The
Agadir Crisis began at noon in
Paris, when
Germany's Ambassador to
France, the Baron von Schoen, made a surprise visit to the
French Foreign Ministry and delivered to Foreign Minister
Justin de Selves a diplomatic note, announcing that Germany had sent a warship, the gunboat
SMS Panther and troops, to occupy
Agadir, at that time a part of the protectorate of
French Morocco. The pretext was to protect German businesses and citizens in the small port, and the note ended "As soon as order and tranquility have returned to Morocco, the vessel entrusted with this protective mission will leave the port of Agadir."[1] The German infringement on French territory threatened to start a new European war.[2][3][4]
The comic strip Krazy Kat, by African-American cartoonist
George Herriman and was spun off from The Dingbat Family (which it replaced), debuts. The strip ran until Herriman's death in 1944.[8]
The
United States completed its break of diplomatic relations with
Colombia, closing the consulate general there.[9]
Turk Yurdu Cemiyet, the Association of the Turkish Homeland, was founded by
Turkish supremacistYusuf Akçura, Mehmed Emin and Ahmen Agaoglu.[12]
July 4, 1911 (Tuesday)
Third baseman
Rafael Almeida and outfielder
Armando Marsans, both natives of
Cuba, became the first Hispanic players in
Major League Baseball history, debuting in
Chicago for the
Cincinnati Reds against the
Cubs. Although the two were dark-skinned and had played for a Negro team, they avoided the ban against African-American players by producing proof that they "were of Castilian rather than Negro heritage."[13]
The record-breaking heat wave in
North America ended after five days of record high temperatures. In the first five days of July, more than 500 deaths were attributed to the heat.[17]
Died: Maria Pia of Savoy, 63, Queen Consort of Portugal 1862-1889 as the wife of King Luis I, and later Queen Dowager of Portugal until the monarchy was abolished in 1910.[citation needed]
Publisher
Charles Curtis debuted a new version of the farmers' magazine Country Gentleman, whose circulation had declined to only 2,000 paying subscribers at the time of acquisition. Within 30 years, he had increased the number of subscribers to 2,000,000. The magazine was discontinued in 1955 after being sold to the Farm Journal.[19]
An arbitration treaty between the United States and the
United Kingdom was signed.[5]
U.S. President
William H. Taft created the
Devils Postpile National Monument in
Madera County, California as federal territory after learning that mining companies were planning to demolish the area's hundreds of pillars of
columnar basalt in order to build a dam. [20] The Devils Postpile had been formed one million years earlier from volcanic lava that had cooled into columns of basalt that stood 60 feet (18 m) high. Only two other similar examples are known on Earth, the
Giant's Causeway in
Northern Ireland and
Fingal's Cave in
Scotland.[citation needed] Taft's order prevented the dynamiting of the natural wonder for use as construction material.
The city of
Burbank, California, with 500 residents, was incorporated. One century later, its population was over 100,000.[23]
U.S. Vice President
James S. Sherman, in his capacity as President of the U.S. Senate, broke a long-standing tradition in Congress of using only hand fans for cooling, by bringing the first
electric fan to the Senate Chamber. The same day, other members of Congress followed suit.[24]
Francisco I. Madero, who had won election as the
President of Mexico in 1909 as the candidate of the Partido Nacional Antirreeleccionista (the National Anti-Reelection Party) on a platform of preventing presidents from serving consecutive terms, issued a manifesto rebranding the party after having accomplished the mission of amending the
Mexican Constitution to allow presidents to serve a single six-year term. Madero's organization was renamed the
Progressive Constitutionalist Party (Partido Constitucional Progresista).[citation needed]
The leaders of France and Germany agreed to negotiate an end to the
Agadir Crisis that had arisen over the two nations' African colonies. Ultimately, Germany would recognize France's protectorate status over Morocco in return for the transfer of portions of the
French Congo to Germany's neighboring colony,
Kamerun.[citation needed]
In arbitration by
King George V,
Chile was ordered to pay $935,000 to the United States Alsop firm. Alsop had demanded $3,000,000 with interest; the $935K was paid on November 13.[25]
The
Royal Australian Navy was bestowed its name by King George V, having previously been the "Commonwealth Naval Forces."[26]
Troops from
Peru, arriving on the launch Loreto and backed up by the gunboat America, arrived at the settlement of La Pedrera, established by
Colombia on disputed territory on the
Apaporis, a tributary of the
Amazon River. Peruvian Lt. Col.
Oscar Benavides gave the Colombians an ultimatum to abandon the outpost. After a battle of two days, the Colombians surrendered, and agreements on July 15 and July 19 ended the fighting.[27]
July 11, 1911 (Tuesday)
The Federal Express, a passenger train on the
New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad running the Boston to Washington route, jumped the track at
Bridgeport at 3:35 am, killing 14 people and injured 42 more.[9]
France's Chamber of Deputies voted 476-77 to postpone further discussion of the Moroccan problem.[5]
The mining settlement of
South Porcupine, Ontario was destroyed by forest fires that swept across the province. Forest fires had broken out across
Northern Ontario, and over four days, they would kill 400 or more people.[28][29]
The Third Anglo-Japanese Agreement of Alliance was signed by the United Kingdom and
Japan, extending the date of expiry from 1915 to 1921.[34]
July 14, 1911 (Friday)
Rain began falling at
Baguio in the
Philippines and, between noon until noon the next day, broke the record for most rainfall in 24 hours (45.99 inches; 1168 mm). By the time rain ended three days later, the total amount had been 88.85 inches (2239 mm).[35] The 46 inch rainfall represented 1,350,000 gallons of water, weighing 5,400 tons, per acre.[36]
Aviator
Harry Atwood broke the record for distance traveled in an airplane, flying 576 miles from Boston to Washington, DC, where he came in for a landing on the south lawn of the
White House.[37]
Germany's Foreign Minister
Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter summoned French Ambassador
Jules Cambon to the Ministry and made the surprise demand that France cede its colony in the
French Congo to Germany as a condition of German withdrawal from Morocco.[38][39]
Turkish Troops commanded by
Edhem Pasha were ambushed by Albanian rebels at Ipek, with 200 Turks killed and wounded.[5]
The German-Japanese treaty of commerce was ratified at
Tokyo.[5]
The Armenian patriarch of
Turkey presented a list of grievances to the government, demanding improvements on education, use of the
Armenian language, the right to participate in military service, and the right to present Christians as witnesses in court proceedings in the Islamic nation. The government pledged reforms, which were blocked in the Ottoman parliament.[41]
The U.S.-Japanese treaty of Commerce and Navigation went into effect.[5]
Newspaper reporter Andre Jager-Schmidt of the Paris daily Excelsior, set off from Paris on an assignment to travel around the world more quickly than ever before. The existing record at the time was 54 days, set by James Willis Sayre in the autumn of 1903. Jager-Schmidt arrived back in Paris 39 days later on August 26.[43]
Transported with Russian help on the steamer Christoforos,
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, the deposed
Shah of Persia, landed at the
Caspian Sea port of
Astarabad with an army in an attempt to regain the throne that he had lost in 1909. The Russian-supplied guns, cannons and munitions had been packed in crates labelled "mineral water."[44]
General
Auguste Dubail of France and
Sir Henry Wilson, Field Marshal of the British Army, reached an agreement for a joint plan to mobilize 150,000 men in the event that Germany declared war on either nation. Though the Dubail-Wilson plan did not become necessary in 1911, it would be used three years later when
World War I broke out.[48][49]
The
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company was awarded the $235,000,000 contract for the construction of 87 miles of new subway and elevated train lines.[9]
David Lloyd George, the British
Chancellor of the Exchequer, gave a speech making the government's position clear, that the United Kingdom would not remain neutral, and would come to the aid of France in the event of an attack by Germany.[51]
The U.S. Senate passed the Canadian Reciprocity Bill, 53-27.[52]
Voters in
Texas defeated a referendum proposing the prohibition of the sale of liquor, 234,000 to 228,000.[50]
After returning to Persia with the help of the Russian Empire, former
ShahMohammad Ali Shah Qajar entered
Astrabad (now Gorgan, Iran), where he was welcomed by residents eager to restore him to the throne.[53]
Hiram Bingham III rediscovered the Inca Empire site of
Machu Picchu, hitherto unknown to most of the world, with the assistance of Melchor Arteaga, who guided the Bingham party up a mountain overlooking Torontoy, after directions from 8-year-old Melquiades Richarte.[55][56]
Martial law was proclaimed in
Tehran, and the National Council demanded the resignation of the Premier.[citation needed]
The British cruiser
HMS Fox captured two ships in the
Persian Gulf carrying rifles and ammunition for the former
Shah.[5]
Wilfrid Laurier, the
Prime Minister of Canada, delivered an ultimatum to Conservative members of
Parliament to either ratify the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States or to face dissolution and new elections.[58]
The cause of action in the landmark case of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co. happened near
Saratoga Springs, New York, when Donald MacPherson was severely injured when the wooden spokes of the left rear wheel of his Buick Model 10 automobile collapsed, throwing the car into a telephone pole and throwing him under the car's rear axle. MacPherson's suit led to an opinion from New York State's highest court that created product liability as a tortious action. Written by
Benjamin Cardozo, later a justice of the
United States Supreme Court, the reasoning of the 1916 decision was adopted by other states and "initiated the modern concept of consumer protection."[61]
Bobby Leach became the second person (after
Annie Edson Taylor), and the first man, to ride over
Niagara Falls in a barrel and survive.[62] Leach, who survived a 17-story plunge over a waterfall, would later suffer a fatal injury from slipping on an orange peel.[63][64]
At a fair in
Plainfield, Illinois, "Professor" Harry Darnell, a balloonist whose act featured a performance on a trapeze, lost his footing and fell 700 feet to his death.[70]
July 27, 1911 (Thursday)
French
Minister of DefenseAdolphe Messimy ordered that any officer who was "unable to ride a horse" was to retire in response to the
French Army's reluctance to retire aging or infirm generals. The order was seen as impractical and rescinded shortly after being ordered. Most of the officers remained in positions of command until being removed in August and September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I.[71]
General
Joseph Joffre was installed as the first Chief of the General Staff of the Army of France, a position that had been created to remedy the lack of a peacetime commander-in-chief of the Army.[73]
Paul Geidel, a 17-year old bellboy at the
Iroquois Hotel in New York City, was arrested after killing an elderly stockbroker, William Henry Jackson, who was a guest.[74] Geidel would remain in prison for more than 68 years, finally being released at the age of 86 from the
Fishkill Correctional Facility in
Beacon, New York on May 7, 1980.[75] His incarceration remains the longest-ever time served by an American inmate.[76]
At the age of seven months, future French novelist
Jean Genet was left by his mother at the Bureau d'Abandon de l'Hospice des Enfants-Assistes in Paris, to become a ward of the state, and was placed with a foster family the next day.[77]
Haitian troops defeated rebels in a battle at
Les Cayes.[50]
Parliament was dissolved in Canada after continued obstruction to the reciprocity bill with the United States, with an election set for September 21.[79] The Conservative Party, led by
Robert Borden and opposing reciprocity, would win a majority in the next election.[citation needed]
A bounty of $100,000 (33,000 pounds) for the capture or killing of the ex-Shah was set by the Persian government.[80]
Author
Henry James, who had been born in New York City, left the United States for the last time. James, who had alternated between Europe and North America as his residence, would become a British citizen prior to his death in 1916.[81]
Russia's ambassador to
Persia demanded the resignation of Treasurer General
W. Morgan Shuster, an American businessman who had been hired by the Iranian parliament to manage the nation's finances. Germany's minister made a similar demand the next day.[50]
Standard Oil announced its plans for breaking up the monopoly by November.[50]
References
^Raymond Poincare, The Origins of the War (Cassell and Company, 1922). p. 76.
^Lamar Cecil, Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900-1941 (UNC Press Books, 1996) p. 162.
^ Vesna Danilović, When the Stakes Are High: Deterrence and Conflict Among Major Powers (University of Michigan Press, 2002). pp. 191-192.
^ John McCain with Mark Salter, Hard Call: Great Decisions and the Extraordinary People Who Made Them (Hachette Digital, Inc., 2007).
^
abcdefghijThe Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1913). p. xi.
^Oded Lipschitz and Joseph Blenkinsopp, Judah and the Judeans in the neo-Babylonian period (Eisenbrauns, 2003). p. 453.
^Jeffrey Veidlinger, Jewish public culture in the late Russian empire (Indiana University Press, 2009). p. 135-136.
^Russell Roberts, Stolen!: A History of Base Stealing (McFarland, 1999). p. 49.
^ "Athletics Lose Batting Eyes", New York Times, July 13, 1911.
^"Wales Acclaims Its Young prince". New York Times, July 14, 1911, p. 5.
^ Sir Bernard Burke and Ashworth F. Burke, General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (Burke's Peerage Limited, 1914). p. 16.
^Robert Shadle, Historical Dictionary of the British Empire (Volume 1)(Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996). p. 61.
^Alexander McAdie, The Principles of Aërography (Rand McNally & Company, 1917). p. 214.
^Julie Mooney, Ripley's Believe It Or Not! Encyclopedia Of The Bizarre: Amazing, Strange, Inexplicable, Weird And All True! (Black Dog Publishing, 2004). p. 208.
^Peter Pigott, Sailing Seven Seas: A History of the Canadian Pacific Line (Dundurn Press Ltd., 2010). p. 42.
^Colin Grant, Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey (Oxford University Press US, 2008).
^"Balloonist Falls to Death", New York Times, July 27, 1911; David A. Belden, Will County (Arcadia Publishing, 2009). p. 40.
^Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 2003). p. 177.
^James F. Muench, Five Stars: Missouri's Most Famous Generals (University of Missouri Press, 2006). p. 107.
^Michael A. Palmer, The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859-1945 (Zenith Imprint, 2010). p. 81.
^"Young Cigarette Fiend Murderer of Rich Broker". Akron O. Beacon Journal, July 28, 1911, p. 1.
^"Man goes free after 68 years, 7 months in jail". AP report in St. Cloud (MN) Daily Times, May 9, 1980, p. 1.
^Matt DeLisi and Peter J. Conis, American Corrections: Theory, Research, Policy, and Practice (Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011). p. 100.
^Edmund White, Genet: A Biography (Random House, 1994).
^Bryan, R. (2011). Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic. Dobbs Ferry: Sheridan House. p. 269.
ISBN978-1-57409-312-4.
^"Canada Parliament Promptly Dissolved". New York Times, July 30, 1911.
^"$100,000 for Ex-Shah's Head". New York Times, July 30, 1911.
^Eric L. Haralson and Kendall Johnson, Critical Companion to Henry James: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work (Infobase Publishing, 2009). p. 13.
^James J. Flink, The Automobile Age (MIT Press, 1998). p. 65.
The
Agadir Crisis began at noon in
Paris, when
Germany's Ambassador to
France, the Baron von Schoen, made a surprise visit to the
French Foreign Ministry and delivered to Foreign Minister
Justin de Selves a diplomatic note, announcing that Germany had sent a warship, the gunboat
SMS Panther and troops, to occupy
Agadir, at that time a part of the protectorate of
French Morocco. The pretext was to protect German businesses and citizens in the small port, and the note ended "As soon as order and tranquility have returned to Morocco, the vessel entrusted with this protective mission will leave the port of Agadir."[1] The German infringement on French territory threatened to start a new European war.[2][3][4]
The comic strip Krazy Kat, by African-American cartoonist
George Herriman and was spun off from The Dingbat Family (which it replaced), debuts. The strip ran until Herriman's death in 1944.[8]
The
United States completed its break of diplomatic relations with
Colombia, closing the consulate general there.[9]
Turk Yurdu Cemiyet, the Association of the Turkish Homeland, was founded by
Turkish supremacistYusuf Akçura, Mehmed Emin and Ahmen Agaoglu.[12]
July 4, 1911 (Tuesday)
Third baseman
Rafael Almeida and outfielder
Armando Marsans, both natives of
Cuba, became the first Hispanic players in
Major League Baseball history, debuting in
Chicago for the
Cincinnati Reds against the
Cubs. Although the two were dark-skinned and had played for a Negro team, they avoided the ban against African-American players by producing proof that they "were of Castilian rather than Negro heritage."[13]
The record-breaking heat wave in
North America ended after five days of record high temperatures. In the first five days of July, more than 500 deaths were attributed to the heat.[17]
Died: Maria Pia of Savoy, 63, Queen Consort of Portugal 1862-1889 as the wife of King Luis I, and later Queen Dowager of Portugal until the monarchy was abolished in 1910.[citation needed]
Publisher
Charles Curtis debuted a new version of the farmers' magazine Country Gentleman, whose circulation had declined to only 2,000 paying subscribers at the time of acquisition. Within 30 years, he had increased the number of subscribers to 2,000,000. The magazine was discontinued in 1955 after being sold to the Farm Journal.[19]
An arbitration treaty between the United States and the
United Kingdom was signed.[5]
U.S. President
William H. Taft created the
Devils Postpile National Monument in
Madera County, California as federal territory after learning that mining companies were planning to demolish the area's hundreds of pillars of
columnar basalt in order to build a dam. [20] The Devils Postpile had been formed one million years earlier from volcanic lava that had cooled into columns of basalt that stood 60 feet (18 m) high. Only two other similar examples are known on Earth, the
Giant's Causeway in
Northern Ireland and
Fingal's Cave in
Scotland.[citation needed] Taft's order prevented the dynamiting of the natural wonder for use as construction material.
The city of
Burbank, California, with 500 residents, was incorporated. One century later, its population was over 100,000.[23]
U.S. Vice President
James S. Sherman, in his capacity as President of the U.S. Senate, broke a long-standing tradition in Congress of using only hand fans for cooling, by bringing the first
electric fan to the Senate Chamber. The same day, other members of Congress followed suit.[24]
Francisco I. Madero, who had won election as the
President of Mexico in 1909 as the candidate of the Partido Nacional Antirreeleccionista (the National Anti-Reelection Party) on a platform of preventing presidents from serving consecutive terms, issued a manifesto rebranding the party after having accomplished the mission of amending the
Mexican Constitution to allow presidents to serve a single six-year term. Madero's organization was renamed the
Progressive Constitutionalist Party (Partido Constitucional Progresista).[citation needed]
The leaders of France and Germany agreed to negotiate an end to the
Agadir Crisis that had arisen over the two nations' African colonies. Ultimately, Germany would recognize France's protectorate status over Morocco in return for the transfer of portions of the
French Congo to Germany's neighboring colony,
Kamerun.[citation needed]
In arbitration by
King George V,
Chile was ordered to pay $935,000 to the United States Alsop firm. Alsop had demanded $3,000,000 with interest; the $935K was paid on November 13.[25]
The
Royal Australian Navy was bestowed its name by King George V, having previously been the "Commonwealth Naval Forces."[26]
Troops from
Peru, arriving on the launch Loreto and backed up by the gunboat America, arrived at the settlement of La Pedrera, established by
Colombia on disputed territory on the
Apaporis, a tributary of the
Amazon River. Peruvian Lt. Col.
Oscar Benavides gave the Colombians an ultimatum to abandon the outpost. After a battle of two days, the Colombians surrendered, and agreements on July 15 and July 19 ended the fighting.[27]
July 11, 1911 (Tuesday)
The Federal Express, a passenger train on the
New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad running the Boston to Washington route, jumped the track at
Bridgeport at 3:35 am, killing 14 people and injured 42 more.[9]
France's Chamber of Deputies voted 476-77 to postpone further discussion of the Moroccan problem.[5]
The mining settlement of
South Porcupine, Ontario was destroyed by forest fires that swept across the province. Forest fires had broken out across
Northern Ontario, and over four days, they would kill 400 or more people.[28][29]
The Third Anglo-Japanese Agreement of Alliance was signed by the United Kingdom and
Japan, extending the date of expiry from 1915 to 1921.[34]
July 14, 1911 (Friday)
Rain began falling at
Baguio in the
Philippines and, between noon until noon the next day, broke the record for most rainfall in 24 hours (45.99 inches; 1168 mm). By the time rain ended three days later, the total amount had been 88.85 inches (2239 mm).[35] The 46 inch rainfall represented 1,350,000 gallons of water, weighing 5,400 tons, per acre.[36]
Aviator
Harry Atwood broke the record for distance traveled in an airplane, flying 576 miles from Boston to Washington, DC, where he came in for a landing on the south lawn of the
White House.[37]
Germany's Foreign Minister
Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter summoned French Ambassador
Jules Cambon to the Ministry and made the surprise demand that France cede its colony in the
French Congo to Germany as a condition of German withdrawal from Morocco.[38][39]
Turkish Troops commanded by
Edhem Pasha were ambushed by Albanian rebels at Ipek, with 200 Turks killed and wounded.[5]
The German-Japanese treaty of commerce was ratified at
Tokyo.[5]
The Armenian patriarch of
Turkey presented a list of grievances to the government, demanding improvements on education, use of the
Armenian language, the right to participate in military service, and the right to present Christians as witnesses in court proceedings in the Islamic nation. The government pledged reforms, which were blocked in the Ottoman parliament.[41]
The U.S.-Japanese treaty of Commerce and Navigation went into effect.[5]
Newspaper reporter Andre Jager-Schmidt of the Paris daily Excelsior, set off from Paris on an assignment to travel around the world more quickly than ever before. The existing record at the time was 54 days, set by James Willis Sayre in the autumn of 1903. Jager-Schmidt arrived back in Paris 39 days later on August 26.[43]
Transported with Russian help on the steamer Christoforos,
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, the deposed
Shah of Persia, landed at the
Caspian Sea port of
Astarabad with an army in an attempt to regain the throne that he had lost in 1909. The Russian-supplied guns, cannons and munitions had been packed in crates labelled "mineral water."[44]
General
Auguste Dubail of France and
Sir Henry Wilson, Field Marshal of the British Army, reached an agreement for a joint plan to mobilize 150,000 men in the event that Germany declared war on either nation. Though the Dubail-Wilson plan did not become necessary in 1911, it would be used three years later when
World War I broke out.[48][49]
The
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company was awarded the $235,000,000 contract for the construction of 87 miles of new subway and elevated train lines.[9]
David Lloyd George, the British
Chancellor of the Exchequer, gave a speech making the government's position clear, that the United Kingdom would not remain neutral, and would come to the aid of France in the event of an attack by Germany.[51]
The U.S. Senate passed the Canadian Reciprocity Bill, 53-27.[52]
Voters in
Texas defeated a referendum proposing the prohibition of the sale of liquor, 234,000 to 228,000.[50]
After returning to Persia with the help of the Russian Empire, former
ShahMohammad Ali Shah Qajar entered
Astrabad (now Gorgan, Iran), where he was welcomed by residents eager to restore him to the throne.[53]
Hiram Bingham III rediscovered the Inca Empire site of
Machu Picchu, hitherto unknown to most of the world, with the assistance of Melchor Arteaga, who guided the Bingham party up a mountain overlooking Torontoy, after directions from 8-year-old Melquiades Richarte.[55][56]
Martial law was proclaimed in
Tehran, and the National Council demanded the resignation of the Premier.[citation needed]
The British cruiser
HMS Fox captured two ships in the
Persian Gulf carrying rifles and ammunition for the former
Shah.[5]
Wilfrid Laurier, the
Prime Minister of Canada, delivered an ultimatum to Conservative members of
Parliament to either ratify the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States or to face dissolution and new elections.[58]
The cause of action in the landmark case of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co. happened near
Saratoga Springs, New York, when Donald MacPherson was severely injured when the wooden spokes of the left rear wheel of his Buick Model 10 automobile collapsed, throwing the car into a telephone pole and throwing him under the car's rear axle. MacPherson's suit led to an opinion from New York State's highest court that created product liability as a tortious action. Written by
Benjamin Cardozo, later a justice of the
United States Supreme Court, the reasoning of the 1916 decision was adopted by other states and "initiated the modern concept of consumer protection."[61]
Bobby Leach became the second person (after
Annie Edson Taylor), and the first man, to ride over
Niagara Falls in a barrel and survive.[62] Leach, who survived a 17-story plunge over a waterfall, would later suffer a fatal injury from slipping on an orange peel.[63][64]
At a fair in
Plainfield, Illinois, "Professor" Harry Darnell, a balloonist whose act featured a performance on a trapeze, lost his footing and fell 700 feet to his death.[70]
July 27, 1911 (Thursday)
French
Minister of DefenseAdolphe Messimy ordered that any officer who was "unable to ride a horse" was to retire in response to the
French Army's reluctance to retire aging or infirm generals. The order was seen as impractical and rescinded shortly after being ordered. Most of the officers remained in positions of command until being removed in August and September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I.[71]
General
Joseph Joffre was installed as the first Chief of the General Staff of the Army of France, a position that had been created to remedy the lack of a peacetime commander-in-chief of the Army.[73]
Paul Geidel, a 17-year old bellboy at the
Iroquois Hotel in New York City, was arrested after killing an elderly stockbroker, William Henry Jackson, who was a guest.[74] Geidel would remain in prison for more than 68 years, finally being released at the age of 86 from the
Fishkill Correctional Facility in
Beacon, New York on May 7, 1980.[75] His incarceration remains the longest-ever time served by an American inmate.[76]
At the age of seven months, future French novelist
Jean Genet was left by his mother at the Bureau d'Abandon de l'Hospice des Enfants-Assistes in Paris, to become a ward of the state, and was placed with a foster family the next day.[77]
Haitian troops defeated rebels in a battle at
Les Cayes.[50]
Parliament was dissolved in Canada after continued obstruction to the reciprocity bill with the United States, with an election set for September 21.[79] The Conservative Party, led by
Robert Borden and opposing reciprocity, would win a majority in the next election.[citation needed]
A bounty of $100,000 (33,000 pounds) for the capture or killing of the ex-Shah was set by the Persian government.[80]
Author
Henry James, who had been born in New York City, left the United States for the last time. James, who had alternated between Europe and North America as his residence, would become a British citizen prior to his death in 1916.[81]
Russia's ambassador to
Persia demanded the resignation of Treasurer General
W. Morgan Shuster, an American businessman who had been hired by the Iranian parliament to manage the nation's finances. Germany's minister made a similar demand the next day.[50]
Standard Oil announced its plans for breaking up the monopoly by November.[50]
References
^Raymond Poincare, The Origins of the War (Cassell and Company, 1922). p. 76.
^Lamar Cecil, Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900-1941 (UNC Press Books, 1996) p. 162.
^ Vesna Danilović, When the Stakes Are High: Deterrence and Conflict Among Major Powers (University of Michigan Press, 2002). pp. 191-192.
^ John McCain with Mark Salter, Hard Call: Great Decisions and the Extraordinary People Who Made Them (Hachette Digital, Inc., 2007).
^
abcdefghijThe Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1913). p. xi.
^Oded Lipschitz and Joseph Blenkinsopp, Judah and the Judeans in the neo-Babylonian period (Eisenbrauns, 2003). p. 453.
^Jeffrey Veidlinger, Jewish public culture in the late Russian empire (Indiana University Press, 2009). p. 135-136.
^Russell Roberts, Stolen!: A History of Base Stealing (McFarland, 1999). p. 49.
^ "Athletics Lose Batting Eyes", New York Times, July 13, 1911.
^"Wales Acclaims Its Young prince". New York Times, July 14, 1911, p. 5.
^ Sir Bernard Burke and Ashworth F. Burke, General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (Burke's Peerage Limited, 1914). p. 16.
^Robert Shadle, Historical Dictionary of the British Empire (Volume 1)(Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996). p. 61.
^Alexander McAdie, The Principles of Aërography (Rand McNally & Company, 1917). p. 214.
^Julie Mooney, Ripley's Believe It Or Not! Encyclopedia Of The Bizarre: Amazing, Strange, Inexplicable, Weird And All True! (Black Dog Publishing, 2004). p. 208.
^Peter Pigott, Sailing Seven Seas: A History of the Canadian Pacific Line (Dundurn Press Ltd., 2010). p. 42.
^Colin Grant, Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey (Oxford University Press US, 2008).
^"Balloonist Falls to Death", New York Times, July 27, 1911; David A. Belden, Will County (Arcadia Publishing, 2009). p. 40.
^Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 2003). p. 177.
^James F. Muench, Five Stars: Missouri's Most Famous Generals (University of Missouri Press, 2006). p. 107.
^Michael A. Palmer, The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859-1945 (Zenith Imprint, 2010). p. 81.
^"Young Cigarette Fiend Murderer of Rich Broker". Akron O. Beacon Journal, July 28, 1911, p. 1.
^"Man goes free after 68 years, 7 months in jail". AP report in St. Cloud (MN) Daily Times, May 9, 1980, p. 1.
^Matt DeLisi and Peter J. Conis, American Corrections: Theory, Research, Policy, and Practice (Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011). p. 100.
^Edmund White, Genet: A Biography (Random House, 1994).
^Bryan, R. (2011). Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic. Dobbs Ferry: Sheridan House. p. 269.
ISBN978-1-57409-312-4.
^"Canada Parliament Promptly Dissolved". New York Times, July 30, 1911.
^"$100,000 for Ex-Shah's Head". New York Times, July 30, 1911.
^Eric L. Haralson and Kendall Johnson, Critical Companion to Henry James: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work (Infobase Publishing, 2009). p. 13.
^James J. Flink, The Automobile Age (MIT Press, 1998). p. 65.