João Chagas | |
---|---|
Prime Minister of Portugal | |
In office 4 September 1911 – 13 November 1911 | |
President | Manuel de Arriaga |
Preceded by | Provisional Government |
Succeeded by | Augusto de Vasconcelos |
Ambassador of Portugal to France | |
In office 25 April 1911 – 31 December 1923 | |
Nominated by | Provisional Government |
Preceded by | Tomás de Sousa Rosa |
Succeeded by | António Joaquim Ferreira da Fonseca |
Minister of the Interior | |
In office 4 September 1911 – 12 November 1911 | |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | António José de Almeida |
Succeeded by | Silvestre Falcão |
Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
In office 4 September 1911 – 12 October 1911 | |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | Bernardino Machado |
Succeeded by | Augusto de Vasconcelos |
Personal details | |
Born | Rio de Janeiro, Neutral Municipality, Empire of Brazil | 1 September 1863
Died | 28 May 1925 Estoril, Portugal | (aged 61)
Political party |
Portuguese Republican (1890–1911) Independent (1911–1925) |
Occupation | Diplomat, editor, journalist, political analist, politician, writer |
Signature | |
João Pinheiro Chagas (1 September 1863 – 28 May 1925; Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w piˈɲɐjɾu ˈʃaɣɐʃ]) was a Portuguese politician, literary critic, propagandist, editor, and journalist. [1] [2] He was heavily involved in several rebellions condemning the monarchy and disseminating materials via pamphlets and newspaper in support of the Portuguese Republican Party. [3] [4] He was among the leaders of the 5 October 1910 revolution and the Lisbon Regicide, and later served as Ambassador to Paris for 14-years, and twice as interim prime minister of the Portuguese First Republic. [3] [5]
Chagas was born 4 September 1863 in Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil to João Pinheiro Chagas and Maria Amélia Rosa Pereira. [3] [6] His father was a Portuguese emigrant with ancestral ties to Portuguese refugees from Beiras who fled to Brazil during the Liberal Wars. [7] On his paternal side, Manuel Pinheiro Chagas was his cousin and his son Mário was his first cousin once removed. [7] His mother was an Indigenous American. [7] The family relocated to Lisbon when Chagas was a child and he was orphaned at a young age. [7] [1]
Chagas could not afford to attend university, so he moved to Porto at age 16 and began his writing career. [7] [3] At times, he wrote under the pseudonym João Rimanso or Ivan. [8] His first publication was in O Primeiro de Janeiro in Porto; he later moved back to Lisbon to collaborate with Temps, Correio da Manhã, and O Diá. [3] [9] [7]
At the end of the 19th century, Chagas founded La Marseillaise (1896—1898), O Berro (1896), Branco e Negro (1896—1898), A Paródia (1900—1907), and A República Portuguesa, [7] [5] and became director of Brazilian newspaper O Paiz (1898) and the Portuguese publications A Lanterna (1899) and Batalha (1900). [3] [7] While incarcerated in Angola, he headed the prison's newspaper (1896—1897). [7] La Marseillaise closed in 1898 due to censorship laws and Chagas' known allegiance to the Republican Party. [7] When he returned from exile, he founded A Portuguesa (1893), which he considered a revival of La Marseillaise. [5]
All of the newspapers he founded, directed, and contributed to were anti-monarchy propaganda tools; his articles were extremely controversial and led to him being arrested several times. [5] [4]
During his early years in Porto, he met and befriended several members of Life's Vanquished. [5] He became more critical and more deeply involved with the Republican Party as a result. [5] In 1891, he published an article in A República Portuguesa that was controversial enough to get him arrested and jailed for 10 days. [6] Within days, he participated in and helped plan a rebellion, and his sentence was increased to 4 years in prison or 6 years in exile. [5] [3] [10] Chagas was originally bound for Luanda but was transferred to Moçâmedes after one day. [10] He escaped within a few months and traveled to Paris before returning to Portugal in 1892, where he was arrested again. [10] [6] While in prison, he continued to petition against governmental oppression of rights and wrote extensively about his experiences, making him the only primary source from a Portuguese prisoner from that period. [10] [5]
He was freed from prison in 1893 due to an amnesty resulting from the 1890 British Ultimatum. [9] He lived in Porto, Brazil, and Madrid for varying lengths of time before being arrested again in 1896, and again in 1908 for his involvement in the Lisbon Regicide. [7] [5] [6] He participated in the 5 October 1910 revolution not long after. [9]
The Portuguese First Republic was established in 1910, and Chagas' governmental career began. [5] His first role was an ambassador to Paris; he did, however, resign twice due to political disagreements with his supervisors. [5] [9] He served as both prime minister and Interior Minister for 70 days in late 1911 and again in 1915. [3] [9] [1] While in Paris, he continued to keep a critical eye on Portugal's political decision-making. [1] During the Republic's early days, Chagas met with Sir Lancelot Carnegie of Britain, Portuguese War Minister Freire de Andrade, and French diplomat Émile Daeschner to keep himself informed. [1] He was very critical of Portugal's lack of involvement when World War I broke out and was one of the delegates who led the Republic to join the war in 1916. [5] [1]
Following the 1915 May 14 Revolt, Chagas was nominated to succeed Manuel de Arriaga's role as president of Portugal. [5] Senator João José de Freitas disagreed with this decision and attempted to assassinated him. [3] He shot several times at a car Chagas was traveling in with his wife in Entroncamento. [3] [9] Chagas' head was shaved and he lost an eye in the attack. [9] He withdrew from politics during his recovery and turned down the presidential nomination, preferring instead to continue working as an ambassador in Paris. [6] [5] He kept this role until he retired in 1924, with the exception of 1917—1918 during the period of Sidónism. [9] [1] [5] Chagas died on 28 May 1925 in Estoril, Cascais, Portugal. [3] [5]
He died of aortitis and is buried in the Alto de São João Cemetery. [11]
Chagas served as part of the Portuguese delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference and the League of Nations. [9] [5] He was also a co-founder of the Portuguese Association of Journalists and the Porto Men of Letters, and became a Freemason in 1896. [12] [3] In 1919, he was awarded a Gold Cross from the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword. [5]
He is the namesake for a road in Lisbon and a garden in Porto. [13] [14]
During his lifetime, Chagas wrote at least 15 books and many more journal articles and pamphlets: [4]
Year | Original title | Title in English (Approx.) |
---|---|---|
1894 | Diario de um condemnado politico | Diary of a Political Convict |
1897 | De Bond. Algunas aspectos da civilisaçaõ brasileira | Some aspects of Brazilian culture |
O crime da sociedade | Society's crime | |
1898 | Na Brecha (Pamphletos) | The Gap (Pamphlets) |
1900 | Trabalhos forçado | Forced labour |
1905 | Bom-Humor | Good spirits |
Homens e Factos 1902—1904 | Men and Facts 1902—1904 | |
1906 | As minhas razões | My reasons |
Posta-restante (Cartas a toda a genta) | Remaining notes (Letters to everyone | |
Vida Litteraria (ideias e sensacoes | Literary life: Ideas and sensations | |
1907 | João Franco. 1906—1907 | |
1908 | 1908. Subsidios criticos para a historia da dictadura | 1908. Critical subsidies for the history of the dictatorship |
1908—1910 | Cartas Politicas | Political notes |
1915 | A ultima crise. Comentários a situação da Republica Portuguesa | The last crisis: Comementary on the Portuguese Republic |
Portugal perante a Guerra. Subsidios para uma pagina da Historia Nacional | Portugal before the war. Subsidies for a page in National History |
In 1929, four years after his death, Diario de João Chagas was published. [4] He wrote the prefaces for Guedes d'Oliveira's 1890 Gazetilhas; and Luciano Fataça's 1895 A revolução de Cuba. [4] He co-wrote Historia da revolta do Porto de 31 de Janeiro de 1891 (depoimento de dois cúmplices) with Ex-Tenente Coelho. [4] He was also a translator; works included prose from Jacques Offenbach's operetta Os Bandidos and Adolphe d'Ennery's play Martyr. [5] [4]
{{
cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
João Chagas | |
---|---|
Prime Minister of Portugal | |
In office 4 September 1911 – 13 November 1911 | |
President | Manuel de Arriaga |
Preceded by | Provisional Government |
Succeeded by | Augusto de Vasconcelos |
Ambassador of Portugal to France | |
In office 25 April 1911 – 31 December 1923 | |
Nominated by | Provisional Government |
Preceded by | Tomás de Sousa Rosa |
Succeeded by | António Joaquim Ferreira da Fonseca |
Minister of the Interior | |
In office 4 September 1911 – 12 November 1911 | |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | António José de Almeida |
Succeeded by | Silvestre Falcão |
Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
In office 4 September 1911 – 12 October 1911 | |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | Bernardino Machado |
Succeeded by | Augusto de Vasconcelos |
Personal details | |
Born | Rio de Janeiro, Neutral Municipality, Empire of Brazil | 1 September 1863
Died | 28 May 1925 Estoril, Portugal | (aged 61)
Political party |
Portuguese Republican (1890–1911) Independent (1911–1925) |
Occupation | Diplomat, editor, journalist, political analist, politician, writer |
Signature | |
João Pinheiro Chagas (1 September 1863 – 28 May 1925; Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w piˈɲɐjɾu ˈʃaɣɐʃ]) was a Portuguese politician, literary critic, propagandist, editor, and journalist. [1] [2] He was heavily involved in several rebellions condemning the monarchy and disseminating materials via pamphlets and newspaper in support of the Portuguese Republican Party. [3] [4] He was among the leaders of the 5 October 1910 revolution and the Lisbon Regicide, and later served as Ambassador to Paris for 14-years, and twice as interim prime minister of the Portuguese First Republic. [3] [5]
Chagas was born 4 September 1863 in Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil to João Pinheiro Chagas and Maria Amélia Rosa Pereira. [3] [6] His father was a Portuguese emigrant with ancestral ties to Portuguese refugees from Beiras who fled to Brazil during the Liberal Wars. [7] On his paternal side, Manuel Pinheiro Chagas was his cousin and his son Mário was his first cousin once removed. [7] His mother was an Indigenous American. [7] The family relocated to Lisbon when Chagas was a child and he was orphaned at a young age. [7] [1]
Chagas could not afford to attend university, so he moved to Porto at age 16 and began his writing career. [7] [3] At times, he wrote under the pseudonym João Rimanso or Ivan. [8] His first publication was in O Primeiro de Janeiro in Porto; he later moved back to Lisbon to collaborate with Temps, Correio da Manhã, and O Diá. [3] [9] [7]
At the end of the 19th century, Chagas founded La Marseillaise (1896—1898), O Berro (1896), Branco e Negro (1896—1898), A Paródia (1900—1907), and A República Portuguesa, [7] [5] and became director of Brazilian newspaper O Paiz (1898) and the Portuguese publications A Lanterna (1899) and Batalha (1900). [3] [7] While incarcerated in Angola, he headed the prison's newspaper (1896—1897). [7] La Marseillaise closed in 1898 due to censorship laws and Chagas' known allegiance to the Republican Party. [7] When he returned from exile, he founded A Portuguesa (1893), which he considered a revival of La Marseillaise. [5]
All of the newspapers he founded, directed, and contributed to were anti-monarchy propaganda tools; his articles were extremely controversial and led to him being arrested several times. [5] [4]
During his early years in Porto, he met and befriended several members of Life's Vanquished. [5] He became more critical and more deeply involved with the Republican Party as a result. [5] In 1891, he published an article in A República Portuguesa that was controversial enough to get him arrested and jailed for 10 days. [6] Within days, he participated in and helped plan a rebellion, and his sentence was increased to 4 years in prison or 6 years in exile. [5] [3] [10] Chagas was originally bound for Luanda but was transferred to Moçâmedes after one day. [10] He escaped within a few months and traveled to Paris before returning to Portugal in 1892, where he was arrested again. [10] [6] While in prison, he continued to petition against governmental oppression of rights and wrote extensively about his experiences, making him the only primary source from a Portuguese prisoner from that period. [10] [5]
He was freed from prison in 1893 due to an amnesty resulting from the 1890 British Ultimatum. [9] He lived in Porto, Brazil, and Madrid for varying lengths of time before being arrested again in 1896, and again in 1908 for his involvement in the Lisbon Regicide. [7] [5] [6] He participated in the 5 October 1910 revolution not long after. [9]
The Portuguese First Republic was established in 1910, and Chagas' governmental career began. [5] His first role was an ambassador to Paris; he did, however, resign twice due to political disagreements with his supervisors. [5] [9] He served as both prime minister and Interior Minister for 70 days in late 1911 and again in 1915. [3] [9] [1] While in Paris, he continued to keep a critical eye on Portugal's political decision-making. [1] During the Republic's early days, Chagas met with Sir Lancelot Carnegie of Britain, Portuguese War Minister Freire de Andrade, and French diplomat Émile Daeschner to keep himself informed. [1] He was very critical of Portugal's lack of involvement when World War I broke out and was one of the delegates who led the Republic to join the war in 1916. [5] [1]
Following the 1915 May 14 Revolt, Chagas was nominated to succeed Manuel de Arriaga's role as president of Portugal. [5] Senator João José de Freitas disagreed with this decision and attempted to assassinated him. [3] He shot several times at a car Chagas was traveling in with his wife in Entroncamento. [3] [9] Chagas' head was shaved and he lost an eye in the attack. [9] He withdrew from politics during his recovery and turned down the presidential nomination, preferring instead to continue working as an ambassador in Paris. [6] [5] He kept this role until he retired in 1924, with the exception of 1917—1918 during the period of Sidónism. [9] [1] [5] Chagas died on 28 May 1925 in Estoril, Cascais, Portugal. [3] [5]
He died of aortitis and is buried in the Alto de São João Cemetery. [11]
Chagas served as part of the Portuguese delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference and the League of Nations. [9] [5] He was also a co-founder of the Portuguese Association of Journalists and the Porto Men of Letters, and became a Freemason in 1896. [12] [3] In 1919, he was awarded a Gold Cross from the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword. [5]
He is the namesake for a road in Lisbon and a garden in Porto. [13] [14]
During his lifetime, Chagas wrote at least 15 books and many more journal articles and pamphlets: [4]
Year | Original title | Title in English (Approx.) |
---|---|---|
1894 | Diario de um condemnado politico | Diary of a Political Convict |
1897 | De Bond. Algunas aspectos da civilisaçaõ brasileira | Some aspects of Brazilian culture |
O crime da sociedade | Society's crime | |
1898 | Na Brecha (Pamphletos) | The Gap (Pamphlets) |
1900 | Trabalhos forçado | Forced labour |
1905 | Bom-Humor | Good spirits |
Homens e Factos 1902—1904 | Men and Facts 1902—1904 | |
1906 | As minhas razões | My reasons |
Posta-restante (Cartas a toda a genta) | Remaining notes (Letters to everyone | |
Vida Litteraria (ideias e sensacoes | Literary life: Ideas and sensations | |
1907 | João Franco. 1906—1907 | |
1908 | 1908. Subsidios criticos para a historia da dictadura | 1908. Critical subsidies for the history of the dictatorship |
1908—1910 | Cartas Politicas | Political notes |
1915 | A ultima crise. Comentários a situação da Republica Portuguesa | The last crisis: Comementary on the Portuguese Republic |
Portugal perante a Guerra. Subsidios para uma pagina da Historia Nacional | Portugal before the war. Subsidies for a page in National History |
In 1929, four years after his death, Diario de João Chagas was published. [4] He wrote the prefaces for Guedes d'Oliveira's 1890 Gazetilhas; and Luciano Fataça's 1895 A revolução de Cuba. [4] He co-wrote Historia da revolta do Porto de 31 de Janeiro de 1891 (depoimento de dois cúmplices) with Ex-Tenente Coelho. [4] He was also a translator; works included prose from Jacques Offenbach's operetta Os Bandidos and Adolphe d'Ennery's play Martyr. [5] [4]
{{
cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)