September 25, 1911: 300 killed in explosion of French battleship LibertéSeptember 30, 1911: 78 killed by damburst at Austin, PennsylvaniaSeptember 29, 1911: Italy goes to war with Turkey, invades LibyaSeptember 14, 1911: Russian Premier Stolypin assassinated
The following events occurred in September 1911:
September 1, 1911 (Friday)
Dutch aviation pioneer
Anton Fokker, whose aircraft factory would produce many of the aircraft used by Germany during
World War I, made a successful public demonstration of his very first airplane model, the
Fokker Spin. Taking off from a field near his home in the
Netherlands city of
Haarlem, he took de Spin (Dutch for "the spider"), Fokker demonstrated the Spin's maneuverability by flying a circle around the town's tallest structure, the steeple of the
Sint Bavokerk, the Church of
Saint Bavo of Ghent.
As the
Agadir Crisis continued, the Kaiser and the Chancellor departed for Kiel for a display of German naval might, a crowd of 200,000 turned out for an anti-war rally at
Treptower Park in
Berlin. Speakers from the
Social Democrats, included
August Bebel and
Karl Liebknecht, who criticized Germany's aggressive moves in Morocco.[6]
September 4, 1911 (Monday)
A
professional wrestling match at Chicago's Comiskey Park attracted a sellout crowd of 30,000 people, pitting world champion
Frank Gotch against
George Hackenschmidt, from whom Gotch had won the title on April 3, 1908. The original bout had taken 2 hours. In the rematch, Gotch kept his title, defeating Hackenschmidt in 30 minutes.[7]
Harriet Quimby won her first air race, receiving $1,500 at the Richmond County Fair on New York's Staten Island.[8]
Delray Beach, Florida, population 250, became a city after its charter was approved by the 56 voters participating.[9] A century later, the city population had grown to 65,000.[10]
France's most powerful naval fleet ever, with 50 warships, was reviewed by President
Armand Fallières at
Toulon.
Théophile Delcassé, the French Minister of the Navy, declared in a speech that "Their powder magazines are full, and all of them could be mobilized immediately."[1][11]
Reports of the
flood that would drown 200,000 people were relayed to the world by Western missionaries, after China's
Yangtze River overflowed its banks. The American Mission at
Wuhu initially reported that 100,000 people had drowned in the
Ngan-hwei (now
Anhui province) and that 95% of crops along the banks had been destroyed.[13] Follow-up reports were that the destruction extended from I-Chang (
Yichang) in the Hu-peh (
Hubei) province and down to
Shanghai for 700 miles.[14] Estimates of the number of people who died have been as high as 200,000 who drowned and another 100,000 who starved or were murdered during the subsequent famine.[15]
The day after France showed off its 50 warships, Kaiser Wilhelm II reviewed a fleet of 99 warships of the
German Navy at
Kiel. The procession, which did not include three of the four
Helgoland-class battleships, was seen by American observers as proof that Germany had displaced the United States as having the second most powerful navy in the world (after the British Navy).[1][16]
At the Battle of
Imamzadeh Ja'far, Persian troops successfully routed rebels seeking to restore the deposed Shah, Mohammed Ali Mirza, to the throne. The outcome was reported later to have been as a result of superior weapons, with the government forces using machine guns under the direction of German adviser Major Haas.[17] Rebel leader Arshad ed Dowleh was captured, and executed the next day. Seized with him was a large amount of gold used by the ex-Shah, who fled with his remaining 7 followers to Gumesh Tepe at the border.[18][19]
The first
adult literacy program in the United States, when Cora Wilson Stewart, the school superintendent in
Rowan County, Kentucky, began a program that she called the Moonlight Schools. The night classes at the county's 50 schools would take place as long as the Moon was bright enough for students to safely travel. She had expected that 150 adults might want to learn to read. Instead, 1,200 men and women signed up.[20]
September 6, 1911 (Wednesday)
Thomas W. Burgess became only the second person to swim across the
English Channel, and the first in 36 years, after
Matthew Webb had crossed on August 25, 1875. Burgess, who had failed in 15 prior attempts, arrived at
Cape Grisnez on the French coast at 9:50 a.m., 22 hours and 35 minutes after setting off from
South Foreland the day before.[21]
Recently released from prison and exiled to Vologda,
Joseph Stalin (at the time
Josif Dzhugashvili) made an illegal trip to
Saint Petersburg to link up with the Bolshevik organization. Stalin boarded a train with the identity papers of Pyotr Chizhikov, but the
Okhrana police, arrested Chizhikov and alerted the Russian capital that Stalin was on the way. Stalin was captured three days later.[22]
Katherine Cecil Thurston, 37, Irish American novelist famous for The Masquerader, died of a seizure
Armand Cochefort, 61, French chief of detectives during the
Dreyfus Affair.[1]
September 7, 1911 (Thursday)
French poet
Guillaume Apollinaire was arrested in Paris and charged with the theft of the
Mona Lisa, but released after a week.
Pablo Picasso was brought in for questioning by the police, but not detained.[23]
The first U.S. Navy aviation unit was organized, with Lt.
Theodore Gordon Ellyson as its commanding officer.[24]
Portugal assembled 12,000 troops at its northern border to fend off a monarchist invasion. Airplane reconnaissance estimated that 5,000 rebels were concentrated at
Ourense.[1][25]
Born:Todor Zhivkov, First Secretary of Bulgarian Communist Party 1954–1989, President 1971–1989; in
Pravets (d. 1998)
Died: Professor
Masuchika Shimose, 52, Japanese chemist who invented "Shimose powder", a powerful explosive successfully used in shells and torpedoes by the Japanese Imperial Navy.
September 8, 1911 (Friday)
A day after the temperature at his Antarctic camp at
Framheim rose to -7.6 °F, Norwegian explorer
Roald Amundsen, seven men and 86 dogs began the journey toward the
South Pole. Four days later, the temperature dropped to -68 °F, forcing Amundsen's return.[26]
General
John J. Pershing, serving in the
Philippines as U.S. Military Governor of the
Moro Province issued Executive Order No. 24 to disarm the
Moro residents. The rule made it unlawful for anyone in the province "to acquire, possess, or have the custody of any rifle, musket, carbine, shotgun, revolve, pistol or other deadly weapon from which a bullet, ball, shot, shell or other missile or missiles may be discharged by means of gunpowder or other explosive" and prohibited people from carrying "any bowie knife, dirk, dagger, kris, campilan, spear, or other deadly cutting or thrusting weapon, except tools used exclusively for working purposes having blades less than 15 inches in length" [27]
The collapse of the El Dorado Theatre at
Nice killed 11 construction workers.[28]
The first test of air mail service in Britain was done by an airplane flight between
Hendon Aerodrome and
Windsor.[29]
Governor
Judson Harmon of Ohio opposed Taft at a campaign speech in Boston,[1][30] and did not rule out a run for the Democratic nomination in 1912, with New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson as his running mate.[31]
Fourteen people were killed in a motorboat accident on
Lake Trasimene in Italy.[29]
Paul Goodman, American social critic; in New York City (d. 1972)
September 10, 1911 (Sunday)
The
Lakeview Gusher, which had erupted in California on
March 14, 1910, ceased as suddenly as it started, as oil stopped flowing from it in the early morning hours.[32]
`Abdu'l-Bahá, leader of the
Baháʼí Faith since 1892, gave his first lecture in the West, speaking at the City Temple in London at the request of the pastor, the Reverend John Campbell.[33]
Died:
Ed Butler, 73, St. Louis political boss and owner of a chain of blacksmith shops [1]
The
Pittsburgh Pirates, on the way from St. Louis to Cincinnati, stopped in
West Baden, Indiana, and played an exhibition game against a local African-American team, the
West Baden Sprudels. The all-white Pirates, third place in the National League at the time with a record of 76-56, lost to the all-black Sprudels, 2-1.[35]
The Bird of Paradise, a musical credited with introducing Hawaiian music to the mainland United States, was first performed.[36]
With 900,000 men on the battlefield, the German Army began the largest maneuvers in history, drilling at
Prenzlau at
Pomerania. Exceeding any war games that had ever been done, the demonstration of German military might concluded on September 13.[1][37]
The eruption of
Mount Etna in Italy sent a lava stream 2000 feet wide and four feet deep, and leaving 20,000 homeless, between
Linguaglossa and
Randazzo.[1][38]
After a ten-day voyage from England, the
Hai Chi became the first Chinese warship to visit the United States, sailing into the port of New York City. The ship, with Rear Admiral Chin Pih Kwang on board, and anchored in the Hudson River.[39]
Born:Lala Amarnath, first captain of Indian National cricket team after independence (d. 2000)
September 12, 1911 (Tuesday)
The
Viceroy of Sichuan was ordered to suppress labor unrest there and "to destroy the rebels to the last man".[1][40]
In
Imperial China, a new constitution with 19 articles was promulgated, providing for some democratic reforms, as well as the legal authority for emergency power to issue orders. The document was only in use for a month before the
Qing dynasty failed and the
Republic of China was declared.[41]
El Primer Congreso Mexicanista, with 400 Mexican American residents of Texas in attendance, was convened at
Laredo under the leadership of
Nicasio Idar to advocate civil rights for Hispanic citizens. The convention approved the formation of La Gran Liga de Beneficincia y Proteccion (The Grand League for Benefits and Protection).[44]
September 15, 1911 (Friday)
In the largest bank robbery to that time, three safecrackers broke into a branch of the Bank of Montreal in
New Westminster, British Columbia, and stole $251,161 in Canadian currency and $20,560 worth of American double eagle gold coins, with a worth in U.S. dollars of $320,000. A janitor who had happened by at 4:00 in the morning was tied up by the robbers, and the bank's caretaker did not discover the theft until two hours later. The culprits left behind another $100,000 worth of small bills and silver and escaped without notice, despite the bank being located only 25 yards away from the city police station.[45] "Australian Jack" McNamara and Charles Dean were both tried for the theft, and both acquitted, although McNamara was convicted of stealing an automobile believed to have been used as a getaway car. Bills from the robbery continued to be spotted a decade after the robbery.;[46]
U.S. President Taft finished the vacation at
Beverly, Massachusetts, that had begun on August 11. Rather than returning to the White House, he began a 15,000 mile tour of 30 of the nation's 46 states.[47] After spending three months away from Washington, D.C., Taft returned to the White House on November 12[48]
Luther L. Terry, U.S. Surgeon General, 1961–1965, whose 1964 report on cigarette smoking was the first American acknowledgment of the link between tobacco and lung cancer; in
Red Level, Alabama (d. 1985)
Died:Iwisaki Kimi, 9, subject of the Japanese children's song "The Girl in Red Shoes". Adopted by American missionary Charles Huit at the age of 3, she was abandoned to a church orphanage in
Azabu-Juban when the Huits returned to the U.S., because she had tuberculosis. Statues of Kimi were erected in several sites in Japan after her story was retold in 1973, including one at Azabu-Juban.[49]
September 16, 1911 (Saturday)
Ten auto race fans were killed, and 13 others seriously injured in
Syracuse, New York, when a car driven by Lee Oldfield, brother of
Barney Oldfield blew a tire, went out of control at the New York State Fair and crashed through a fence. President Taft, a guest at the fair, had left only a few minutes earlier.[50]
Edward Whymper, 71, English mountaineer who became, on July 14, 1865, the first man to climb the
Matterhorn
Édouard de Nieuport, 36, French aircraft pilot and designer; in a plane crash
September 17, 1911 (Sunday)
Calbraith Perry Rodgers took off from the airstrip at
Sheepshead Bay near New York City with the goal of winning the $50,000
Hearst Transcontinental Prize for the first person to fly across the United States in an airplane within 30 days and before October 10, 1911. Sponsored by the Armour Company and flying the Vin Fiz, Rodgers made 69 landings, including 19 crashes. When the deadline for the prize expired on October 10, he had only reached
Marshall, Missouri, but he continued until landing in
Pasadena on November 5, 1911, having covered 4,231 miles in 49 days.[51]
The value of reconnaissance by airplane was first demonstrated to the
French Army, conducted for the Grand Quartier General of the French Army, as Captain Eteve and Captain Pichot-Duclas flew from
Verdun to
Etraye and
Romagne and provided in-depth information of their observations.[53]
Died:Pyotr Stolypin, 49, Prime Minister of Russia, four days after being shot by assassins
September 19, 1911 (Tuesday)
Labor unions across Spain called for a walkout, and martial law was proclaimed.[1]
The massive White Star ocean liner RMS Olympic collided with the British cruiser
HMS Hawke at the
Solent, the narrow strait near Southampton, and was badly damaged.[54] The captain of the Olympic was
Edward J. Smith, who would later be assigned to the White Star liner
RMS Titanic, and who died after that ship sank after hitting an
iceberg on its maiden voyage on April 15, 1912. The
White Star Line was successfully sued for damages to the Hawke after investigators determined that the Olympic had failed to yield the right of way to the smaller ship. In repairing the Olympic, the White Star Line delayed the completion and scheduled March 20, 1912, maiden voyage of the Titanic by 20 days.[55] One historian speculated later that, "If the Hawke and the Olympic had never met, neither would the iceberg and the Titanic."[56]
Died:Anna Parnell, 59, Irish political journalist, drowned while swimming at the English seaside resort of
Ilfracombe
September 21, 1911 (Thursday)
New Canadian Premier Borden
In
elections in Canada, Prime Minister
Wilfrid Laurier was swept out of office and his Liberal Party lost its 133-85 majority in the 221 seat
House of Commons. The Conservative Party, led by
Robert Borden, picked up 47 seats for a 132-85 advantage, as voters made it clear that they did not support the proposal for full trade reciprocity with the United States.[57][58]
Chinese troops relieved the besieged city of
Chengdu and found that no foreigners had been harmed.[59]
Died: Ahmed Arabi Pasha, 70, exiled Egyptian rebel leader of the 1881 rebellion against British rule
September 22, 1911 (Friday)
Cy Young pitched his 511th and final win, leading the
Boston Rustlers (who would be renamed the Boston Braves in 1912) to a 1-0 while visiting the
Pittsburgh Pirates. The 511 wins is a record that remains unapproached a century later.[60]Walter Johnson is second with 417 career wins, and the career record for a pitcher active in 2011 was around 200 for
Tim Wakefield. Young pitched two more games in 1911, finishing with 313 losses, also a record.
September 23, 1911 (Saturday)
In the first major demonstration by Protestant Irishmen against "Home Rule" and the separation of all of Ireland from the United Kingdom,
Edward Carson led the march of 50,000 Unionists in Northern Ireland from
Belfast to Craigavon, the home of
James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon, and addressed the crowd, declaring, "We must be prepared.. the morning Home Rule passes, ourselves to become responsible for the government of the Protestant Province of Ulster."[61]
The Argentine battleship
ARA Moreno, joining the Rivadavia as larger than any other warship in the world, was launched from a shipyard in
Camden, New Jersey.[62]
Jack Donaldson of Australia, nicknamed "The Blue Streak" ran 130 yards in 12 seconds in a foot race against American challenger C.E. "Bullet" Holway, setting a new world record.[63]
Thirteen people were killed, and eight seriously injured, when a train struck a group of people on a hayride at
Neenah, Wisconsin. The group had been returning to
Menasha from a late night wedding anniversary celebration in a fog, when it was struck by the No. 121 train of the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. The crossing, whose view was blocked by a billboard, had been the scene of several other fatal accidents in the previous eight years.[66]
As war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire appeared imminent,
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Army's General Staff, sent a proposal to the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister
Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal, proposing that Austria attack Italy or conquer the Balkan territories.[67]
The
French battleship Liberté exploded at anchor in
Toulon, France, killing 235 on the ship and another 65 on other ships, in the worst disaster to have hit the French Navy. At 4:00 in the morning, a fire broke out on the ship, and at 5:35 it reached magazines of gunpowder. The largest blast happened at 5:53.[68]
Died:Dmitri Bogrov, 24, who had fatally wounded Premier Stolypin on September 14, was hanged
September 26, 1911 (Tuesday)
The government of Italy prepared an ultimatum and
threat of war to Turkey, demanding cession of the Ottoman Empire's North African territory in modern-day
Libya, on grounds that Muslim fanatics in
Tripoli were endangering Italian lives. Because Germany had been attempting to mediate the crisis between the two kingdoms, delivery of the ultimatum was held off for two days.[70]
The
Italo-Turkish War commenced as Italy's ultimatum served upon Turkish Grand Vizier
Ibrahim Hakki Pasha at noon by
Giacomo De Martino, the Italian Chargé d'affaires at
Constantinople after negotiations by Baron Marschall von Bieberstein, the German Ambassador, had failed, giving Turkey 24 hours to give up Libya or to go to war.[72]
Five days after the appeal in
Belfast by Edward Carson, "Ulster Day" was set aside for residents of the Irish province to sign a covenant to resist rule from Dublin in the event that Ireland was granted Home Rule. The pledge was signed by 237,368 men and 234,046 women.[61]
September 29, 1911 (Friday)
After its ultimatum to Turkey expired at noon, the Italian destroyer Garibaldino sailed into the harbor at
Tripoli, and an officer from the ship approached the commander of the Turkish Army to formally demand the city's surrender, which was refused. At 2:30 pm, Italy declared war on
Ottoman Empire after Turkey declined to surrender Tripoli.[73] Having failed to prepare Turkey for war, Grand Vizier Hakkı Pasha resigned and was succeeded by
Mehmed Said Pasha.[58][74] The landing of Italian troops took place simultaneously at
Tripoli,
Benghazi,
Derna and
Tobruk, "accompanied by the first air raids in history, with the pilots of early biplanes flying low over their targets and lobbing small bombs out by hand" [75] Within a year, Libya would become a
protectorate of Italy.
A concrete dam, maintained by the Bayless Pulp and Paper Mill, burst at 2:30 in the afternoon, sending 4,500,000 gallons of water through the town of
Austin, Pennsylvania, and the smaller localities of Costello and Wharton. Officially, 78 people were killed, although the initial estimate of death was almost 1,000.[76]`
The U.S. Army became the first army in the world to make vaccinations against
typhoid mandatory. Within 9 months, the whole army had been immunized against typhoid.[77]
^"Berlin Anti-War Protest", New York Times, September 4, 1911; "Berlin, 1871-1920", by Dick Geary, in Radical Cultures and Local Identities (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010) p16; Jay Brunhouse, Maverick Guide to Berlin (Pelican Publishing, 2007) p300
^"Gotch, Frank Alvin", in The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa (University of Iowa Press, 2009) p194; "Gotch Champion Wrestler of World", New York Times, September 5, 1911
^Margo McLoone, Jacquelyn L. Beyer, Women Explorers of the Air: Harriet Quimby, Bessie Coleman, Amelia Earhart, Beryl Markham, Jacqueline Cochran (Capstone Press, 1999) p13; "Girl Flies by Night at Richmond Fair", New York Times, September 5, 1911
^William E. McGoun, Southeast Florida pioneers: the palm and treasure coasts (Pineapple Press Inc, 1998) p64
^"Floods, Famines, Revolts in China", New York Times, September 6, 1911
^Stephen J. Spignesi, The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time (Citadel Press, Nov 1, 2002) pp35-36
^"Kaiser Reviews His Fleet— Experts Believe Germany Is Now World's Second Naval Power", New York Times, September 6, 1911
^"Machine guns Won Battle", New York Times, September 9, 1911
^"Persian Rebel Leader Executed", New York Times, September 7, 1911 "Ex-Shah in Full Flight", New York Times, September 13, 1911
^Edward G. Browne, The Press and Poetry of Modern Persia (Kalimat Press, 1983) p248; Steven R. Ward, Immortal: A Military History of Iran and its Armed Forces (Georgetown University Press, 2009) p104
^Carol Crowe-Carraco, Women Who Made a Difference (University Press of Kentucky, 1989) p38; William A. Link, The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880–1930 (UNC Press Books, 1997) pp138-140
^"Burgess Swims English Channel", New York Times, September 8, 1911; Glenn Stout, Young Woman and the Sea: How Trudy Ederle Conquered the English Channel and Inspired the World (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009;
"Thomas William Burgess"Archived 2015-09-24 at the
Wayback Machine, Rotherhamweb.co.UK]
^Roman Brackman, The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life (Taylor & Francis, 2003) p66
^Eric Hanson, A Book of Ages: An Eccentric Miscellany of Great and Offbeat Moments in the Lives of the Famous and Infamous, Ages 1 to 100 (Random House, 2010)
^Walter J. Boyne, Air Warfare: an International Encyclopedia: M-Z (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p193
^"Portugal Menaced by Royalist Army", New York Times, September 11, 1911
^
Paul Simpson-Housley, Antarctica: exploration, perception, and metaphor (Routledge, 1992) p26
^Arthur Stanwood Pier, American apostles to the Philippines (Ayer Publishing, 1971) p122
^"Nice Restaurant Crash Kills Eleven", New York Times, September 9, 1911
^
abcThe Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1913) p xi
^"Harmon Criticises Taft's Tariff Stand", New York Times, September 10, 1911
^"Harmon and Wilson Boomed for 1912", New York Times, September 16, 1911
^W. O. Durham, From Kittyhawk to the Moon: The Life, Times and Heritage of a Texas Oilman (Vantage Press, Inc, 2007) p315; "LAKEVIEW GUSHER STOPS FLOWING", Bakersfield Californian, September 11, 1911, p1
^Jack McLean and Anthony A. Lee, Revisioning the Sacred: New Perspectives on a Baháʼí Theology (Kalimat Press, 1997) p xviii; K. Paul Johnson, Initiates of Theosophical Masters (SUNY Press, 1995) p98
^
Paul Debono, The Indianapolis ABCs: History of a Premier Team in the Negro Leagues (McFarland, 1997) p33; "Still Josh Keene About His Defeat", Pittsburgh Press, September 13, 1911, p20
^Charles Hiroshi Garrett, Struggling to Define a Nation: American Music and the Twentieth Century (University of California Press, 2008) p178
^"900,000 Under Arms", New York Times, September 10, 1911
^"Havoc from Etna Volcano", New York Times, September 13, 1911
^"Chinese Cruiser Welcomed to Port", New York Times, September 12, 1911
^"General Rebellion Is Feared in China", New York Times, September 13, 1911
^Shao-chuan Leng, ed., Coping with Crises: How Governments Deal with Emergencies (University Press of America, 1990) p175
^Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, Military innovation in the interwar period (Cambridge University Press, 1998) p175
^"Stolypin Shot; Czar Present", New York Times, September 15, 1911
^"Idar, Nicasio" in Matt S. Meier and Margo Gutiérrez, Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p113
^"Stolen Money in Circulation- After More Than 10 Years, Loot From New Westminster Bank Shows Up", Spokane Daily Chronicle, February 23, 1922, p2; Fred Thirkell and Bob Scullion, Philip Timms' Vancouver: 1900–1910 (Heritage House Publishing Co, 2006) p163
^"Taft Holiday Near End", New York Times, September 12, 1911
^"President Taft Ends His 15,000 Mile Tour", New York Times, November 12, 1911
^Jay Navok-Rudranath, Warriors of Legend: Reflections of Japan in Sailor Moon (Booksurge Llc, 2005) p40
^"9 Die, 14 Hurt at Auto Race", New York Times, September 17, 1911 ; "Auto Race Dead Now Number Ten", New York Times, September 18, 1911
^Fred Culick and Spencer Dunmore, On Great White Wings: The Wright Brothers and the Race for Flight (Hyperion, 2001) pp151-153
^Benjamin B. Cohen, Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan, 1850–1948 (Macmillan, 2007) p81
^"Olympic Hit by a Cruiser; Badly Damaged", New York Times, September 21, 1911
^Richard Howells, The Myth of the Titanic (Palgrave Macmillan, 1999) pp19-20; Bill Fawcett and Brian Thomsen, eds., You Did What?: Mad Plans and Great Historical Disasters (HarperCollins, 2004)
^Steve Turner, The Band That Played on: The Extraordinary Story of the 8 Musicians Who Went Down With the Titanic (Thomas Nelson Inc, 2011) pp86-89
^Ross King, Defiant Spirits: The Modernist Revolution of the Group of Seven (Douglas & McIntyre, 2010); "Reciprocity Thrown out by Canadians", New York Times, September 22, 1911
^
abc"Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (November 1911), pp543-546
^"Cheng-Tu Relieved", New York Times, September 22, 1911
^Rich Westcott, Winningest Pitchers: Baseball's 300-game Winners (Temple University Press, 2002) p56; "Old Cy Young Whitewashes Buccaneers", Pittsburgh Press, September 23, 1911, p8
^
abJohn Plowright, The Routledge Dictionary of Modern British History (Taylor & Francis, 2006) p52-53
^"Moreno Launched For Argentine Navy", New York Times, September 24, 1911
^Edward S. Sears, Running through the Ages (McFarland, 2001) p170
^"Charles Battell Loomis Dead— Humorist and Author Dies in Hartford, Conn., Hospital of Cancer of the Stomach", Chicago Sunday Tribune, September 24, 1911, p. 2
^"13 Dead, 8 Injured as Train Hits Wagon", New York Times, September 25, 1911
^Luciano Monzali, The Italians of Dalmatia: From Italian Unification to World War I (University of Toronto Press, 2009) p280
^"The Liberte Is Blown Up; Over 350 Dead", New York Times, September 26, 1911
^Hank Moore, Houston Legends: History and Heritage of Dynamic Global Capitol (Morgan James Publishing, 2015) p97
^"Italy's Ultimatum", New York Times, September 27, 1911
^"Sweden", in The Britannica Year-Book 1913, p1143; "Swedish Cabinet Resigns", New York Times, October 1, 1911
September 25, 1911: 300 killed in explosion of French battleship LibertéSeptember 30, 1911: 78 killed by damburst at Austin, PennsylvaniaSeptember 29, 1911: Italy goes to war with Turkey, invades LibyaSeptember 14, 1911: Russian Premier Stolypin assassinated
The following events occurred in September 1911:
September 1, 1911 (Friday)
Dutch aviation pioneer
Anton Fokker, whose aircraft factory would produce many of the aircraft used by Germany during
World War I, made a successful public demonstration of his very first airplane model, the
Fokker Spin. Taking off from a field near his home in the
Netherlands city of
Haarlem, he took de Spin (Dutch for "the spider"), Fokker demonstrated the Spin's maneuverability by flying a circle around the town's tallest structure, the steeple of the
Sint Bavokerk, the Church of
Saint Bavo of Ghent.
As the
Agadir Crisis continued, the Kaiser and the Chancellor departed for Kiel for a display of German naval might, a crowd of 200,000 turned out for an anti-war rally at
Treptower Park in
Berlin. Speakers from the
Social Democrats, included
August Bebel and
Karl Liebknecht, who criticized Germany's aggressive moves in Morocco.[6]
September 4, 1911 (Monday)
A
professional wrestling match at Chicago's Comiskey Park attracted a sellout crowd of 30,000 people, pitting world champion
Frank Gotch against
George Hackenschmidt, from whom Gotch had won the title on April 3, 1908. The original bout had taken 2 hours. In the rematch, Gotch kept his title, defeating Hackenschmidt in 30 minutes.[7]
Harriet Quimby won her first air race, receiving $1,500 at the Richmond County Fair on New York's Staten Island.[8]
Delray Beach, Florida, population 250, became a city after its charter was approved by the 56 voters participating.[9] A century later, the city population had grown to 65,000.[10]
France's most powerful naval fleet ever, with 50 warships, was reviewed by President
Armand Fallières at
Toulon.
Théophile Delcassé, the French Minister of the Navy, declared in a speech that "Their powder magazines are full, and all of them could be mobilized immediately."[1][11]
Reports of the
flood that would drown 200,000 people were relayed to the world by Western missionaries, after China's
Yangtze River overflowed its banks. The American Mission at
Wuhu initially reported that 100,000 people had drowned in the
Ngan-hwei (now
Anhui province) and that 95% of crops along the banks had been destroyed.[13] Follow-up reports were that the destruction extended from I-Chang (
Yichang) in the Hu-peh (
Hubei) province and down to
Shanghai for 700 miles.[14] Estimates of the number of people who died have been as high as 200,000 who drowned and another 100,000 who starved or were murdered during the subsequent famine.[15]
The day after France showed off its 50 warships, Kaiser Wilhelm II reviewed a fleet of 99 warships of the
German Navy at
Kiel. The procession, which did not include three of the four
Helgoland-class battleships, was seen by American observers as proof that Germany had displaced the United States as having the second most powerful navy in the world (after the British Navy).[1][16]
At the Battle of
Imamzadeh Ja'far, Persian troops successfully routed rebels seeking to restore the deposed Shah, Mohammed Ali Mirza, to the throne. The outcome was reported later to have been as a result of superior weapons, with the government forces using machine guns under the direction of German adviser Major Haas.[17] Rebel leader Arshad ed Dowleh was captured, and executed the next day. Seized with him was a large amount of gold used by the ex-Shah, who fled with his remaining 7 followers to Gumesh Tepe at the border.[18][19]
The first
adult literacy program in the United States, when Cora Wilson Stewart, the school superintendent in
Rowan County, Kentucky, began a program that she called the Moonlight Schools. The night classes at the county's 50 schools would take place as long as the Moon was bright enough for students to safely travel. She had expected that 150 adults might want to learn to read. Instead, 1,200 men and women signed up.[20]
September 6, 1911 (Wednesday)
Thomas W. Burgess became only the second person to swim across the
English Channel, and the first in 36 years, after
Matthew Webb had crossed on August 25, 1875. Burgess, who had failed in 15 prior attempts, arrived at
Cape Grisnez on the French coast at 9:50 a.m., 22 hours and 35 minutes after setting off from
South Foreland the day before.[21]
Recently released from prison and exiled to Vologda,
Joseph Stalin (at the time
Josif Dzhugashvili) made an illegal trip to
Saint Petersburg to link up with the Bolshevik organization. Stalin boarded a train with the identity papers of Pyotr Chizhikov, but the
Okhrana police, arrested Chizhikov and alerted the Russian capital that Stalin was on the way. Stalin was captured three days later.[22]
Katherine Cecil Thurston, 37, Irish American novelist famous for The Masquerader, died of a seizure
Armand Cochefort, 61, French chief of detectives during the
Dreyfus Affair.[1]
September 7, 1911 (Thursday)
French poet
Guillaume Apollinaire was arrested in Paris and charged with the theft of the
Mona Lisa, but released after a week.
Pablo Picasso was brought in for questioning by the police, but not detained.[23]
The first U.S. Navy aviation unit was organized, with Lt.
Theodore Gordon Ellyson as its commanding officer.[24]
Portugal assembled 12,000 troops at its northern border to fend off a monarchist invasion. Airplane reconnaissance estimated that 5,000 rebels were concentrated at
Ourense.[1][25]
Born:Todor Zhivkov, First Secretary of Bulgarian Communist Party 1954–1989, President 1971–1989; in
Pravets (d. 1998)
Died: Professor
Masuchika Shimose, 52, Japanese chemist who invented "Shimose powder", a powerful explosive successfully used in shells and torpedoes by the Japanese Imperial Navy.
September 8, 1911 (Friday)
A day after the temperature at his Antarctic camp at
Framheim rose to -7.6 °F, Norwegian explorer
Roald Amundsen, seven men and 86 dogs began the journey toward the
South Pole. Four days later, the temperature dropped to -68 °F, forcing Amundsen's return.[26]
General
John J. Pershing, serving in the
Philippines as U.S. Military Governor of the
Moro Province issued Executive Order No. 24 to disarm the
Moro residents. The rule made it unlawful for anyone in the province "to acquire, possess, or have the custody of any rifle, musket, carbine, shotgun, revolve, pistol or other deadly weapon from which a bullet, ball, shot, shell or other missile or missiles may be discharged by means of gunpowder or other explosive" and prohibited people from carrying "any bowie knife, dirk, dagger, kris, campilan, spear, or other deadly cutting or thrusting weapon, except tools used exclusively for working purposes having blades less than 15 inches in length" [27]
The collapse of the El Dorado Theatre at
Nice killed 11 construction workers.[28]
The first test of air mail service in Britain was done by an airplane flight between
Hendon Aerodrome and
Windsor.[29]
Governor
Judson Harmon of Ohio opposed Taft at a campaign speech in Boston,[1][30] and did not rule out a run for the Democratic nomination in 1912, with New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson as his running mate.[31]
Fourteen people were killed in a motorboat accident on
Lake Trasimene in Italy.[29]
Paul Goodman, American social critic; in New York City (d. 1972)
September 10, 1911 (Sunday)
The
Lakeview Gusher, which had erupted in California on
March 14, 1910, ceased as suddenly as it started, as oil stopped flowing from it in the early morning hours.[32]
`Abdu'l-Bahá, leader of the
Baháʼí Faith since 1892, gave his first lecture in the West, speaking at the City Temple in London at the request of the pastor, the Reverend John Campbell.[33]
Died:
Ed Butler, 73, St. Louis political boss and owner of a chain of blacksmith shops [1]
The
Pittsburgh Pirates, on the way from St. Louis to Cincinnati, stopped in
West Baden, Indiana, and played an exhibition game against a local African-American team, the
West Baden Sprudels. The all-white Pirates, third place in the National League at the time with a record of 76-56, lost to the all-black Sprudels, 2-1.[35]
The Bird of Paradise, a musical credited with introducing Hawaiian music to the mainland United States, was first performed.[36]
With 900,000 men on the battlefield, the German Army began the largest maneuvers in history, drilling at
Prenzlau at
Pomerania. Exceeding any war games that had ever been done, the demonstration of German military might concluded on September 13.[1][37]
The eruption of
Mount Etna in Italy sent a lava stream 2000 feet wide and four feet deep, and leaving 20,000 homeless, between
Linguaglossa and
Randazzo.[1][38]
After a ten-day voyage from England, the
Hai Chi became the first Chinese warship to visit the United States, sailing into the port of New York City. The ship, with Rear Admiral Chin Pih Kwang on board, and anchored in the Hudson River.[39]
Born:Lala Amarnath, first captain of Indian National cricket team after independence (d. 2000)
September 12, 1911 (Tuesday)
The
Viceroy of Sichuan was ordered to suppress labor unrest there and "to destroy the rebels to the last man".[1][40]
In
Imperial China, a new constitution with 19 articles was promulgated, providing for some democratic reforms, as well as the legal authority for emergency power to issue orders. The document was only in use for a month before the
Qing dynasty failed and the
Republic of China was declared.[41]
El Primer Congreso Mexicanista, with 400 Mexican American residents of Texas in attendance, was convened at
Laredo under the leadership of
Nicasio Idar to advocate civil rights for Hispanic citizens. The convention approved the formation of La Gran Liga de Beneficincia y Proteccion (The Grand League for Benefits and Protection).[44]
September 15, 1911 (Friday)
In the largest bank robbery to that time, three safecrackers broke into a branch of the Bank of Montreal in
New Westminster, British Columbia, and stole $251,161 in Canadian currency and $20,560 worth of American double eagle gold coins, with a worth in U.S. dollars of $320,000. A janitor who had happened by at 4:00 in the morning was tied up by the robbers, and the bank's caretaker did not discover the theft until two hours later. The culprits left behind another $100,000 worth of small bills and silver and escaped without notice, despite the bank being located only 25 yards away from the city police station.[45] "Australian Jack" McNamara and Charles Dean were both tried for the theft, and both acquitted, although McNamara was convicted of stealing an automobile believed to have been used as a getaway car. Bills from the robbery continued to be spotted a decade after the robbery.;[46]
U.S. President Taft finished the vacation at
Beverly, Massachusetts, that had begun on August 11. Rather than returning to the White House, he began a 15,000 mile tour of 30 of the nation's 46 states.[47] After spending three months away from Washington, D.C., Taft returned to the White House on November 12[48]
Luther L. Terry, U.S. Surgeon General, 1961–1965, whose 1964 report on cigarette smoking was the first American acknowledgment of the link between tobacco and lung cancer; in
Red Level, Alabama (d. 1985)
Died:Iwisaki Kimi, 9, subject of the Japanese children's song "The Girl in Red Shoes". Adopted by American missionary Charles Huit at the age of 3, she was abandoned to a church orphanage in
Azabu-Juban when the Huits returned to the U.S., because she had tuberculosis. Statues of Kimi were erected in several sites in Japan after her story was retold in 1973, including one at Azabu-Juban.[49]
September 16, 1911 (Saturday)
Ten auto race fans were killed, and 13 others seriously injured in
Syracuse, New York, when a car driven by Lee Oldfield, brother of
Barney Oldfield blew a tire, went out of control at the New York State Fair and crashed through a fence. President Taft, a guest at the fair, had left only a few minutes earlier.[50]
Edward Whymper, 71, English mountaineer who became, on July 14, 1865, the first man to climb the
Matterhorn
Édouard de Nieuport, 36, French aircraft pilot and designer; in a plane crash
September 17, 1911 (Sunday)
Calbraith Perry Rodgers took off from the airstrip at
Sheepshead Bay near New York City with the goal of winning the $50,000
Hearst Transcontinental Prize for the first person to fly across the United States in an airplane within 30 days and before October 10, 1911. Sponsored by the Armour Company and flying the Vin Fiz, Rodgers made 69 landings, including 19 crashes. When the deadline for the prize expired on October 10, he had only reached
Marshall, Missouri, but he continued until landing in
Pasadena on November 5, 1911, having covered 4,231 miles in 49 days.[51]
The value of reconnaissance by airplane was first demonstrated to the
French Army, conducted for the Grand Quartier General of the French Army, as Captain Eteve and Captain Pichot-Duclas flew from
Verdun to
Etraye and
Romagne and provided in-depth information of their observations.[53]
Died:Pyotr Stolypin, 49, Prime Minister of Russia, four days after being shot by assassins
September 19, 1911 (Tuesday)
Labor unions across Spain called for a walkout, and martial law was proclaimed.[1]
The massive White Star ocean liner RMS Olympic collided with the British cruiser
HMS Hawke at the
Solent, the narrow strait near Southampton, and was badly damaged.[54] The captain of the Olympic was
Edward J. Smith, who would later be assigned to the White Star liner
RMS Titanic, and who died after that ship sank after hitting an
iceberg on its maiden voyage on April 15, 1912. The
White Star Line was successfully sued for damages to the Hawke after investigators determined that the Olympic had failed to yield the right of way to the smaller ship. In repairing the Olympic, the White Star Line delayed the completion and scheduled March 20, 1912, maiden voyage of the Titanic by 20 days.[55] One historian speculated later that, "If the Hawke and the Olympic had never met, neither would the iceberg and the Titanic."[56]
Died:Anna Parnell, 59, Irish political journalist, drowned while swimming at the English seaside resort of
Ilfracombe
September 21, 1911 (Thursday)
New Canadian Premier Borden
In
elections in Canada, Prime Minister
Wilfrid Laurier was swept out of office and his Liberal Party lost its 133-85 majority in the 221 seat
House of Commons. The Conservative Party, led by
Robert Borden, picked up 47 seats for a 132-85 advantage, as voters made it clear that they did not support the proposal for full trade reciprocity with the United States.[57][58]
Chinese troops relieved the besieged city of
Chengdu and found that no foreigners had been harmed.[59]
Died: Ahmed Arabi Pasha, 70, exiled Egyptian rebel leader of the 1881 rebellion against British rule
September 22, 1911 (Friday)
Cy Young pitched his 511th and final win, leading the
Boston Rustlers (who would be renamed the Boston Braves in 1912) to a 1-0 while visiting the
Pittsburgh Pirates. The 511 wins is a record that remains unapproached a century later.[60]Walter Johnson is second with 417 career wins, and the career record for a pitcher active in 2011 was around 200 for
Tim Wakefield. Young pitched two more games in 1911, finishing with 313 losses, also a record.
September 23, 1911 (Saturday)
In the first major demonstration by Protestant Irishmen against "Home Rule" and the separation of all of Ireland from the United Kingdom,
Edward Carson led the march of 50,000 Unionists in Northern Ireland from
Belfast to Craigavon, the home of
James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon, and addressed the crowd, declaring, "We must be prepared.. the morning Home Rule passes, ourselves to become responsible for the government of the Protestant Province of Ulster."[61]
The Argentine battleship
ARA Moreno, joining the Rivadavia as larger than any other warship in the world, was launched from a shipyard in
Camden, New Jersey.[62]
Jack Donaldson of Australia, nicknamed "The Blue Streak" ran 130 yards in 12 seconds in a foot race against American challenger C.E. "Bullet" Holway, setting a new world record.[63]
Thirteen people were killed, and eight seriously injured, when a train struck a group of people on a hayride at
Neenah, Wisconsin. The group had been returning to
Menasha from a late night wedding anniversary celebration in a fog, when it was struck by the No. 121 train of the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. The crossing, whose view was blocked by a billboard, had been the scene of several other fatal accidents in the previous eight years.[66]
As war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire appeared imminent,
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Army's General Staff, sent a proposal to the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister
Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal, proposing that Austria attack Italy or conquer the Balkan territories.[67]
The
French battleship Liberté exploded at anchor in
Toulon, France, killing 235 on the ship and another 65 on other ships, in the worst disaster to have hit the French Navy. At 4:00 in the morning, a fire broke out on the ship, and at 5:35 it reached magazines of gunpowder. The largest blast happened at 5:53.[68]
Died:Dmitri Bogrov, 24, who had fatally wounded Premier Stolypin on September 14, was hanged
September 26, 1911 (Tuesday)
The government of Italy prepared an ultimatum and
threat of war to Turkey, demanding cession of the Ottoman Empire's North African territory in modern-day
Libya, on grounds that Muslim fanatics in
Tripoli were endangering Italian lives. Because Germany had been attempting to mediate the crisis between the two kingdoms, delivery of the ultimatum was held off for two days.[70]
The
Italo-Turkish War commenced as Italy's ultimatum served upon Turkish Grand Vizier
Ibrahim Hakki Pasha at noon by
Giacomo De Martino, the Italian Chargé d'affaires at
Constantinople after negotiations by Baron Marschall von Bieberstein, the German Ambassador, had failed, giving Turkey 24 hours to give up Libya or to go to war.[72]
Five days after the appeal in
Belfast by Edward Carson, "Ulster Day" was set aside for residents of the Irish province to sign a covenant to resist rule from Dublin in the event that Ireland was granted Home Rule. The pledge was signed by 237,368 men and 234,046 women.[61]
September 29, 1911 (Friday)
After its ultimatum to Turkey expired at noon, the Italian destroyer Garibaldino sailed into the harbor at
Tripoli, and an officer from the ship approached the commander of the Turkish Army to formally demand the city's surrender, which was refused. At 2:30 pm, Italy declared war on
Ottoman Empire after Turkey declined to surrender Tripoli.[73] Having failed to prepare Turkey for war, Grand Vizier Hakkı Pasha resigned and was succeeded by
Mehmed Said Pasha.[58][74] The landing of Italian troops took place simultaneously at
Tripoli,
Benghazi,
Derna and
Tobruk, "accompanied by the first air raids in history, with the pilots of early biplanes flying low over their targets and lobbing small bombs out by hand" [75] Within a year, Libya would become a
protectorate of Italy.
A concrete dam, maintained by the Bayless Pulp and Paper Mill, burst at 2:30 in the afternoon, sending 4,500,000 gallons of water through the town of
Austin, Pennsylvania, and the smaller localities of Costello and Wharton. Officially, 78 people were killed, although the initial estimate of death was almost 1,000.[76]`
The U.S. Army became the first army in the world to make vaccinations against
typhoid mandatory. Within 9 months, the whole army had been immunized against typhoid.[77]
^"Berlin Anti-War Protest", New York Times, September 4, 1911; "Berlin, 1871-1920", by Dick Geary, in Radical Cultures and Local Identities (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010) p16; Jay Brunhouse, Maverick Guide to Berlin (Pelican Publishing, 2007) p300
^"Gotch, Frank Alvin", in The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa (University of Iowa Press, 2009) p194; "Gotch Champion Wrestler of World", New York Times, September 5, 1911
^Margo McLoone, Jacquelyn L. Beyer, Women Explorers of the Air: Harriet Quimby, Bessie Coleman, Amelia Earhart, Beryl Markham, Jacqueline Cochran (Capstone Press, 1999) p13; "Girl Flies by Night at Richmond Fair", New York Times, September 5, 1911
^William E. McGoun, Southeast Florida pioneers: the palm and treasure coasts (Pineapple Press Inc, 1998) p64
^"Floods, Famines, Revolts in China", New York Times, September 6, 1911
^Stephen J. Spignesi, The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time (Citadel Press, Nov 1, 2002) pp35-36
^"Kaiser Reviews His Fleet— Experts Believe Germany Is Now World's Second Naval Power", New York Times, September 6, 1911
^"Machine guns Won Battle", New York Times, September 9, 1911
^"Persian Rebel Leader Executed", New York Times, September 7, 1911 "Ex-Shah in Full Flight", New York Times, September 13, 1911
^Edward G. Browne, The Press and Poetry of Modern Persia (Kalimat Press, 1983) p248; Steven R. Ward, Immortal: A Military History of Iran and its Armed Forces (Georgetown University Press, 2009) p104
^Carol Crowe-Carraco, Women Who Made a Difference (University Press of Kentucky, 1989) p38; William A. Link, The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880–1930 (UNC Press Books, 1997) pp138-140
^"Burgess Swims English Channel", New York Times, September 8, 1911; Glenn Stout, Young Woman and the Sea: How Trudy Ederle Conquered the English Channel and Inspired the World (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009;
"Thomas William Burgess"Archived 2015-09-24 at the
Wayback Machine, Rotherhamweb.co.UK]
^Roman Brackman, The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life (Taylor & Francis, 2003) p66
^Eric Hanson, A Book of Ages: An Eccentric Miscellany of Great and Offbeat Moments in the Lives of the Famous and Infamous, Ages 1 to 100 (Random House, 2010)
^Walter J. Boyne, Air Warfare: an International Encyclopedia: M-Z (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p193
^"Portugal Menaced by Royalist Army", New York Times, September 11, 1911
^
Paul Simpson-Housley, Antarctica: exploration, perception, and metaphor (Routledge, 1992) p26
^Arthur Stanwood Pier, American apostles to the Philippines (Ayer Publishing, 1971) p122
^"Nice Restaurant Crash Kills Eleven", New York Times, September 9, 1911
^
abcThe Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1913) p xi
^"Harmon Criticises Taft's Tariff Stand", New York Times, September 10, 1911
^"Harmon and Wilson Boomed for 1912", New York Times, September 16, 1911
^W. O. Durham, From Kittyhawk to the Moon: The Life, Times and Heritage of a Texas Oilman (Vantage Press, Inc, 2007) p315; "LAKEVIEW GUSHER STOPS FLOWING", Bakersfield Californian, September 11, 1911, p1
^Jack McLean and Anthony A. Lee, Revisioning the Sacred: New Perspectives on a Baháʼí Theology (Kalimat Press, 1997) p xviii; K. Paul Johnson, Initiates of Theosophical Masters (SUNY Press, 1995) p98
^
Paul Debono, The Indianapolis ABCs: History of a Premier Team in the Negro Leagues (McFarland, 1997) p33; "Still Josh Keene About His Defeat", Pittsburgh Press, September 13, 1911, p20
^Charles Hiroshi Garrett, Struggling to Define a Nation: American Music and the Twentieth Century (University of California Press, 2008) p178
^"900,000 Under Arms", New York Times, September 10, 1911
^"Havoc from Etna Volcano", New York Times, September 13, 1911
^"Chinese Cruiser Welcomed to Port", New York Times, September 12, 1911
^"General Rebellion Is Feared in China", New York Times, September 13, 1911
^Shao-chuan Leng, ed., Coping with Crises: How Governments Deal with Emergencies (University Press of America, 1990) p175
^Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, Military innovation in the interwar period (Cambridge University Press, 1998) p175
^"Stolypin Shot; Czar Present", New York Times, September 15, 1911
^"Idar, Nicasio" in Matt S. Meier and Margo Gutiérrez, Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p113
^"Stolen Money in Circulation- After More Than 10 Years, Loot From New Westminster Bank Shows Up", Spokane Daily Chronicle, February 23, 1922, p2; Fred Thirkell and Bob Scullion, Philip Timms' Vancouver: 1900–1910 (Heritage House Publishing Co, 2006) p163
^"Taft Holiday Near End", New York Times, September 12, 1911
^"President Taft Ends His 15,000 Mile Tour", New York Times, November 12, 1911
^Jay Navok-Rudranath, Warriors of Legend: Reflections of Japan in Sailor Moon (Booksurge Llc, 2005) p40
^"9 Die, 14 Hurt at Auto Race", New York Times, September 17, 1911 ; "Auto Race Dead Now Number Ten", New York Times, September 18, 1911
^Fred Culick and Spencer Dunmore, On Great White Wings: The Wright Brothers and the Race for Flight (Hyperion, 2001) pp151-153
^Benjamin B. Cohen, Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan, 1850–1948 (Macmillan, 2007) p81
^"Olympic Hit by a Cruiser; Badly Damaged", New York Times, September 21, 1911
^Richard Howells, The Myth of the Titanic (Palgrave Macmillan, 1999) pp19-20; Bill Fawcett and Brian Thomsen, eds., You Did What?: Mad Plans and Great Historical Disasters (HarperCollins, 2004)
^Steve Turner, The Band That Played on: The Extraordinary Story of the 8 Musicians Who Went Down With the Titanic (Thomas Nelson Inc, 2011) pp86-89
^Ross King, Defiant Spirits: The Modernist Revolution of the Group of Seven (Douglas & McIntyre, 2010); "Reciprocity Thrown out by Canadians", New York Times, September 22, 1911
^
abc"Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (November 1911), pp543-546
^"Cheng-Tu Relieved", New York Times, September 22, 1911
^Rich Westcott, Winningest Pitchers: Baseball's 300-game Winners (Temple University Press, 2002) p56; "Old Cy Young Whitewashes Buccaneers", Pittsburgh Press, September 23, 1911, p8
^
abJohn Plowright, The Routledge Dictionary of Modern British History (Taylor & Francis, 2006) p52-53
^"Moreno Launched For Argentine Navy", New York Times, September 24, 1911
^Edward S. Sears, Running through the Ages (McFarland, 2001) p170
^"Charles Battell Loomis Dead— Humorist and Author Dies in Hartford, Conn., Hospital of Cancer of the Stomach", Chicago Sunday Tribune, September 24, 1911, p. 2
^"13 Dead, 8 Injured as Train Hits Wagon", New York Times, September 25, 1911
^Luciano Monzali, The Italians of Dalmatia: From Italian Unification to World War I (University of Toronto Press, 2009) p280
^"The Liberte Is Blown Up; Over 350 Dead", New York Times, September 26, 1911
^Hank Moore, Houston Legends: History and Heritage of Dynamic Global Capitol (Morgan James Publishing, 2015) p97
^"Italy's Ultimatum", New York Times, September 27, 1911
^"Sweden", in The Britannica Year-Book 1913, p1143; "Swedish Cabinet Resigns", New York Times, October 1, 1911