The New York Times. January 7, 1912.
^Lawrence, David M. (2002). Upheaval from the Abyss: Ocean Floor Mapping and the Earth Science Revolution.
Rutgers University Press. p. 35.
^William Morgan Shuster, The Strangling of Persia: A Story of the European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue that Resulted in the Denationalization of Twelve Million Mohammedans, a Personal Narrative (The Century Company, 1912) pp. 224-230
^"Describes Red Sea Fight", New York Times, January 15, 1912; "Italian Guns Sink Turkish Flotilla", New York Times, January 13, 1912
^Wendy Watson, Brick by Brick: An Informal Guide to the History of South Africa (New Africa Books, 2007) p.51
^"India Reconciled by the King's Visit", New York Times, January 9, 1912
^"The Monetary Bill Sent to Congress", New York Times, January 10, 1912
^Grace L. Miller, "The I.W.W. Free Speech Fight: San Diego, 1912,", Southern California Quarterly, v.54, no. 3 (1972) pp. 216-218.
^"Democrats to Meet in Baltimore June 25", New York Times, January 10, 1912
^"French Number 39,601,509", New York Times, January 11, 1912
^Anthony J. Watts, The Royal Navy: An Illustrated History (Naval Institute Press, 1994) p. 85
^Franks, Norman, Aircraft vs. Aircraft: The Illustrated Story of Fighter Pilot Combat From 1914 to the Present Day, London: Grub Street, 1998,
ISBN1-902304-04-7, p. 9.
^Daniel, Clifton, ed., Chronicle of the 20th Century, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN0-942191-01-3, p. 158
^Barnes, C.H. Shorts Aircraft since 1900. London:Putnam, 1967, p. 79
^J. F. V. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p. 126; "Political Chaos France's Peril", New York Times, January 12, 1912
^"172 Drowned in Black Sea", New York Times, January 12, 1912
^Mildred A. Beik, Labor Relations (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005) pp. 103–104
^"German Socialist Gains May Be 100", New York Times, January 14, 1912
^Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom, Industrial Revolution in America: Mining and Petroleum (Volume 5) (ABC-CLIO, 2006) p. 141
^Bruce Watson, Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream (Penguin, 2006) p. 17;
"Lawrence Strike Comes to an End", New York Times, March 14, 1912
^Ray Horak, Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook (John Wiley & Sons, 2007) p. 202
^Valerie Green and Lynn Gordon-Findlay, If These Walls Could Talk: Victoria's Houses from the Past (TouchWood Editions, 2001) p. 152
^Polly Alison Morrice and Joyce Hart, Celebrate the States: Iowa (Marshall Cavendish, 2007) p. 16
^Mark W. Seeley and Belinda Jensen, Minnesota Weather Almanac (Minnesota Historical Society, 2006) p. 55
^Milburn Calhoun and Bernie McGovern, Louisiana Almanac 2008-2009 (Pelican Publishing,2008) p. 245
^"London Attracted by 'Oedipus Rex'", New York Times, January 16, 1912
^"Turkish Parliament to End", New York Times, January 14, 1912
^"New Election in Turkey", New York Times, January 18, 1912
^J. M. Barrie, Scott's Last Expedition - The Personal Journals of Captain R. F. Scott, C.V.O., R.N., on His Journey to the South Pole (1913, reprinted by READ BOOKS, 2009) pp. 423-424
^"China", in The New International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the Year 1912 (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1913) p. 149
^Haberman, Steve (2003). "Silent Screams". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 100.
ISBN978-1-936168-15-6
^"Zeittafel" (Timetable), in Georg Heym 1887–1912, Ausstellungskatalog, S. 13.
^"Mexican textile workers: from conquest to globalization", by Jeffrey Bortz, in The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650-2000 (Ashgate Publishing, 2010) pp. 346-347
^"German Second Ballots On", New York Times, January 21, 1912
^Michael Newton, The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p. 263
^Frederick R. Karl, A Reader's Guide to Joseph Conrad (Syracuse University Press, 1997) p. 236
^William L. Tung, The Political Institutions of Modern China (Springer, 1968) pp. 30-31
^Elspeth Joscelin and Grant Huxley, Scott of the Antarctic (University of Nebraska Press, 1990) p. 249
^"The Result in Germany", New York Times, January 27, 1912
^"Still Another Air Record", New York Times, January 26, 1912; Henry Villard, Contact! The Story of the Early Aviators (Courier Dover Publications, 2002) p. 183
^Woodhouse, Eiko (2004). The Chinese Hsinhai Revolution: G.E. Morrison and Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1897-1920. Routledge Curzon. p. 138.
^"Los Caños de Carmona". jaimepf.blogspot.com (in Spanish). 16 February 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
^The I.W.W.: Its First Seventy Years, Fred W. Thompson & Patrick Murfin, 1976, p. 56
^Michael S Lief, et al., Ladies And Gentlemen Of The Jury: Greatest Closing Arguments In Modern Law (Simon and Schuster, 1999) pp. 65-67
^Roald Amundsen, with Arthur G. Chater, The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the "Fram," 1910-1912 (J. Murray, 1913) p. 353
The
Republic of China was established as Dr.
Sun Yat-sen took the oath of office as the Provisional President at
Nanjing.[1] According to
Homer Lea, an advisor to Sun and the only Westerner to witness the ceremony, a band played "Behold, the Conquering Hero Comes" and the hymn "God Be with You till We Meet Again". Although Sun's supporters controlled most of southern
China,
Yuan Shikai retained power in the north as the chief of the Emperor's army in
Beijing, and would soon become president of a united nation.[2]
The
Swiss Civil Code, adopted on December 10, 1907, came into operation under the
Berne Convention. The code was the work of law professor
Eugen Huber and the product of 15 years of refinement. As one commentator noted, "There was nothing hurried in the preparation or adoption of this code".[3]
The city of
Timmins,
Ontario, was incorporated as a company town located at the "Porcupine Camp" of a gold mining company.[9]
Born:
Kim Philby, British intelligence officer, member of the
Cambridge Fivespy ring who passed secret information to the
Soviet Union; as Harold Adrian Russell Philby in
Ambala,
British India (d.
1988). Philby was born three days after
Klaus Fuchs, who had betrayed American atomic secrets to the Soviets, and died four months after Fuchs.
With 4,000 Russian troops occupying the Persian city of
Tabriz, the Russian authorities executed eight of the Iranian leaders who had supported the
Persian Constitutional Revolution and had failed to leave the city. The date chosen coincided with Shi'ite holiday of the 10th of
Muharram.[10]
Neurologist
Ernst Trömner introduced a test for what he called the Fingerbeugephänomen, though it is more commonly called "
Trömner's reflex", at a meeting of the
Hamburg Medical Society. The reflex is tested on a patient's fingers for signs of a lesion of the cervical nerves.[12]
The Royal Charter of the
Boy Scouts Association was granted by
King George, granting corporate status to the British organization that had been founded in 1908.[15]
The
Moon was at its closest point to
Earth in the
20th century, at 221,451 miles distance (356,375 km). On March 2, 1984, the Moon would be furthest away during the century, at 252,731 miles. The closest approach in the
21st century was on November 14, 2016, at 221,535 miles, and the most distant took place on March 14, 2002 (252,728 miles).[16]
Dr.
Sun Yat-sen issued the "Manifesto from the Republic of China to All Friendly Nations", shifting a change in its foreign policy with a promise to end the isolationism of the Manchu Emperors, and "to rejoin China with the international community".[17] On the same day, Dr. Sun met with women's suffragist
Lin Zongsu and pledged to aid in allowing women the right to vote in the new republic.[18]
A colonial force of 200 men left the port of
Dili for the inland to suppress a growing
revolt in
East Timor.[19]
The
Tong Wars in
New York City's
Chinatown resumed, one year and two days after the January 3, 1911, truce between the
Hip Sing and
On Leong gangs. Lung Yu, the vice-president of the Hip Sing Tong, was killed in a shootout at a gambling hall on 21 Pell Street.[20]
The
Moscow Art Theatre opened with a
production of Hamlet, a production that drew international acclaim and brought the theater company "to the world's stage."[21]
The first airplane crash in
Australia occurred, when pilot W. E. Hart was forced to crash land between
Mount Druitt and
Rooty Hill in
New South Wales. Fortunately, he and his companion were able to escape with minor injuries.[23]
At a meeting of the Geological Association of Germany at
Frankfurt am Main,
Alfred Wegener first presented the theory of
continental drift, reading his paper, Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdinde (Kontinente und Ozeane) auf geophysikalischer Grundlage ("The geophysical basis of the evolution of large-scale features of the earth's crust").[24]
William Morgan Shuster resigned as treasurer-general of
Persia, bringing to an end the war with
Russia. In return for his resignation, the Russians guaranteed safe passage through occupied territory for Shuster and his family. He left
Tehran on January 11 by automobile, and departed the country on the Russian steamer Teheran on January 14, returning to the
United States by way of Russia.[25]
The
African National Congress (ANC) was founded as the South African Native National Congress in a four-day meeting at
Bloemfontein,
South Africa. African lawyer
Pixley ka Isaka Seme wrote letters to the leaders of South Africa's various tribes and organized the meeting, giving the opening address to 60 delegates. Reverend
John Langalibalele Dube, who published the
Zulu language newspaper Ilange Lasa Natal, was elected as the organization's first president, with
Sol Plaatje as secretary and Seme as treasurer. The ANC adopted its present name in 1923.[27]
The common council in
San Diego passed a resolution limiting public space for soap box presentations, a common means for local activists to communicate to local citizens, in response to citizen complaints that activist groups such as the
Industrial Workers of the World were blocking traffic. The resolution initiated months of
labor violence and vigilantism in
San Diego before disappearing by the autumn.[30]
The 130-foot tall
Equitable Building,
New York City's first skyscraper, was destroyed by a fast moving fire. The blaze had started at 5:00 in the morning, so the loss of life was low, but the offices of three of the nation's largest financial institutions — Equitable Life, Mercantile Safe Deposit, and many law firms — were destroyed. Fireproof vaults protected several billion dollars of securities, stocks and bonds from destruction.[31][32]
The official results of the 1911 French census were released, showing 39,601,509 residents, an increase of 349,264 from the 1906 census of 39,252,245.[34]
Died:Thomas Hardy, 81, Australian winemaker, credited as the "Father of the South Australian Wine Industry" (b.
1830)
January 11, 1912 (Thursday)
French Prime MinisterJoseph Caillaux and his cabinet were forced to resign, two days after the
French Senate concluded that he had secretly negotiated the give-away of French territory without the President's knowledge in working out a treaty with
Germany. French Foreign Minister
Justin de Selves declined to deny the accusations against Caillaux.[39]
The Russian steamer Russ, on its way across the
Black Sea from
Galați,
Romania to
Odessa, sank in with 172 people on board. Among the casualties were the new Consul General, Carl Anseff, and his family.[40]
Lawrence textile strike – Receiving their paychecks a day before the rest of the employees at the Everett Mills Company in
Lawrence, Massachusetts, mostly Polish-speaking women employed as weavers found that the company had cut their pay (already low, ranging from 9+1⁄2 cents to 20 cents per hour) after a new state law had gone into effect limiting the work week to 54 hours. The women immediately walked off the job. The next day, the strike would spread to the other companies in the city.[41]
With 208 seats in the
Reichstag at stake in the
first round of the German parliamentary election, the Socialists won 64 of the seats and increased their margin by 26 while the government coalition lost 29. The second round was set for January 23, with 121 seats to be filled.[42]
The
Lawrence textile strike began a day after the first group of textile workers in
Lawrence, Massachusetts, received smaller paychecks, other employees at the Everett Mills got their reduced pay, and walked off the job. Employees at the other companies—American Woolen, Arlington Mills and Pacific Mills—followed suit.[43] Men, women and children from 25 different nationalities defied attempts to break up the strike, holding out for nine weeks until March 13, when American Woolen agreed to the strikers' demands, raising wages by 5 to 25%, and giving 25% extra for overtime.[44][45]
The
General Post Office of the British government assumed control of the
National Telephone Company, "leaving the United States as the only major nation in which the network was privately owned".[46]
The lowest temperatures ever measured at
Iowa (-47 °F at
Washta, matched on February 3, 1996, at
Elkader)[48] and in
Minnesota (-40 °F at
Pipestone) were recorded on the same day during the height of a
cold wave across much of the northern
United States. Pipestone also set the record for Minnesota's highest temperature (108 °F) on four occasions between 1930 and 1936.[49]
Cattle baron John Beal Sneed shot and killed Albert Boyce Sr., former manager of the famous
XIT Ranch in the
Texas Panhandle, when the two crossed paths at the Metropolitan Hotel in
Fort Worth, Texas. The two had been bitterly
feuding when Sneed's wife Lenora had an affair with Boyce in late 1911. The murder kicked off one of the most sensational trials in the history of
Texas up to that point and further violent feuding between the two families that resulted in another six deaths.[54][55]
Camp Trouble, the first training site for
U.S. Navy aviators, was opened on a peninsula in
San Diego Bay, consisting of a set of tents and three airplanes. By May, all three of the planes had been wrecked, and the squadron was transferred to
Annapolis, Maryland, on May 2, 1912.[60]
The
General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire was dissolved, three days after a proposed constitutional amendment that would allow
Sultan Hamid to dissolve parliament in time of war, failed to receive more than 125 votes out of 188 that would have been necessary in the 376 member chamber.[62][63]
British Antarctic Expedition – One day away from the
South Pole, Captain
Robert Falcon Scott wrote in his journal, "The worst has happened, or nearly the worst." After starting the afternoon "in high spirits", the party saw "the remains of a camp; sledge tracks and ski tracks going and coming and the clear trace of dogs' paws- many dogs. This told us the whole story. The Norwegians have forestalled us and are first at the Pole."[64]
An attempt was made on the life of China's Premier
Yuan Shikai. Three bombs were thrown at him as he was returning from an audience at the Imperial Palace in the
Forbidden City. Yuan was unhurt, but twenty people around him were injured.[65]
The
British Antarctic Expedition, consisting of
Robert Falcon Scott and his team of four explorers, reached the
South Pole, only to find the flag of
Norway that had been planted by the Norwegian Expedition led by
Roald Amundsen. "The Pole," Scott wrote in his journal; "Yes, but under very different circumstances from those expected. We have had a horrible day." He added, "Great God! This is an awful place and terrible enough for us to have laboured to it without the reward of priority. Well, it is something to have got here. Now for the run home and a desperate struggle. I wonder if we can do it."[68]
French scientist
Alexis Carrel, working at the
Rockefeller Institute in
New York City, removed a piece of the heart of a chicken embryo, then kept the fragment alive for the remaining 32 years of his life.[69] Carrel, who won the
Nobel Prize later in the year (though not for the experiment), died on November 5, 1944. The tissue lasted until September 1946.[70]
Over 1,000 people in
Ecuador were killed in the
fighting between troops from the
Quito national government and the
Guayaquil rebel government at
Yaguachi, northeast of
Guayaquil. General Julio Andrade, leader of the Quito troops, defeated the rebels. General Flavio Alfaro, commander of the rebel troops, was wounded.[72]
The ship Wistow Hall with 57 people on board, sank in a gale off of the coast of
Aberdeenshire,
Scotland. Only the captain and three other people were saved.[73]
The results of the British Miners' Federation vote on a
strike were released, showing 445,801 in favor and 115,921 against.[75] The
strike, aimed at securing a minimum wage for coal miners, would begin on March 1 and last until April 4.[76]
U.S. President
William Howard Taft pardoned
Charles W. Morse after the
Wall Street financier had served more than a year of a 15-year prison sentence, upon being advised that Morse was terminally ill.[79] Morse recovered and outlived Taft, dying in 1933.[80]
British Antarctic Expedition – In despair over having been beaten to the South Pole by
Roald Amundsen of
Norway, exhausted and with limited supplies
Robert Falcon Scott and his four fellow explorers set off on a 900-mile journey northward to their base. Caught in unusually cold weather, none of them would survive.[81]
The first successful strike in Mexican history was settled after 25 days, as company owners agreed to reduce the workday to ten hours and increase weekly wages by ten percent.[84]
The second round of Reichstag elections began, with 77 seats, followed by 80 on Monday and concluding with 34 on January 25.[85]
January 21, 1912 (Sunday)
Two days after a woman and her four children in
Crowley, Louisiana, were hacked to death in their home by the killer later dubbed the "Mulatto Ax Murderer", Felix Broussard, his wife and three children were killed in similar fashion in
Lake Charles, about fifty miles west. Six people had been killed in November in
Lafayette, 25 miles to the west of Crowley. The killings had started in January 1911 in
Rayne, 15 miles from Crowley, and occurred in
Texas as well. The Broussard killings marked 24 murders to that point.[86]
Joseph Conrad achieved his first popular success as the New York Herald began serializing his novel Chance, having bought the rights to the unfinished work, halted in 1906, in June, 1911. Conrad continued to work on finishing the book while the first chapters were appearing weekly in the Herald, completing it on March 26.[87]
Sun Yat-sen and
Yuan Shikai completed their negotiations on the unification of the
Republic of China and the area in Northern China, with Dr. Sun agreeing to yield the presidency to Yuan upon the abdication of the Emperor.[88]
Four black residents were lynched in
Hamilton, Georgia, following the alleged murder of a white landowner,[89][90] who in some historical accounts has been a notorious sexual predator of black women in
Harris County, Georgia.[91]
The
Overseas Railroad carried its first passengers from
Palm Beach to
Key West with the completion of the six-year construction of the Key West Extension of the
Florida East Coast Railway.
Henry Flagler, the railway's owner, financed the seemingly impossible project of building bridges and landfill to lay 169 miles of railroad tracks across the waters to link the islands of the
Florida Keys.[92] Flagler, 82, arrived with the other passengers at 10:43 a.m. to a cheering crowd of 10,000 people, and told the gathering, "Now I can die happy. My dream is fulfilled." He would pass away 1 year and 4 months later.[93]
Former
Illinois Central Railroad company President J.T. Harahan and three other passengers were killed in a wreck near
Kinmundy, Illinois, when the private car of Vice-president F.O. Melcher of the Rock Island line was struck from behind by another train.[94]
The
International Opium Convention was signed at
The Hague by 12 nations.[95] The signatories resolved to work toward "the gradual suppression of the abuse of opium, morphine, cocaine, as also of the drugs prepared or derived from these substances which give rise or might give rise to similar abuses."[96]
The town of
Forgan, Oklahoma, was incorporated as the end of the line for the Wichita Falls & Northwestern Railroad Company.[97]
January 24, 1912 (Wednesday)
An earthquake measuring 6.5 in magnitude struck the Greek island of
Zakynthos, killing 51 people.[98][99]
Ripudaman Singh became the
Maharaja of the Indian principality of
Nabha. The
Sikh leader was forced to abdicate by the British authorities on July 7, 1923.[100]
General Pedro Montero, who had been proclaimed
President of Ecuador on
December 29 by rebelling Ecuadorian troops, was sentenced to 16 years in prison following his
court-martial in
Guayaquil. Montero had been captured in battle three days earlier. As soon as former president
Leónidas Plaza announced the military court's findings, members of the crowd outside protested that the sentence was too light. Several rushed in inside and shot General Montero to death, then carried his corpse outside, where the mob beheaded it and burned it in a bonfire.[101]
Voting in elections for the
Reichstag was concluded, with the Socialists having the largest number of seats—100 out of 397, and the Radical and National Liberal parties having 44 and 47, for a total of 191, still short of a majority. Chancellor
Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg was able to find a new government.[103]
Karl Grulich, German aviator, tripled the record for staying aloft with multiple passengers, flying for 1 hour and 35 minutes in a Harlan monoplane over
Johannistal,
Germany. The prior record had been 31 minutes by Frenchman M. Busson on March 10, 1911, at Rheims.[104]
January 26, 1912 (Friday)
A group of 47 generals and commanders of China's Imperial Army, all of whom had pledged their allegiance to the monarchy earlier in the month, signed a petition to the Emperor and the regent, asking that the
Manchu rulers give way to a republic under
Yuan Shikai. "This
memorial dealt a lethal blow to the dynasty," an author would note later.[105]
In
Walla Walla, Washington, Assistant Fire Chief Robert J. Wolf was killed after becoming trapped in the basement of the Jones Building while fighting a fire.[109]
January 27, 1912 (Saturday)
According to his own letter to the magazine Popular Astronomy, amateur astronomer Frank B. Harris was observing through his telescope and saw an
object crossing the Moon, which he described as something that "was fully as black comparatively as marks on this paper, and in shape like a crow poised". Harris estimated it as being 250 miles long and 50 miles wide.[110] Although nobody else reported witnessing the phenomenon, the story has been repeated in the decades that followed. The briefly reported event has been described as something "that launched the 'modern' period of anomalous lunar happenings.[111]
A mob in
Quito,
Ecuador stormed the penitentiary where former
PresidentEloy Alfaro and his brothers Flavio and Medardo had been held as prisoners of war since their capture on January 22. Eloy, who had been the 15th
President of Ecuador as recently as last August, and had served from 1895 to 1901, and again from 1906 to 1911, and Flavio, who had been proclaimed president by rebels in Guayaquil, were lynched along with the others. The resulting violence instigated the
Concha Revolution.[112]
The Lin-shih ts'an-i-yuan, also known as the Nanking Assembly and the first legislature for the
Republic of China, convened at
Nanjing with representatives from all of the provinces.[113]
Renowned trial lawyer
Clarence Darrow was indicted by a grand jury in Los Angeles, on charges of attempted bribery of a juror in the case that he was defending for J.B. McNamara. Arrested, he was released on $20,000 bail. Darrow would be acquitted in August after a three-month trial. In a separate case, the jury deadlocked with eight of twelve jurors. The district attorney agreed not to renew the charges as long as Darrow agreed never to practice in California again.[119]
In an interview with the Chicago Evening Post, former U.S. President
Theodore Roosevelt announced for the first time that he would accept the nomination for the presidency, though he would not actively seek a return to the
White House.
Captain Carlo Montu of the Italian Army became the first pilot to be wounded in combat, after he was struck by anti-aircraft fire from Ottoman forces.[121]
British songwriter and music hall performer
Jack Judge performed "
It's a Long Way to Tipperary" for the first time at the Grand Theater in
Stalybridge,
England, following a five
shilling bet the day before that he could write a song overnight. The song proved popular and was recorded by
John McCormack in 1914 at the start of
World War I, making it a staple wartime song.
^Lawrence M. Kaplan, Homer Lea: American Soldier of Fortune (University Press of Kentucky, 2010) p. 181
^John Norton Pomeroy, A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence: As Administered in the United States of America (The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2002) p. 700
^Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer’s Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 7, 12, 15, 46 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)
^Hart, George, ed. (c. 1978). The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd. p. 25.
^
abThe Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica] (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1913) pp xxi-xxii
^McCartney, Iain (1996). Old Trafford - Theatre of Dreams. Harefield: Yore Publications.
ISBN1-874427-96-8., p. 15
^Gene Burnett, Florida's Past: People and Events That Shaped the State (Pineapple Press Inc, 1996) p. 23
^Terry Boyle, Hidden Ontario: Secrets from Ontario's Past (Dundurn Press Ltd., 2011) p. 23
^Afary, Janet (1996). The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, & the Origins of Feminism.
Columbia University Press. p. 337.
^Robertson, Donald B. (1986). Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History: The Desert States: Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah.
Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers. pp. 77, 102.
ISBN0-87004-305-6.
^Kim Long, The Moon Book: Fascinating Facts About the Magnificent, Mysterious Moon (Big Earth Publishing, 1998) p. 1
^C. X. George Wei, Chinese Nationalism in Perspective: Historical and Recent Cases (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) p. 108
^David Strand, An Unfinished Republic: Leading by Word and Deed in Modern China (University of California Press, 2011) p. 113
^Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1999). Timor Loro Sae: 500 Years. Macau: Livros do Oriente. p. 180.
^Bruce Hall, Tea That Burns: A Family Memoir of Chinatown (Simon and Schuster, 2002) p. 159; "Tong Leader Slain in Chinatown War", New York Times, January 6, 1912
^Benedetti, Jean. 1999. Stanislavski: His Life and Art. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1988. London: Methuen.
ISBN0-413-52520-1, p. 199
^"New Mexico Now a State". The New York Times. January 7, 1912.
^Lawrence, David M. (2002). Upheaval from the Abyss: Ocean Floor Mapping and the Earth Science Revolution.
Rutgers University Press. p. 35.
^William Morgan Shuster, The Strangling of Persia: A Story of the European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue that Resulted in the Denationalization of Twelve Million Mohammedans, a Personal Narrative (The Century Company, 1912) pp. 224-230
^"Describes Red Sea Fight", New York Times, January 15, 1912; "Italian Guns Sink Turkish Flotilla", New York Times, January 13, 1912
^Wendy Watson, Brick by Brick: An Informal Guide to the History of South Africa (New Africa Books, 2007) p.51
^"India Reconciled by the King's Visit", New York Times, January 9, 1912
^"The Monetary Bill Sent to Congress", New York Times, January 10, 1912
^Grace L. Miller, "The I.W.W. Free Speech Fight: San Diego, 1912,", Southern California Quarterly, v.54, no. 3 (1972) pp. 216-218.
^"Democrats to Meet in Baltimore June 25", New York Times, January 10, 1912
^"French Number 39,601,509", New York Times, January 11, 1912
^Anthony J. Watts, The Royal Navy: An Illustrated History (Naval Institute Press, 1994) p. 85
^Franks, Norman, Aircraft vs. Aircraft: The Illustrated Story of Fighter Pilot Combat From 1914 to the Present Day, London: Grub Street, 1998,
ISBN1-902304-04-7, p. 9.
^Daniel, Clifton, ed., Chronicle of the 20th Century, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN0-942191-01-3, p. 158
^Barnes, C.H. Shorts Aircraft since 1900. London:Putnam, 1967, p. 79
^J. F. V. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p. 126; "Political Chaos France's Peril", New York Times, January 12, 1912
^"172 Drowned in Black Sea", New York Times, January 12, 1912
^Mildred A. Beik, Labor Relations (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005) pp. 103–104
^"German Socialist Gains May Be 100", New York Times, January 14, 1912
^Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom, Industrial Revolution in America: Mining and Petroleum (Volume 5) (ABC-CLIO, 2006) p. 141
^Bruce Watson, Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream (Penguin, 2006) p. 17;
"Lawrence Strike Comes to an End", New York Times, March 14, 1912
^Ray Horak, Telecommunications and Data Communications Handbook (John Wiley & Sons, 2007) p. 202
^Valerie Green and Lynn Gordon-Findlay, If These Walls Could Talk: Victoria's Houses from the Past (TouchWood Editions, 2001) p. 152
^Polly Alison Morrice and Joyce Hart, Celebrate the States: Iowa (Marshall Cavendish, 2007) p. 16
^Mark W. Seeley and Belinda Jensen, Minnesota Weather Almanac (Minnesota Historical Society, 2006) p. 55
^Milburn Calhoun and Bernie McGovern, Louisiana Almanac 2008-2009 (Pelican Publishing,2008) p. 245
^"London Attracted by 'Oedipus Rex'", New York Times, January 16, 1912
^"Turkish Parliament to End", New York Times, January 14, 1912
^"New Election in Turkey", New York Times, January 18, 1912
^J. M. Barrie, Scott's Last Expedition - The Personal Journals of Captain R. F. Scott, C.V.O., R.N., on His Journey to the South Pole (1913, reprinted by READ BOOKS, 2009) pp. 423-424
^"China", in The New International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the Year 1912 (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1913) p. 149
^Haberman, Steve (2003). "Silent Screams". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 100.
ISBN978-1-936168-15-6
^"Zeittafel" (Timetable), in Georg Heym 1887–1912, Ausstellungskatalog, S. 13.
^"Mexican textile workers: from conquest to globalization", by Jeffrey Bortz, in The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650-2000 (Ashgate Publishing, 2010) pp. 346-347
^"German Second Ballots On", New York Times, January 21, 1912
^Michael Newton, The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p. 263
^Frederick R. Karl, A Reader's Guide to Joseph Conrad (Syracuse University Press, 1997) p. 236
^William L. Tung, The Political Institutions of Modern China (Springer, 1968) pp. 30-31
^Elspeth Joscelin and Grant Huxley, Scott of the Antarctic (University of Nebraska Press, 1990) p. 249
^"The Result in Germany", New York Times, January 27, 1912
^"Still Another Air Record", New York Times, January 26, 1912; Henry Villard, Contact! The Story of the Early Aviators (Courier Dover Publications, 2002) p. 183
^Woodhouse, Eiko (2004). The Chinese Hsinhai Revolution: G.E. Morrison and Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1897-1920. Routledge Curzon. p. 138.
^"Los Caños de Carmona". jaimepf.blogspot.com (in Spanish). 16 February 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
^The I.W.W.: Its First Seventy Years, Fred W. Thompson & Patrick Murfin, 1976, p. 56
^Michael S Lief, et al., Ladies And Gentlemen Of The Jury: Greatest Closing Arguments In Modern Law (Simon and Schuster, 1999) pp. 65-67
^Roald Amundsen, with Arthur G. Chater, The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the "Fram," 1910-1912 (J. Murray, 1913) p. 353