January 2 – A shoemaker in
Turin is found to have the first case of bubonic plague there as the
plague of 1630 begins spreading through Italy.
January 5 – A team of Portuguese military advisers to China's Ming dynasty government arrive at
Zhuozhou. Led by
Gonçalo Teixeira Corrêa, and accompanied by interpreter
João Rodrigues, the group begins training the troops of Governor
Sun Yuanhua in using modern cannons.
January 13 – In China, General
Yuan Chonghuan is invited to an audience with the
Chongzhen Emperor and is arrested on charges of collusion with the enemy. Yuan is executed by the slow death on September 22.
The first case of plague is reported in
Milan. By the end of 1631, the city of 250,000 suffers 186,000 deaths, losing almost three-quarters of its population to plague.
May 29 – The
Battle of Villabuona is fought in Italy at Lombardy, with more than 4,000 French and Venetian troops killed in an attack by
Matthias Gallas of the Holy Roman Empire's army.
June 4 – Scottish-born
Presbyterian (and former physician)
Alexander Leighton is brought before
ArchbishopWilliam Laud's
Star Chamber court in London for publishing the
seditious pamphlet An Appeale to the Parliament, or, Sions Plea Against the Prelacy, an attack on
Anglicanbishops (printed in the Netherlands, 1628). [1] He is sentenced to be pilloried and whipped, have his ears cropped, one side of his nose slit, and his face branded with "SS" (for "sower of sedition"), to be imprisoned, and be degraded from holy orders.[2]
March 20 – The siege of the Protestant German city of
Magdeburg by the
Catholic League begins and lasts for more than two months before the city falls and the inhabitants are massacred.
July 9 –
Koca Musa Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, arranges the murder of Emir Kitas Bey, commander of Turkish troops who had been scheduled to invade Persia.
September 13–
Eighty Years' War –
Battle of the Slaak: A Spanish fleet of 95 ships, carrying 5,500 soldiers tasked with taking over the Dutch Republic, is almost completely destroyed (with 83 ships sunk) the day after being intercepted by a Dutch fleet off of the coast of the Netherlands.
November 29 – The Treaty of Höchst is signed between King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, with Darmstadt giving up the fortress of Rüsselsheim in return for Sweden's recognition of Darmstadt's neutrality.
March 21 –
Thirty Years' War: King Gustavus Adolphus makes a triumphant entry into
Nuremberg, where he is welcomed by the populace and pledges to protect the cause of Protestantism. [15]
September 3 – The last executions of Christians in Japan take place as four Spanish missionaries (including Augustinin friar
Bartholomew Gutierrez) and two Japanese converts are burned alive in
Nagasaki. They are beatified in 1867 as the last of the
205 Martyrs of Japan.
January 20 –
Galileo Galilei, having been summoned to
Rome on orders of
Pope Urban VIII, leaves for
Florence for his journey. His carriage is halted at Ponte a Centino at the border of Tuscany, where he is quarantined for 22 days because of an outbreak of the plague. [23]
Fire engines are used for the first time in
England in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at
London Bridge, but not before 43 houses are destroyed.[24]
May 22 –
Samuel de Champlain, founder of the French colony of
New France, returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor.
May 28 –
Aurangzeb, Crown Prince of the
Mughal Empire in India, narrowly escapes death when an elephant stampedes through his encampment, but is able to defend himself with a lance.
The epoch of the
Javanese calendar, created by
Sultan Agung of Mataram. It coincides with the start of the Hijri Year 1043 but the year numbering continues those of the pre-existing
Saka calendar, thus making the calendar start from year 1555 instead of 1.
November 29 – The Ark runs into a more violent storm, but manages to stay afloat and to continue on its journey to America. The Dove turns out to have survived the storms, and both ships will arrive in Maryland on February 24.
December 9 –
Francisco de Murga, Spain's Governor of the South American province of
Cartagena (now in Colombia), crushes a revolt by escaped African slaves in an attack against the
palenque of Limón. De Murga captures 80 residents, and, after a trial, has 13 executed, with the drawing and quartering of their bodies.
Date unknown
The Jews of
Poznań are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter.
January 12 – After suspecting that he will be dismissed,
Albrecht von Wallenstein, supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empire's Army, demands that his colonels sign a declaration of personal loyalty.
January 14 – France's Compagnie normande obtains a one-year monopoly on trade with the African kingdoms in Guinea.
February 18 – Emperor Ferdinand II's dismissal of Commander Wallenstein for high treason, and the order for his capture, dead or alive, is made public.
April 14 – The
Battle of Amritsar begins in India when Mughal Empire troops attempt to eliminate the
Sikh religious leader,
Guru Hargobind, by attacking Amritsar. The Sikh defenders hand the Mughal invaders an unprecedented defeat.
May 2 – With Albrecht Wallenstein having been eliminated, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II personally takes command of the Imperial Army.
May 5 – King Charles I of England and Scotland first refers to the banner of the British Isles as the "Union Flag" in a proclamation that the flag shall not be used on any ships other than those "in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." The term evolves into the description of the British flag as the "
Union Jack".
August (prob.) –
Jean Nicolet becomes the first European to set foot in what is now the U.S. state of
Wisconsin. He is in search of a water-route to the Pacific, when he lands at
Green Bay of
Lake Michigan.
September 12 – A gunpowder factory
explodes in
Valletta, Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.
October–December
October 11 – The
Burchardi flood (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) strikes the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark, causing at least 8,000 deaths and perhaps as many as 12,000.
December 8 – Francesco Niccolini obtains an audience with
Pope Urban VIII and pleads him to reconsider the Church's punishment of astronomer
Galileo Galilei. The Pope replies that although he esteems Galileo highly, nothing will change. [32]
December 16 –
Gregorio Panzani, an emissary of
Pope Urban VIII, is welcomed in England by King Charles I,[33] marking the first time since England's break with the Roman Catholic Church that a monarch has received an agent of the Vatican.
January 23 –
1635 Capture of Tortuga: The Spanish Navy captures the Caribbean island of
Tortuga off of the coast of
Haiti after a three-day battle against the English and French Navy.
August 3 – Cossack rebel leader
Ivan Sulyma stages a surprise attack on Poland's newly constructed
Kodak fortress, and his raiders kill most of the 200 mercenaries stationed there. Sulyma and his allies are captured by the army of
Stanisław Koniecpolski, and Sulyma is executed on December 12.
December 23 –
Shah Jahan, Emperor of
India's
Mughal Empire, issues a decree against the Portuguese Jesuits, ordering that the Agra Church be demolished and barring them from attempting to convert Hindus and Muslims to the Christian faith, but allows them to conduct their religious ceremonies in private.
A Japanese imperial memorandum decrees: "Hereafter entry by the Portuguese galeota is forbidden. If they insist on coming, the ships must be destroyed and anyone aboard those ships must be beheaded."
February 26 – Nimi a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba is installed as
King Alvaro VI of
Kongo, in the area now occupied by the African nation of
Angola, and rules until his death on February 22, 1641.
June 22 – The
Battle of Tornavento is fought in north-west Italy in the course of the
Thirty Years' War, as France and Savoy respond to an attack by Spain. While the battle is a stalemate, the city of
Castano Primo is heavily damaged.
July–September
July 10 – The Senate of the Venetian Republic votes, 82 to 4, in favor of renewing the charter of Jewish merchants to sell within the city, after a delay of almost six months.[42]
July 20 – The Pequot War begins in New England when John Oldham and several of his crew are killed when his ship is attacked and robbed, apparently by allies of the Narragansett Indians at Block Island.[43]
July 30 – In France,
Cardinal Richelieu persuades King Louis XIII to issue an ordonnance excusing the French nobility from military service if they pay a tax which allows the hiring of paid cavalry.[44]
November 5 – English theologian
Henry Burton preaches two sermons on Guy Fawkes Day, heavily critical of the Anglican bishops, and is soon summoned before the Star Chamber.[46]
May – Chinese
encyclopedistSong Yingxing publishes his Tiangong Kaiwu ("Exploitation of the Works of Nature"), considered one of the most valuable encyclopedias of classical China.
June 27 – The first English venture to China is attempted by Captain
John Weddell, who sails into port in
Macau and
Canton during the late
Ming Dynasty, with six ships. The voyages are for trade, which is dominated here by the
Portuguese (at this time combined with the
power of Spain). He brings 38,421 pairs of
eyeglasses, perhaps the first recorded European-made eyeglasses to enter China.[54]
August 29 – Fighting in what is now the West African nation of
Ghana, troops of the Dutch West India Company capture the Portuguese territory of the Gold Coast after the five-day
Battle of Elmina.
September 29 – The last five of the "
16 Martyrs of Japan" are executed for illegally attempting to spread Christianity in Japan.
Lorenzo Ruiz,
Guillaume Courtet, Michael de Aozaraza, Vincent Shiwozuka and Lazarus of Kyoto are all put to death by the slow hanging torture of ana-tsurushi. They will be canonized 350 years later as saints of the Roman Catholic Church, on October 18, 1987.
France places a few missionaries in the
Ivory Coast, a country it will rule more than 200 years later.
Scottish army officer
Robert Monro publishes Monro, His Expedition With the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Mac-Keys in London, the first military history in English.[56]
A naval battle takes place in the Indian Ocean off the coast of
Goa in South India as a Netherlands fleet commanded by Admiral Adam Westerwolt decimates the Portuguese fleet.
A fleet of 80 Spanish ships led by Governor-General
Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera attacks the Sultanate of Sulu in the Philippines by beginning an invasion of
Jolo island, but
Sultan Muwallil Wasit I puts up a stiff resistance.
April 14 – The Netherlands colonizes
Mauritius, with colonists from the ship Dragon going ashore after sighting it the day before, an event chronicled by British traveler
Peter Mundy.[61][62]
April 15 –
Shogunate forces defeat the last remnants of the
Shimabara Rebellion, in the fortress of Hara. In the aftermath, suppression of Christianity is strictly enforced, Portuguese traders are expelled and Japan enters more than two centuries of isolationism.
July 16 –
Thirty Years War: The
siege of Saint-Omer ends after almost two months as the French-held Flemish city falls after being besieged by Spanish and German troops.
August 15 – The Portuguese expedition led by
Pedro Teixeira completes the first ascent of the
Amazon River, crossing the Quijos River and arriving at
Quito in
Ecuador soon after (the same trip had been made in the opposite direction, in
1541).
November 24 –
New Haven, the first planned city in America, is founded when local Indians make a deed of Quinnipiac to Theophilus Eaton and other English settlers.[68]
February 18 – In the course of the
Eighty Years' War,
a sea battle is fought in the English Channel off of the coast of
Dunkirk between the navies of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, with 12 warships, and Spain, with 12 galleons and eight other ships. The Spanish are forced to flee after three of their ships are lost and 1,600 Spaniards killed or injured, while the Dutch sustain 1,700 casualties without the loss of a ship.[70]
April 22 –
Pope Urban VIII issues a papal bull prohibiting slavery in the New World colonies of Spain and Portugal, encompassing most of Latin America.
July 1 –
Parthenius I becomes the new leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church as he is selected as Patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Cyril II.
July 16 – A revolt in France begins in Normandy with the assassination of tax collector Charles Le Poupinel while he is working in the town of
Avranches. The rebellion is brutally crushed on November 30.
September 3 – The alliance of cantons in
Switzerland known as the
Three Leagues or Raetia agrees with Spain to bring Italy's
Valtellina area back into the alliance, on the condition that the Catholic faith of the natives be respected.
Dejima, an island trading post off
Nagasaki, becomes the only official port of trade allowed for
Europeans, with the multi-national
United East Indies Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) as the only European party officially allowed. Trading parties from China, India and other places are still officially allowed, though the VOC will become the usual
broker for them.
Japanese wives and children of Dutch and British people from
Hirado are sent to
Batavia (Asian headquarters of the VOC, renamed
Jakarta by the Japanese around three centuries later) on Dutch ships.[77]
January 3 –
Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse, French Huguenot noblewoman, grandmother of George II of Great Britain, great-grandmother of Frederick the Great (d.
1722)
Approximate date –
John Ford, English dramatist (b.
1586)
References
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^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p29
^"Van Athenaeum Illustre naar universiteit: Geschiedenis van de UvA" ("From Athenaeum Illustre to University: History of the UvA"), University of Amsterdam website ("Met twee toen al internationaal bekende hoogleraren begon zo’n vier eeuwen geleden de geschiedenis van de Universiteit van Amsterdam. Gerardus Vossius opende met zijn oratie 'De historiae utilitate' (Over het nut der geschiedenis) op 8 januari 1632 het Athenaeum Illustre.")("The history of the University of Amsterdam began about four centuries ago with two internationally renowned professors. Gerardus Vossius opened the Athenaeum Illustre on January 8, 1632 with his oration 'De historiae utilitate' (On the usefulness of history)"
^Harriet Earhart Monroe, History of the Life of Gustavus Adolphus II: The Hero-General of the Reformation (Lutheran Publication Society, 1910) pp. 93-95
^Liljedahl, Otto Ragnar (1935). Sveriges första kvinnliga diplomat.: Egenten Johan Möllers maka Catharina Stopia. ut: Personhistorisk tidskrift 1934. Stockholm. Libris 2776256.
^William R. Shea and Mariano Artigas, Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius (Oxford University Press, 2004)
^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p29
^Ashley, Michael (1998). British monarchs : the complete genealogy, gazetteer, and biographical encyclopedia of the kings & queens of Britain. London: Robinson. p. 37.
ISBN9781854875044.
^Schoell, Frédéric; Xaver, Franz, Freiherr von Zach (1832). Cours d'histoire des états européen. Vol. 27. de l'imprimerie royale et chez Duncker et Humblot. p. 183.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
^Black, Jeremy (2002). European warfare, 1494-1660. London; New York: Routledge. p. 137.
ISBN9781134477098.
^Allen G. Debus, The Chemical Philosophy (Dover Publications, 2013) p. 310
^Asbach, Olaf (2016). The Ashgate research companion to the Thirty Years' War. London; New York: Routledge. p. 291.
ISBN9781317041351.
^Karl von Gebler, Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia, From Authentic Sources (DigiCat, 2022)
^ "Relations between the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches in the 16th and 17th Centuries, by D.M. Loades, in Rome and the Anglicans: Historical and Doctrinal Aspects of Anglican-Roman Catholic Relations by J. C. H. Aveling (Walter De Gruyter, 2019) p.41,
^Hmannan Yazawin, Volume 3 (Ministry of Information, Myanmar, 2003) p. 223
^Setton, Kenneth (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the seventeenth century. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. 66.
ISBN9780871691927.
^Stone, Daniel (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386-1795. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 154.
ISBN9780295980935.
^Esther M. Swift, West Springfield Massachusetts: A Town History (West Springfield Heritage Association, 1969)
^Simone Luzzatto, Discourse on the State of the Jews (De Gruyter, 2019) p. 257
^Gabriele Esposito, Armies of Early Colonial North America, 1607–1713: History, Organization and Uniforms (Pen & Sword Books, 2018)
^Stéphane Thion, French Armies of the Thirty Years' War (LRT Editions, 2013) p. 86
^Morison, Samuel (1964). Three centuries of Harvard, 1636-1926. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 5.
ISBN9780674888913.
^"Popes and Guys and Anti-Catholicism", by Justin Champion, in Gunpowder Plots: A Celebration of 400 Years of Bonfire Night, ed. by Antonia Fraser (Penguin, 2005)
^Leyster, Judith (1993). Judith Leyster : a Dutch master and her world. Zwolle Worcester, Massachusetts: Waanders Publishers Worcester Art Museum. p. 214.
ISBN9789066302709.
^LastName, FirstName (2006). Britannica concise encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 666.
ISBN9781593394929.
^Mark Ringer, Opera's First Master: The Musical Dramas of Claudio Monteverdi (Amadeus Press, 2006) p. 130
^Hatton, Ragnhild (1997). Royal and republican sovereignty in early modern Europe : essays in memory of Ragnhild Hatton. Cambridge England New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 294.
ISBN9780521419109.
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 177–178.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 68.
ISBN978-1-84724-008-8.
^Monro, Robert (1999). Monro, his expedition with the Worthy Scots Regiment called Mac-Keys. Westport, Conn: Praeger. p. xv.
ISBN9780275962678.
^Lynch, Michael, ed. (2011). The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. p. 436.
ISBN9780199693054.
^Parrott, David (2001). Richelieu's army: war, government, and society in France, 1624-1642. Cambridge University Press. p. 205.
ISBN9780521792097.
^G. P. Tate, The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch (Times of India, 1911) p. 205
^George P. Donehoo, Pennsylvania: A History (Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1926) p. 31
^Peter Mundy, ed. by Lavinia Mary Anstey, The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608-1667 (Hakluyt Society, 1919) p. 343
^Jolyon C. Parish, The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History (Indiana University Press, 2013) p.37
^Laura A. Macaluso, Historic Treasures of New Haven: Celebrating 375 Years of the Elm City (Arcadia Publishing, 2013)
^J. P. Edmond, The Aberdeen Printers: 1638-1682 (J. & J. P. Edmond & Spark, 1884) p.65
^Guy Le Moing, Les 600 plus grandes batailles navales de l'Histoire (in French)(Marines Editions, 2011) p.309
^"Suomen julkinen postilaitos perustettin 6.9.1638, joloin hyvakayttiin Tukholman-Kakisalmen linjalle postitaksa". Aili Rytkonen Bell and Augustus A. Koski, Finnish Graded Reader (Foreign Service Institute, 1968) p. 268
^James Pagan, Sketch of the History of Glasgow (Robert Stuart and Company, 1847) p. 35
^"The New Haven Colony", by Henry White, in Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society (New Haven Colony Historical Society, 1865) p.3
^C.R. Boxer, The Journal of Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp (Cambridge University Press, 1930) p.24
^Bély, Lucien (2015). L'art de la paix en Europe: naissance de la diplomatie moderne, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle. Presses Universitaires de France.
ISBN9782130738961.
^
abSamuel Rawson Gardiner, The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I. 1637-1649 (Longmans, Green, & Company, 1882) p. 224, 243
^Peberdy, Robert (2021). A dictionary of British and Irish history. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 53.
ISBN9780631201540.
^ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of battles and sieges : a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the Twenty-first century. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 650.
ISBN9780313335389.
^Roberts, J. (1994). History of the World. Penguin
^R. Prud’homme van Reine, Schittering en Schandaal: Dubbelbiografie van Maerten en Cornelis Tromp (Arbeidspers, 2001)
^Pepys, Samuel (2006). The letters of Samuel Pepys, 1656-1703. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 15.
ISBN9781843831976.
^Fritze, Ronald (1996). Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 267.
ISBN9780313283918.
^Fayette, La (1999). The princesse de Clèves ; The princesse de Montpensier ; The comtesse de Tende. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. xxxvi.
ISBN9780192837264.
^Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge. W. & R. Chambers. 1926. p. 505.
^Bissell, R (2005). Masters of Italian Baroque painting : the Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts, in association with D Giles Ltd., London. p. 98.
ISBN9781904832058.
^Jardine, Lisa (2003). The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man who Measured London (1st ed.). New York: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 23.
ISBN978-0-00-714944-5.
^Rogal, Samuel (1991). Calendar of literary facts : a daily and yearly guide to noteworthy events in world literature from 1450 to the present. Detroit: Gale Research. p. 26.
ISBN9780810329430.
^Sutton, Peter (1994). The golden age of Dutch landscape painting. Madrid: Fundación Colección Thyssen-Bornemisza. p. 274.
ISBN9788488474162.
^Herman Goodman (1953). Notable Contributors to the Knowledge of Dermatology. Medical Lay Press. p. 110.
^Fryde, E. B. (1996). Handbook of British chronology. Cambridge England: New York Cambridge University Press. p. 498.
ISBN9780521563505.
^Greene, David (1985). Greene's biographical encyclopedia of composers. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday. p. 150.
ISBN9780385142786.
^Nadler, Steven (2000). The Cambridge companion to Malebranche. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
ISBN9780521627290.
^Panton, Kenneth (2011). Historical dictionary of the British monarchy. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. p. 562.
ISBN9780810874978.
^LastName, FirstName (2020). Chase's calendar of events 2021 : the ultimate go-to guide for special days, weeks and months. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 607.
ISBN9781641434249.
^Herbert, George (1989). Lament and love. City: Lamp. p. 4.
ISBN9780551018273.
^O. Classe (2000). Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 261.
^Luijten, Ger (1993). Dawn of the golden age : northern Netherlandish art, 1580-1620. Amsterdam Zwolle New Haven: Rijksmuseum Waanders Yale University Press distributor. p. 299.
ISBN9780300060164.
^Fritze, Ronald (1996). Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 109.
ISBN9780313283918.
^Lassner, Martin (18 July 2011).
"Johann Rudolf Stadler". Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse (DHS) (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^Carey, Patrick (2000). Biographical dictionary of Christian theologians. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 273.
ISBN9780313296499.
^Magill, Frank (1997). Cyclopedia of world authors. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press. p. 1739.
ISBN9780893564483.
^Flood, John (2006). Poets laureate in the Holy Roman Empire. a bio-bibliographical handbook. Berlin New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 1452.
ISBN9783110912746.
^Warrack, John (1992). The Oxford dictionary of opera. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 394.
ISBN9780198691648.
January 2 – A shoemaker in
Turin is found to have the first case of bubonic plague there as the
plague of 1630 begins spreading through Italy.
January 5 – A team of Portuguese military advisers to China's Ming dynasty government arrive at
Zhuozhou. Led by
Gonçalo Teixeira Corrêa, and accompanied by interpreter
João Rodrigues, the group begins training the troops of Governor
Sun Yuanhua in using modern cannons.
January 13 – In China, General
Yuan Chonghuan is invited to an audience with the
Chongzhen Emperor and is arrested on charges of collusion with the enemy. Yuan is executed by the slow death on September 22.
The first case of plague is reported in
Milan. By the end of 1631, the city of 250,000 suffers 186,000 deaths, losing almost three-quarters of its population to plague.
May 29 – The
Battle of Villabuona is fought in Italy at Lombardy, with more than 4,000 French and Venetian troops killed in an attack by
Matthias Gallas of the Holy Roman Empire's army.
June 4 – Scottish-born
Presbyterian (and former physician)
Alexander Leighton is brought before
ArchbishopWilliam Laud's
Star Chamber court in London for publishing the
seditious pamphlet An Appeale to the Parliament, or, Sions Plea Against the Prelacy, an attack on
Anglicanbishops (printed in the Netherlands, 1628). [1] He is sentenced to be pilloried and whipped, have his ears cropped, one side of his nose slit, and his face branded with "SS" (for "sower of sedition"), to be imprisoned, and be degraded from holy orders.[2]
March 20 – The siege of the Protestant German city of
Magdeburg by the
Catholic League begins and lasts for more than two months before the city falls and the inhabitants are massacred.
July 9 –
Koca Musa Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, arranges the murder of Emir Kitas Bey, commander of Turkish troops who had been scheduled to invade Persia.
September 13–
Eighty Years' War –
Battle of the Slaak: A Spanish fleet of 95 ships, carrying 5,500 soldiers tasked with taking over the Dutch Republic, is almost completely destroyed (with 83 ships sunk) the day after being intercepted by a Dutch fleet off of the coast of the Netherlands.
November 29 – The Treaty of Höchst is signed between King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, with Darmstadt giving up the fortress of Rüsselsheim in return for Sweden's recognition of Darmstadt's neutrality.
March 21 –
Thirty Years' War: King Gustavus Adolphus makes a triumphant entry into
Nuremberg, where he is welcomed by the populace and pledges to protect the cause of Protestantism. [15]
September 3 – The last executions of Christians in Japan take place as four Spanish missionaries (including Augustinin friar
Bartholomew Gutierrez) and two Japanese converts are burned alive in
Nagasaki. They are beatified in 1867 as the last of the
205 Martyrs of Japan.
January 20 –
Galileo Galilei, having been summoned to
Rome on orders of
Pope Urban VIII, leaves for
Florence for his journey. His carriage is halted at Ponte a Centino at the border of Tuscany, where he is quarantined for 22 days because of an outbreak of the plague. [23]
Fire engines are used for the first time in
England in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at
London Bridge, but not before 43 houses are destroyed.[24]
May 22 –
Samuel de Champlain, founder of the French colony of
New France, returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor.
May 28 –
Aurangzeb, Crown Prince of the
Mughal Empire in India, narrowly escapes death when an elephant stampedes through his encampment, but is able to defend himself with a lance.
The epoch of the
Javanese calendar, created by
Sultan Agung of Mataram. It coincides with the start of the Hijri Year 1043 but the year numbering continues those of the pre-existing
Saka calendar, thus making the calendar start from year 1555 instead of 1.
November 29 – The Ark runs into a more violent storm, but manages to stay afloat and to continue on its journey to America. The Dove turns out to have survived the storms, and both ships will arrive in Maryland on February 24.
December 9 –
Francisco de Murga, Spain's Governor of the South American province of
Cartagena (now in Colombia), crushes a revolt by escaped African slaves in an attack against the
palenque of Limón. De Murga captures 80 residents, and, after a trial, has 13 executed, with the drawing and quartering of their bodies.
Date unknown
The Jews of
Poznań are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter.
January 12 – After suspecting that he will be dismissed,
Albrecht von Wallenstein, supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empire's Army, demands that his colonels sign a declaration of personal loyalty.
January 14 – France's Compagnie normande obtains a one-year monopoly on trade with the African kingdoms in Guinea.
February 18 – Emperor Ferdinand II's dismissal of Commander Wallenstein for high treason, and the order for his capture, dead or alive, is made public.
April 14 – The
Battle of Amritsar begins in India when Mughal Empire troops attempt to eliminate the
Sikh religious leader,
Guru Hargobind, by attacking Amritsar. The Sikh defenders hand the Mughal invaders an unprecedented defeat.
May 2 – With Albrecht Wallenstein having been eliminated, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II personally takes command of the Imperial Army.
May 5 – King Charles I of England and Scotland first refers to the banner of the British Isles as the "Union Flag" in a proclamation that the flag shall not be used on any ships other than those "in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." The term evolves into the description of the British flag as the "
Union Jack".
August (prob.) –
Jean Nicolet becomes the first European to set foot in what is now the U.S. state of
Wisconsin. He is in search of a water-route to the Pacific, when he lands at
Green Bay of
Lake Michigan.
September 12 – A gunpowder factory
explodes in
Valletta, Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.
October–December
October 11 – The
Burchardi flood (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) strikes the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark, causing at least 8,000 deaths and perhaps as many as 12,000.
December 8 – Francesco Niccolini obtains an audience with
Pope Urban VIII and pleads him to reconsider the Church's punishment of astronomer
Galileo Galilei. The Pope replies that although he esteems Galileo highly, nothing will change. [32]
December 16 –
Gregorio Panzani, an emissary of
Pope Urban VIII, is welcomed in England by King Charles I,[33] marking the first time since England's break with the Roman Catholic Church that a monarch has received an agent of the Vatican.
January 23 –
1635 Capture of Tortuga: The Spanish Navy captures the Caribbean island of
Tortuga off of the coast of
Haiti after a three-day battle against the English and French Navy.
August 3 – Cossack rebel leader
Ivan Sulyma stages a surprise attack on Poland's newly constructed
Kodak fortress, and his raiders kill most of the 200 mercenaries stationed there. Sulyma and his allies are captured by the army of
Stanisław Koniecpolski, and Sulyma is executed on December 12.
December 23 –
Shah Jahan, Emperor of
India's
Mughal Empire, issues a decree against the Portuguese Jesuits, ordering that the Agra Church be demolished and barring them from attempting to convert Hindus and Muslims to the Christian faith, but allows them to conduct their religious ceremonies in private.
A Japanese imperial memorandum decrees: "Hereafter entry by the Portuguese galeota is forbidden. If they insist on coming, the ships must be destroyed and anyone aboard those ships must be beheaded."
February 26 – Nimi a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba is installed as
King Alvaro VI of
Kongo, in the area now occupied by the African nation of
Angola, and rules until his death on February 22, 1641.
June 22 – The
Battle of Tornavento is fought in north-west Italy in the course of the
Thirty Years' War, as France and Savoy respond to an attack by Spain. While the battle is a stalemate, the city of
Castano Primo is heavily damaged.
July–September
July 10 – The Senate of the Venetian Republic votes, 82 to 4, in favor of renewing the charter of Jewish merchants to sell within the city, after a delay of almost six months.[42]
July 20 – The Pequot War begins in New England when John Oldham and several of his crew are killed when his ship is attacked and robbed, apparently by allies of the Narragansett Indians at Block Island.[43]
July 30 – In France,
Cardinal Richelieu persuades King Louis XIII to issue an ordonnance excusing the French nobility from military service if they pay a tax which allows the hiring of paid cavalry.[44]
November 5 – English theologian
Henry Burton preaches two sermons on Guy Fawkes Day, heavily critical of the Anglican bishops, and is soon summoned before the Star Chamber.[46]
May – Chinese
encyclopedistSong Yingxing publishes his Tiangong Kaiwu ("Exploitation of the Works of Nature"), considered one of the most valuable encyclopedias of classical China.
June 27 – The first English venture to China is attempted by Captain
John Weddell, who sails into port in
Macau and
Canton during the late
Ming Dynasty, with six ships. The voyages are for trade, which is dominated here by the
Portuguese (at this time combined with the
power of Spain). He brings 38,421 pairs of
eyeglasses, perhaps the first recorded European-made eyeglasses to enter China.[54]
August 29 – Fighting in what is now the West African nation of
Ghana, troops of the Dutch West India Company capture the Portuguese territory of the Gold Coast after the five-day
Battle of Elmina.
September 29 – The last five of the "
16 Martyrs of Japan" are executed for illegally attempting to spread Christianity in Japan.
Lorenzo Ruiz,
Guillaume Courtet, Michael de Aozaraza, Vincent Shiwozuka and Lazarus of Kyoto are all put to death by the slow hanging torture of ana-tsurushi. They will be canonized 350 years later as saints of the Roman Catholic Church, on October 18, 1987.
France places a few missionaries in the
Ivory Coast, a country it will rule more than 200 years later.
Scottish army officer
Robert Monro publishes Monro, His Expedition With the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Mac-Keys in London, the first military history in English.[56]
A naval battle takes place in the Indian Ocean off the coast of
Goa in South India as a Netherlands fleet commanded by Admiral Adam Westerwolt decimates the Portuguese fleet.
A fleet of 80 Spanish ships led by Governor-General
Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera attacks the Sultanate of Sulu in the Philippines by beginning an invasion of
Jolo island, but
Sultan Muwallil Wasit I puts up a stiff resistance.
April 14 – The Netherlands colonizes
Mauritius, with colonists from the ship Dragon going ashore after sighting it the day before, an event chronicled by British traveler
Peter Mundy.[61][62]
April 15 –
Shogunate forces defeat the last remnants of the
Shimabara Rebellion, in the fortress of Hara. In the aftermath, suppression of Christianity is strictly enforced, Portuguese traders are expelled and Japan enters more than two centuries of isolationism.
July 16 –
Thirty Years War: The
siege of Saint-Omer ends after almost two months as the French-held Flemish city falls after being besieged by Spanish and German troops.
August 15 – The Portuguese expedition led by
Pedro Teixeira completes the first ascent of the
Amazon River, crossing the Quijos River and arriving at
Quito in
Ecuador soon after (the same trip had been made in the opposite direction, in
1541).
November 24 –
New Haven, the first planned city in America, is founded when local Indians make a deed of Quinnipiac to Theophilus Eaton and other English settlers.[68]
February 18 – In the course of the
Eighty Years' War,
a sea battle is fought in the English Channel off of the coast of
Dunkirk between the navies of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, with 12 warships, and Spain, with 12 galleons and eight other ships. The Spanish are forced to flee after three of their ships are lost and 1,600 Spaniards killed or injured, while the Dutch sustain 1,700 casualties without the loss of a ship.[70]
April 22 –
Pope Urban VIII issues a papal bull prohibiting slavery in the New World colonies of Spain and Portugal, encompassing most of Latin America.
July 1 –
Parthenius I becomes the new leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church as he is selected as Patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Cyril II.
July 16 – A revolt in France begins in Normandy with the assassination of tax collector Charles Le Poupinel while he is working in the town of
Avranches. The rebellion is brutally crushed on November 30.
September 3 – The alliance of cantons in
Switzerland known as the
Three Leagues or Raetia agrees with Spain to bring Italy's
Valtellina area back into the alliance, on the condition that the Catholic faith of the natives be respected.
Dejima, an island trading post off
Nagasaki, becomes the only official port of trade allowed for
Europeans, with the multi-national
United East Indies Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) as the only European party officially allowed. Trading parties from China, India and other places are still officially allowed, though the VOC will become the usual
broker for them.
Japanese wives and children of Dutch and British people from
Hirado are sent to
Batavia (Asian headquarters of the VOC, renamed
Jakarta by the Japanese around three centuries later) on Dutch ships.[77]
January 3 –
Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse, French Huguenot noblewoman, grandmother of George II of Great Britain, great-grandmother of Frederick the Great (d.
1722)
Approximate date –
John Ford, English dramatist (b.
1586)
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