January 7 –
Ben Jonson's play News from the New World Discovered in the Moon is given its first performance, a presentation to King
James I of England. In addition to dialogue about actual observations made by telescope of the Moon, the play includes a fanciful discussion of a lunar civilization a dance by the "Volatees", the lunar race. [1]
March 22 – King
Karma Phuntsok Namgyal of
Tibet dies of smallpox after a reign of less than two years, after Ngawang Namgyal of Bhutan casts a tantric spell over him. [3]
March 24 – English sailor
Owen Fitzpen is captured by Turkish pirates while on a trading voyage in the Mediterranean Sea and sold into slavery. He remains a slave in North Africa for seven years until he and 10 other slaves are able to take over a Turkish ship and sail back to Europe.
April–June
April 1 –
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and former King of Bohemia, sends a two-month ultimatum directing
King Frederick of Bohemia (who has usurped the throne in the modern-day Czech Republic) to leave
Bohemia by June 1. Frederick refuses to depart his capital at
Prague.
July 25 (July 15
OS) – The armed merchant ship Mayflower embarks about 65 emigrants for New England at or near her home port of
Rotherhithe on the Thames east of London; about July 29 (July 19 OS) she anchors in
Southampton Water.[5]
August 15 (probable date; August 5
OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Southampton,[5] but are forced to put back into
Dartmouth, Devon, for repairs to a leak in the latter ship on August 22 or 23 (August 12 or 13 OS).
September 2 (August 23
OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Dartmouth; they are well out into the Atlantic when the Speedwell is again found to be leaking.[5]
Mayflower and Speedwell return again to England, anchoring at
Plymouth; the latter ship is given up as a participant in the voyage and on September 12 (September 2 OS) departs for London, most of her passengers and stores having been transferred to the Mayflower.[5]
September 16 (September 6
OS) – Mayflower departs from
Plymouth in
England on her third attempt to cross the Atlantic.[9] The
Pilgrims on board comprise 41 "saints" (English separatists largely from Holland), 40 "strangers" (largely secular planters from London), 23 servants and hired workers, together with c. 30 crew.
October 6 – Battle of Amedamit in
Gojjam,
Ethiopia: The
Roman CatholicRas Sela Kristos, half-brother of Emperor
Susenyos, crushes a group of rebels, who are opposed to Susenyos' pro-Catholic beliefs.
"A Dutch Ship, putting in this Year [of 1620, before June], sold 20 Negroes to the Colony [as
slaves], which were the first of that Generation, that were ever brought to
Virginia."[12]
A severe frost in England freezes the River
Thames; 13 continuous days of snow blanket Scotland. On
Eskdale Moor, only 35 of a flock of 20,000 sheep survive.[13]
January 12 –
Şehzade Mehmed, the 15-year old half-brother of Ottoman Sultan
Osman II, is put to death by hanging on Osman's orders. Before dying, Mehmed prays aloud that Osman's reign as Sultan be ruined.
January 18 – The Dutch East India Company formally names its fortress at Jayakarta in Indonesia, calling it
Batavia. Upon the independence of the Dutch East Indies as Indonesia in 1945, Batavia will be renamed Jakarta.
January 24 – Twelve days after the murder of Prince Mehmed on orders of Sultan Osman II, Constantinople is hit by bitter winter weather, leading to rioting by persons who believe that the punishment of Osman is the will of Allah.
January 28 –
Pope Paul V (Camillo Borghese) dies at the age of 70 after 15 years as Pontiff.
September 2 – The
Battle of Khotyn begins as a force of more than 120,000 Ottoman troops attacks the Moldavian city of Khotyn. Despite the Ottomans' numerical superiority, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth wins the battle and forces a surrender five weeks later. [19]
October 9 (September 29 O.S.) – The
Pilgrims of
Plymouth Colony and
Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (three days), later regarded as the First Thanksgiving, noted for the temporary peace between the English and the local Indians. The celebration is believed by later historians to have coincided with
Michaelmas, observed on September 29 by the Anglican Communion on the calendar used in England at the time.
The
Dutch East India Company sends 2,000 soldiers, under the command of
Jan Pieterszoon Coen, to the
Banda Islands, in order to force the local inhabitants to accept the Dutch trade monopoly on the lucrative
nutmeg, grown almost exclusively on those islands. The soldiers proceed to massacre most of the 15,000 indigenous inhabitants.
May 20 –
OttomanSultanOsman II is strangled by rebelling
Janissaries, who revolted when they heard rumours that Osman II was planning to move against them.
May 25 – The English ship Tryall, which left
Plymouth, England for Batavia (now
Jakarta), wrecks on the
Tryal Rocks, nine months later (the wreck is discovered in
1969).
June 20 –
Thirty Years' War: Imperial forces under
Tilly attempt to prevent
Christian the Younger of Brunswick from moving his army across the
Main River, to link up with
Mansfeld. At the
Battle of Höchst, Tilly manages to inflict considerable casualties on the Protestant forces, as well as seizing Brunswick's baggage train. Nonetheless, the bulk of Brunswick's forces manage to unite with Mansfeld.
November 25 – King
Christian IV of Denmark invites the
Sephardic Jews of
Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic to settle in the newly-built Danish town of
Lykstad, promising them the free exercise of their religion without persecution. The city remains part of Denmark until 1864 until it is captured in the
Second Schleswig War and is now part of Germany as Glückstadt.
November 30 – A fleet of 43 Dutch ships from Suriname attacks the
Araya Peninsula in
Venezuela in an attempt to halt construction of a Spanish fortress. The Spanish drive the Dutch away after six weeks of fighting, ending January 13, 1623.
April 29 – A fleet of 11 Dutch ships depart for the coast of
Peru, seeking to seize Spanish treasure.
May 5 – Raja
Gaj Singh of Marwar, along with Mahabat Khan and Parviz Mirza, is deputized by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in India to hunt down Jahangir's rebel son,
Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram. The search fails, and Khurram will become the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan after Jahangir's death in 1627.
May 22 – After negotiations for the release of English women taken from
Jamestown in the British North American colony of Virginia, conducted between Captain William Tucker of the English settlers and Chief
Opchanacanough of the
Powhatan Confederacy (Tsenacommacah), the English arrange a banquet with the Powhatan, and the drinking of wine.[30] The wine is poisoned and many of the Powhatan Indians die, while 50 more are killed while ill. This follows the massacre of 347 English colonists of March 22, 1622, in the
Powhatan uprising. Opchanacanough escapes, and the 20 women never return home.[31]
July 8 –
Pope Gregory XV (Alessandro Ludovisi) dies from a kidney ailment after a reign of a little more than two years.
July 10 – The English
ship Anne becomes the third vessel to bring settlers to
Plymouth Colony,[33] the Puritan settlement in modern-day Massachusetts, carrying more settlers, after the Mayflower on November 21, 1620, and the Fortune on November 9, 1621.
July 15 –
Trịnh Tùng is deposed as ruler of the kingdom of
Đại Việt in northern Vietnam after more than 50 years. His son, Trịnh Xuan, burns the palace. Trinh Tung is carried away by his servants in a sedan chair and abandoned in the road to die. Another son,
Trịnh Tráng, succeeds to the throne of Đại Việt.
July 16 – A
great conjunction of
Jupiter and
Saturn, with the planets only 5 arc minutes apart, the closest between
1226 and 2874. This conjunction likely goes unobserved, as it occurs near the Sun and the telescope has been invented only recently.
August 30 – Negotiations, resumed in March, of the planned "
Spanish match" break down.[9] On October 5,
Prince Charles returns to England from Spain without a bride.
October 26 – "
Fatal Vespers": 95 people are killed when an upper floor of the French ambassador's house in London collapses under the weight of a congregation attending a mass.[37]
November 8–
December 5 – Publication between these dates in London of the "
First Folio" (Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies), a collection of 36 of the plays of
Shakespeare, half of which have not previously been printed.[9][38]
On the coast of
New Hampshire, the settlement of Hilton's Point, which will become
Dover, New Hampshire, is established by men from
London, England, the first European settlers in the state.
Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania, issues an order, dated at Kolozsvár/Klausenburg/
Cluj, that allows Jews to settle, trade freely and practice religion in Transylvania, and exempts them from wearing the usual Jewish sign.
The city of
Oslo, Norway, is destroyed by fire for the fourteenth time.[42] King
Christian IV of Denmark–Norway decrees its rebuilding on a new site, where it will be renamed Christiania.
After years of unprofitable operation,
Virginia's charter is revoked, and it becomes a royal colony.
July 30 – A contingent of 5,000 Chinese troops and 50 warships under the command of Admiral
Yu Zigao and General Wang Mengxiong
attacks the Dutch fortress at the island of Magong, the largest of the
Penghu islands under the command of
Martinus Sonck. Outnumbered, the Dutch surrender in five days.
September 21 – The Roman Catholic church's
Dicastery for the Clergy issues a decree that no monk may be expelled from his order "unless he be truly incorrigible."
June 18 – The English
Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.
In England, a very high tide occurs, the highest ever known in the
Thames, and the sea walls in
Kent,
Essex, and
Lincolnshire are overthrown, thus great desolation is caused to the lands near the sea.[59]
June 20 – Nine Jesuit Christian missionaries, six of them Japanese and three from Spain, are executed in Japan, followed by eight Japanese converts to Christianity on July 12.
Samuel de Champlain decides to build Cap tourmente (Kap toor-mont) Farm to raise livestock to provide food for settlers in
Quebec, rather than depending on supplies sent from France.[68]
March 17 –
Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, is forced to abdicate after his spending brings Hesse-Kassel to bankruptcy. His son takes over as
William V and cedes much of the landgravate in September to bring peace in its war against Hesse-Darmstadt.
April 17 – The
States of Friesland agree on the 28-point Appeal about Abuses after allowing the citizens to voice their complaints.
May 10 – The Kingdom of England reaches an agreement with
Sidi Al-Ayyashi, a Moroccan
Mujahidin leader to obtain his help in releasing English captives seized by the Barbary pirates.
May 13 – France and England sign an agreement on dividing the island of
Saint Kitts.
August 19 –
Eighty Years' War: Grol, in the Spanish Netherlands, is captured after the siege started on July 20 by Prince Frederick Henry.
September 10 – The
Siege of La Rochelle begins as the Roman Catholic nations of France and Spain move to suppress the revolt of Protestant Huguenots in the western French city.[71]
December 18 – La selva sin amor (The Forest without Love), written by
Lope de Vega and with music by Alessandro Piccinini, premieres as the first Spanish opera.
December 27 – In Madrid, ministers of King Philip IV of Spain, draw up proposals for a "Kingdom and Republic of Ireland" that would break with England, to have two Captains General to be executives of the Republic.
December 30 – (Jumada-l awwal 2, 1037 AH) Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram, son of the later Emperor Jahangir, enters
Lahore after defeating his brother Shahryar Mirza. He is proclaimed as Shah Jahan.
January 19 – (26
Jumada al-Awwal 1037
A.H.) The reign of
Salef-ud-din Muhammad Shahryar as the Mughal Emperor, Shahryar Mirza, comes to an end a little more than two months after the November 7 death of his father,
Jahangir, as Sharyar's older brother, Shihab defeats him in battle. Prince Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram takes the name
Shah Jahan and sentences Shahryar and other members of the court to death.
January 23 – After being incarcerated and blinded on orders of his brother, former Mughal Emperor Shahryar Mirza is put to death, along with his nephews, co-ruler
Dawar Bakhsh, and Princes Garshasp, Tahmuras and Hoshang.
February 3 – In what is now the South American nation of
Chile, the indigenous
Mapuche lay siege to the Spanish colonial settlement of
Nacimiento. The Spanish captain and a force of 40 men are able to hold out until reinforcements arrive two days later, but the attackers take muskets and two cannons.
February 10 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden issues an order bringing an end to the "foolishness and insanity" ("dårskap och galenskap") of religious visionary
Margareta i Kumla, prohibiting Swedes from making pilgrimages to see her on pain of imprisonment, and threatening her with incarceration if she continues to preach about her visions from the angels.
April 8 – A decree of the
Sacred Congregation of Rites of the Roman Catholic Church is made to prohibit the veneration of saints whose sanctity has not been declared by the
Holy See.
May 5 – Catholic League Field Marshal
Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, succeeds in taking control of the German city of
Stade after a long siege. Tilly allows the remaining 3,500 Danish and English defenders safe passage out of Germany, and captures most of the
Duchy of Bremen except for the city of Bremen itself, which he turns to next.
June 7 – King Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament, and accepts the
Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.
July–September
July 9 – Prince
Minyedeippa assassinates his father,
Anaukpetlun,
King of Burma and takes over the throne upon the death of his father. Minyedeippa is arrested by the palace guards a year later and turned over to Anaukpetlun's brother, Thalun, for execution.
August 4 –
Thirty Years' War: With the help of Danish and Swedish reinforcements,
Stralsund is able to resist Wallenstein's
siege until the landing of a Danish army, led by
Christian IV of Denmark, forces Wallenstein to raise the siege, and move his army to confront the new threat.
August 10 – The Swedish 64-gun sailing ship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage, in
Stockholm Harbor.
November 29 – English Army Lieutenant
John Felton, who stabbed the Duke of Buckingham to death on August 23, is hanged at Tyburn prison.
December 3 – The attempt by the
Mataram Sultanate to drive the Dutch East India Company from the western part of the island of
Java fails after 103 days.
December 12 – At the age of 15,
Chetthathirat is crowned as the new
King of Thailand upon the death of his father,
Intharacha III. Prince Chetthathirat takes the regnal name of Borommaracha II and is killed less than a year later.
December 16 – In the Joseon Kingdom of Korea,
O Yun-gyeom becomes the new Yeonguijeong (Chief of the State Council, similar to Prime Minister) during the reign of
King Injo.
January 19 –
Abbas the Great, one of the greatest rulers in Iranian history and the most powerful of the Safavid dynasty Shahs, dies after a reign of more than 40 years.
March 4 –
Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a
royal charter, and the colony is the first to be created in what will become the United States 150 years later, covering almost all of what will be the U.S. state of
Massachusetts.
June 4 – The
Dutch East India Company ship Batavia is wrecked on a reef near
Beacon Island, off Western Australia, on her maiden voyage to the Indies. Following mutiny among the survivors, two exiled murderers become the first Europeans to settle in Australia. Their subsequent fate is unknown.[76]
June 28 –
Huguenot rebellions:
Louis XIII of France signs in his camp at Lédignan the
Peace of Alès, ending the Huguenot rebellions. The Huguenots are allowed religious freedom, but lose their political, territorial and military rights.
July 20 – In
Morocco, the city of
Salé is bombarded by French Admiral
Isaac de Razilly with a fleet composed of the ships Licorne, Saint-Louis, Griffon, Catherine, Hambourg, Sainte-Anne, Saint-Jean; his forces destroyed three corsair ships
Chongzhen, the Chinese emperor of the
Ming dynasty, reiterates the state prohibition against female
infanticide, while the empire and the Chinese economy begins to crumble. In the same year, a third of the
courier stations are closed down due to lack of government funds to sustain them.
Charles I of Gonzaga-Nevers (1580–1637), Duke of Nevers and Mantua (claim for the later supported by France)
Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy (1562–1630), Duke of Savoy and Papal backed candidate to the throne of the Duchy of Mantua
Ivan Cherkassky of Russia (1580?-1642),
boyar and head of the Treasury,
Streletsky Prikaz and Aptekarsky Prikaz, in office 1621–1622 (as Treasurer), 1622–23 (as head of the Streletsky Prikaz and Aptekarsky Prikaz)
Mar Elia Shimun X,
Patriarch of the
Chaldean Catholic Church (Patriarchate then based in
Salamas, in modern-day Iran. However a later Patriarch, Mar Shimun XIII Dinkha, broke the union with the Catholic Church, thus he and other Patriarchs of the Shimun line are sometimes list as Patriarchs of the
Assyrian Church of the East), held position 1600–1653[78]
John Ford of England (1586-1640?), playwright and poet
Frederick of Denmark (1609–1670), Danish Prince and future King of Denmark and Norway
Frederick V of the Palatinate/I of Bohemia (1596–1632), Prince-Elector of the Palatinate and King of Bohemia (a sub-state of the Holy Roman Empire), r. 1610–1623 (as Prince-Elector of the Palatinate) and r. 1619–1620 (as King of Bohemia)
Pieter Nuyts of the Netherlands (1598–1655), Governor of the Dutch colony on Formosa (modern-day Taiwan) and ambassador to Japan, held position (as governor) 1627–1629
Henri de Sourdis of France (1593–1645), Archbishop of Bordeaux and military commander
John Speed of England (1552–1627), historian and cartographer
Ambrogio Spinola of Genoa (1569–1630), general in the service of Spain
John Spottiswoode of Scotland (1565–1639), Archbishop of St. Andrews, historian, and future Lord Chancellor of Scotland
Squanto (1585?–1622), assist to and interpreter for the Pilgrims of the Plymouth colony who helped them stamp out the treaty between them and the Wampanoag.
Myles Standish (1584–1656), English military advisor at the Plymouth Colony
The voyage of the
Pilgrims, their first years of inhabitance in the New World, and the first Thanksgiving are often the subject of
Thanksgiving themed specials and
short films. One of the most notable examples is the episode "The
Mayflower voyagers" of the 1988 mini-series This Is America, Charlie Brown, which
ABC has often aired on Thanksgiving Day (except in 2006 and 2007) along with A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving. However, Thanksgiving would not become established as a national holiday until 1863 when President
Abraham Lincolnproclaimed that it would be celebrated on the final Thursday in November. However, it did not become a
federal holiday until 1941 by an act of legislation by the
U.S. Congress.
The voyage and struggles of the Pilgrims have also been the subject of some pieces of literature including Of Plymouth Plantation by
William Bradford, who himself was an important figure of the 1620s, and
Felicia Hemans' classic poem, "The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers."[80]
The classic novel The Three Musketeers by
Alexandre Dumas, père takes place in 1628. The story includes fictionalized versions of actual historical events of this year, such as the siege of La Rochelle and the assassination of the Duke of Buckingham.
The
1632 series, though set during the
succeeding decade, features many characters, such as Louis XIII and Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu of France, Gustavus II of Sweden, and
Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, who were active during the 1620s and uses events from the 1620s and early 1630s as a backdrop, most notably the
Thirty Years' War.
January 1 –
Marie Eleonore of Dietrichstein, German noblewoman, by birth member of the House of Dietrichstein, and by her two marriages Countess of Kaunitz and Oppersdorf (d.
1687)
January 23 –
Decio Carafa, Archbishop of Naples who had previously served as papal nuncio to the Spanish Netherlands (1606–1607) and to Habsburg Spain (1607–1611) (b.
1556)
^Julie Sanders, Ben Jonson's Theatrical Republics (Palgrave Macmillan, 1998)
^Sharon Kettering, Power and Reputation at the Court of Louis XIII: The Career of Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes (1578–1621) (Manchester University Press, 2008) pp.91-92
^Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons (Leiden 2010) p.333
^Zaide, Gregorio (1949). Philippine Political and Cultural History: The Philippines Since Pre-Spanish Times. Vol. 1. Manila: R.P. Garcia Publishing Company. p. 348.
^"Troubles with Little James: Edward Winslow’s depositions at High Court of Admiralty", by Caleb Johnson, in The Mayflower Quarterly (March 2011) p. 51
^The earlier date is that on which "Copies as are not formerly entred [sic.] to other men" are entered in the Stationers' Register; the later is the first recorded purchase – of two copies at £1 each by antiquarian
Sir Edward Dering.
Sotheby's. The Shakespeare First Folio, 1623: The Dr. Williams's Library Copy, 13 July 2006; "Three Issues" p. 26; auction catalogue research by Peter Selley and Dr. Peter Beal.
^Ferrand, Jacques. Maladie d'amour ou Mélancolie érotique.
^Gary João de Pina-Cabral, Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao (Berg Publishers, 2002) p. 114
^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p29
^Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2004).
"Sweden in the Seventeenth Century". SpringerLink.
doi:
10.1007/978-0-230-80255-1.
ISBN978-0-333-73157-4. The reforms, by providing Sweden with military forces that were simultaneously professional, native, and easy to mobilize, paid immediate and handsome dividends. When Swedish and Danish councillors confronted one another in the tense showdown at Knäröd in 1624 (see Chapter 3), it was Sweden's ability to mobilize its forces at a moment's notice that made possible a diplomatic victory over wealthier Denmark.
^Lund, Emil Ferdinand Svitzer (1897).
"Leonora Christina, Grevinde Ulfeld". Danske malede portraetter: en beskrivende katalog (in Danish). Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. pp. 193–203.
^Brilliana Harley (1854). Letters of the Lady Brilliana Harley, Wife of Sir Robert Harley, of Brampton Bryan, Knight of the Bath. Camden Society. p. xx.
^Hay, Millicent (1984). The life of Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester (1563-1626. Washington D.C: Folger Shakespeare Library. p. 229.
ISBN9780918016706.
^"Hieronymus Praetorius" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
ISBN1-56159-174-2
January 7 –
Ben Jonson's play News from the New World Discovered in the Moon is given its first performance, a presentation to King
James I of England. In addition to dialogue about actual observations made by telescope of the Moon, the play includes a fanciful discussion of a lunar civilization a dance by the "Volatees", the lunar race. [1]
March 22 – King
Karma Phuntsok Namgyal of
Tibet dies of smallpox after a reign of less than two years, after Ngawang Namgyal of Bhutan casts a tantric spell over him. [3]
March 24 – English sailor
Owen Fitzpen is captured by Turkish pirates while on a trading voyage in the Mediterranean Sea and sold into slavery. He remains a slave in North Africa for seven years until he and 10 other slaves are able to take over a Turkish ship and sail back to Europe.
April–June
April 1 –
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and former King of Bohemia, sends a two-month ultimatum directing
King Frederick of Bohemia (who has usurped the throne in the modern-day Czech Republic) to leave
Bohemia by June 1. Frederick refuses to depart his capital at
Prague.
July 25 (July 15
OS) – The armed merchant ship Mayflower embarks about 65 emigrants for New England at or near her home port of
Rotherhithe on the Thames east of London; about July 29 (July 19 OS) she anchors in
Southampton Water.[5]
August 15 (probable date; August 5
OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Southampton,[5] but are forced to put back into
Dartmouth, Devon, for repairs to a leak in the latter ship on August 22 or 23 (August 12 or 13 OS).
September 2 (August 23
OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Dartmouth; they are well out into the Atlantic when the Speedwell is again found to be leaking.[5]
Mayflower and Speedwell return again to England, anchoring at
Plymouth; the latter ship is given up as a participant in the voyage and on September 12 (September 2 OS) departs for London, most of her passengers and stores having been transferred to the Mayflower.[5]
September 16 (September 6
OS) – Mayflower departs from
Plymouth in
England on her third attempt to cross the Atlantic.[9] The
Pilgrims on board comprise 41 "saints" (English separatists largely from Holland), 40 "strangers" (largely secular planters from London), 23 servants and hired workers, together with c. 30 crew.
October 6 – Battle of Amedamit in
Gojjam,
Ethiopia: The
Roman CatholicRas Sela Kristos, half-brother of Emperor
Susenyos, crushes a group of rebels, who are opposed to Susenyos' pro-Catholic beliefs.
"A Dutch Ship, putting in this Year [of 1620, before June], sold 20 Negroes to the Colony [as
slaves], which were the first of that Generation, that were ever brought to
Virginia."[12]
A severe frost in England freezes the River
Thames; 13 continuous days of snow blanket Scotland. On
Eskdale Moor, only 35 of a flock of 20,000 sheep survive.[13]
January 12 –
Şehzade Mehmed, the 15-year old half-brother of Ottoman Sultan
Osman II, is put to death by hanging on Osman's orders. Before dying, Mehmed prays aloud that Osman's reign as Sultan be ruined.
January 18 – The Dutch East India Company formally names its fortress at Jayakarta in Indonesia, calling it
Batavia. Upon the independence of the Dutch East Indies as Indonesia in 1945, Batavia will be renamed Jakarta.
January 24 – Twelve days after the murder of Prince Mehmed on orders of Sultan Osman II, Constantinople is hit by bitter winter weather, leading to rioting by persons who believe that the punishment of Osman is the will of Allah.
January 28 –
Pope Paul V (Camillo Borghese) dies at the age of 70 after 15 years as Pontiff.
September 2 – The
Battle of Khotyn begins as a force of more than 120,000 Ottoman troops attacks the Moldavian city of Khotyn. Despite the Ottomans' numerical superiority, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth wins the battle and forces a surrender five weeks later. [19]
October 9 (September 29 O.S.) – The
Pilgrims of
Plymouth Colony and
Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (three days), later regarded as the First Thanksgiving, noted for the temporary peace between the English and the local Indians. The celebration is believed by later historians to have coincided with
Michaelmas, observed on September 29 by the Anglican Communion on the calendar used in England at the time.
The
Dutch East India Company sends 2,000 soldiers, under the command of
Jan Pieterszoon Coen, to the
Banda Islands, in order to force the local inhabitants to accept the Dutch trade monopoly on the lucrative
nutmeg, grown almost exclusively on those islands. The soldiers proceed to massacre most of the 15,000 indigenous inhabitants.
May 20 –
OttomanSultanOsman II is strangled by rebelling
Janissaries, who revolted when they heard rumours that Osman II was planning to move against them.
May 25 – The English ship Tryall, which left
Plymouth, England for Batavia (now
Jakarta), wrecks on the
Tryal Rocks, nine months later (the wreck is discovered in
1969).
June 20 –
Thirty Years' War: Imperial forces under
Tilly attempt to prevent
Christian the Younger of Brunswick from moving his army across the
Main River, to link up with
Mansfeld. At the
Battle of Höchst, Tilly manages to inflict considerable casualties on the Protestant forces, as well as seizing Brunswick's baggage train. Nonetheless, the bulk of Brunswick's forces manage to unite with Mansfeld.
November 25 – King
Christian IV of Denmark invites the
Sephardic Jews of
Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic to settle in the newly-built Danish town of
Lykstad, promising them the free exercise of their religion without persecution. The city remains part of Denmark until 1864 until it is captured in the
Second Schleswig War and is now part of Germany as Glückstadt.
November 30 – A fleet of 43 Dutch ships from Suriname attacks the
Araya Peninsula in
Venezuela in an attempt to halt construction of a Spanish fortress. The Spanish drive the Dutch away after six weeks of fighting, ending January 13, 1623.
April 29 – A fleet of 11 Dutch ships depart for the coast of
Peru, seeking to seize Spanish treasure.
May 5 – Raja
Gaj Singh of Marwar, along with Mahabat Khan and Parviz Mirza, is deputized by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in India to hunt down Jahangir's rebel son,
Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram. The search fails, and Khurram will become the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan after Jahangir's death in 1627.
May 22 – After negotiations for the release of English women taken from
Jamestown in the British North American colony of Virginia, conducted between Captain William Tucker of the English settlers and Chief
Opchanacanough of the
Powhatan Confederacy (Tsenacommacah), the English arrange a banquet with the Powhatan, and the drinking of wine.[30] The wine is poisoned and many of the Powhatan Indians die, while 50 more are killed while ill. This follows the massacre of 347 English colonists of March 22, 1622, in the
Powhatan uprising. Opchanacanough escapes, and the 20 women never return home.[31]
July 8 –
Pope Gregory XV (Alessandro Ludovisi) dies from a kidney ailment after a reign of a little more than two years.
July 10 – The English
ship Anne becomes the third vessel to bring settlers to
Plymouth Colony,[33] the Puritan settlement in modern-day Massachusetts, carrying more settlers, after the Mayflower on November 21, 1620, and the Fortune on November 9, 1621.
July 15 –
Trịnh Tùng is deposed as ruler of the kingdom of
Đại Việt in northern Vietnam after more than 50 years. His son, Trịnh Xuan, burns the palace. Trinh Tung is carried away by his servants in a sedan chair and abandoned in the road to die. Another son,
Trịnh Tráng, succeeds to the throne of Đại Việt.
July 16 – A
great conjunction of
Jupiter and
Saturn, with the planets only 5 arc minutes apart, the closest between
1226 and 2874. This conjunction likely goes unobserved, as it occurs near the Sun and the telescope has been invented only recently.
August 30 – Negotiations, resumed in March, of the planned "
Spanish match" break down.[9] On October 5,
Prince Charles returns to England from Spain without a bride.
October 26 – "
Fatal Vespers": 95 people are killed when an upper floor of the French ambassador's house in London collapses under the weight of a congregation attending a mass.[37]
November 8–
December 5 – Publication between these dates in London of the "
First Folio" (Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies), a collection of 36 of the plays of
Shakespeare, half of which have not previously been printed.[9][38]
On the coast of
New Hampshire, the settlement of Hilton's Point, which will become
Dover, New Hampshire, is established by men from
London, England, the first European settlers in the state.
Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania, issues an order, dated at Kolozsvár/Klausenburg/
Cluj, that allows Jews to settle, trade freely and practice religion in Transylvania, and exempts them from wearing the usual Jewish sign.
The city of
Oslo, Norway, is destroyed by fire for the fourteenth time.[42] King
Christian IV of Denmark–Norway decrees its rebuilding on a new site, where it will be renamed Christiania.
After years of unprofitable operation,
Virginia's charter is revoked, and it becomes a royal colony.
July 30 – A contingent of 5,000 Chinese troops and 50 warships under the command of Admiral
Yu Zigao and General Wang Mengxiong
attacks the Dutch fortress at the island of Magong, the largest of the
Penghu islands under the command of
Martinus Sonck. Outnumbered, the Dutch surrender in five days.
September 21 – The Roman Catholic church's
Dicastery for the Clergy issues a decree that no monk may be expelled from his order "unless he be truly incorrigible."
June 18 – The English
Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.
In England, a very high tide occurs, the highest ever known in the
Thames, and the sea walls in
Kent,
Essex, and
Lincolnshire are overthrown, thus great desolation is caused to the lands near the sea.[59]
June 20 – Nine Jesuit Christian missionaries, six of them Japanese and three from Spain, are executed in Japan, followed by eight Japanese converts to Christianity on July 12.
Samuel de Champlain decides to build Cap tourmente (Kap toor-mont) Farm to raise livestock to provide food for settlers in
Quebec, rather than depending on supplies sent from France.[68]
March 17 –
Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, is forced to abdicate after his spending brings Hesse-Kassel to bankruptcy. His son takes over as
William V and cedes much of the landgravate in September to bring peace in its war against Hesse-Darmstadt.
April 17 – The
States of Friesland agree on the 28-point Appeal about Abuses after allowing the citizens to voice their complaints.
May 10 – The Kingdom of England reaches an agreement with
Sidi Al-Ayyashi, a Moroccan
Mujahidin leader to obtain his help in releasing English captives seized by the Barbary pirates.
May 13 – France and England sign an agreement on dividing the island of
Saint Kitts.
August 19 –
Eighty Years' War: Grol, in the Spanish Netherlands, is captured after the siege started on July 20 by Prince Frederick Henry.
September 10 – The
Siege of La Rochelle begins as the Roman Catholic nations of France and Spain move to suppress the revolt of Protestant Huguenots in the western French city.[71]
December 18 – La selva sin amor (The Forest without Love), written by
Lope de Vega and with music by Alessandro Piccinini, premieres as the first Spanish opera.
December 27 – In Madrid, ministers of King Philip IV of Spain, draw up proposals for a "Kingdom and Republic of Ireland" that would break with England, to have two Captains General to be executives of the Republic.
December 30 – (Jumada-l awwal 2, 1037 AH) Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram, son of the later Emperor Jahangir, enters
Lahore after defeating his brother Shahryar Mirza. He is proclaimed as Shah Jahan.
January 19 – (26
Jumada al-Awwal 1037
A.H.) The reign of
Salef-ud-din Muhammad Shahryar as the Mughal Emperor, Shahryar Mirza, comes to an end a little more than two months after the November 7 death of his father,
Jahangir, as Sharyar's older brother, Shihab defeats him in battle. Prince Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram takes the name
Shah Jahan and sentences Shahryar and other members of the court to death.
January 23 – After being incarcerated and blinded on orders of his brother, former Mughal Emperor Shahryar Mirza is put to death, along with his nephews, co-ruler
Dawar Bakhsh, and Princes Garshasp, Tahmuras and Hoshang.
February 3 – In what is now the South American nation of
Chile, the indigenous
Mapuche lay siege to the Spanish colonial settlement of
Nacimiento. The Spanish captain and a force of 40 men are able to hold out until reinforcements arrive two days later, but the attackers take muskets and two cannons.
February 10 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden issues an order bringing an end to the "foolishness and insanity" ("dårskap och galenskap") of religious visionary
Margareta i Kumla, prohibiting Swedes from making pilgrimages to see her on pain of imprisonment, and threatening her with incarceration if she continues to preach about her visions from the angels.
April 8 – A decree of the
Sacred Congregation of Rites of the Roman Catholic Church is made to prohibit the veneration of saints whose sanctity has not been declared by the
Holy See.
May 5 – Catholic League Field Marshal
Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, succeeds in taking control of the German city of
Stade after a long siege. Tilly allows the remaining 3,500 Danish and English defenders safe passage out of Germany, and captures most of the
Duchy of Bremen except for the city of Bremen itself, which he turns to next.
June 7 – King Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament, and accepts the
Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.
July–September
July 9 – Prince
Minyedeippa assassinates his father,
Anaukpetlun,
King of Burma and takes over the throne upon the death of his father. Minyedeippa is arrested by the palace guards a year later and turned over to Anaukpetlun's brother, Thalun, for execution.
August 4 –
Thirty Years' War: With the help of Danish and Swedish reinforcements,
Stralsund is able to resist Wallenstein's
siege until the landing of a Danish army, led by
Christian IV of Denmark, forces Wallenstein to raise the siege, and move his army to confront the new threat.
August 10 – The Swedish 64-gun sailing ship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage, in
Stockholm Harbor.
November 29 – English Army Lieutenant
John Felton, who stabbed the Duke of Buckingham to death on August 23, is hanged at Tyburn prison.
December 3 – The attempt by the
Mataram Sultanate to drive the Dutch East India Company from the western part of the island of
Java fails after 103 days.
December 12 – At the age of 15,
Chetthathirat is crowned as the new
King of Thailand upon the death of his father,
Intharacha III. Prince Chetthathirat takes the regnal name of Borommaracha II and is killed less than a year later.
December 16 – In the Joseon Kingdom of Korea,
O Yun-gyeom becomes the new Yeonguijeong (Chief of the State Council, similar to Prime Minister) during the reign of
King Injo.
January 19 –
Abbas the Great, one of the greatest rulers in Iranian history and the most powerful of the Safavid dynasty Shahs, dies after a reign of more than 40 years.
March 4 –
Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a
royal charter, and the colony is the first to be created in what will become the United States 150 years later, covering almost all of what will be the U.S. state of
Massachusetts.
June 4 – The
Dutch East India Company ship Batavia is wrecked on a reef near
Beacon Island, off Western Australia, on her maiden voyage to the Indies. Following mutiny among the survivors, two exiled murderers become the first Europeans to settle in Australia. Their subsequent fate is unknown.[76]
June 28 –
Huguenot rebellions:
Louis XIII of France signs in his camp at Lédignan the
Peace of Alès, ending the Huguenot rebellions. The Huguenots are allowed religious freedom, but lose their political, territorial and military rights.
July 20 – In
Morocco, the city of
Salé is bombarded by French Admiral
Isaac de Razilly with a fleet composed of the ships Licorne, Saint-Louis, Griffon, Catherine, Hambourg, Sainte-Anne, Saint-Jean; his forces destroyed three corsair ships
Chongzhen, the Chinese emperor of the
Ming dynasty, reiterates the state prohibition against female
infanticide, while the empire and the Chinese economy begins to crumble. In the same year, a third of the
courier stations are closed down due to lack of government funds to sustain them.
Charles I of Gonzaga-Nevers (1580–1637), Duke of Nevers and Mantua (claim for the later supported by France)
Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy (1562–1630), Duke of Savoy and Papal backed candidate to the throne of the Duchy of Mantua
Ivan Cherkassky of Russia (1580?-1642),
boyar and head of the Treasury,
Streletsky Prikaz and Aptekarsky Prikaz, in office 1621–1622 (as Treasurer), 1622–23 (as head of the Streletsky Prikaz and Aptekarsky Prikaz)
Mar Elia Shimun X,
Patriarch of the
Chaldean Catholic Church (Patriarchate then based in
Salamas, in modern-day Iran. However a later Patriarch, Mar Shimun XIII Dinkha, broke the union with the Catholic Church, thus he and other Patriarchs of the Shimun line are sometimes list as Patriarchs of the
Assyrian Church of the East), held position 1600–1653[78]
John Ford of England (1586-1640?), playwright and poet
Frederick of Denmark (1609–1670), Danish Prince and future King of Denmark and Norway
Frederick V of the Palatinate/I of Bohemia (1596–1632), Prince-Elector of the Palatinate and King of Bohemia (a sub-state of the Holy Roman Empire), r. 1610–1623 (as Prince-Elector of the Palatinate) and r. 1619–1620 (as King of Bohemia)
Pieter Nuyts of the Netherlands (1598–1655), Governor of the Dutch colony on Formosa (modern-day Taiwan) and ambassador to Japan, held position (as governor) 1627–1629
Henri de Sourdis of France (1593–1645), Archbishop of Bordeaux and military commander
John Speed of England (1552–1627), historian and cartographer
Ambrogio Spinola of Genoa (1569–1630), general in the service of Spain
John Spottiswoode of Scotland (1565–1639), Archbishop of St. Andrews, historian, and future Lord Chancellor of Scotland
Squanto (1585?–1622), assist to and interpreter for the Pilgrims of the Plymouth colony who helped them stamp out the treaty between them and the Wampanoag.
Myles Standish (1584–1656), English military advisor at the Plymouth Colony
The voyage of the
Pilgrims, their first years of inhabitance in the New World, and the first Thanksgiving are often the subject of
Thanksgiving themed specials and
short films. One of the most notable examples is the episode "The
Mayflower voyagers" of the 1988 mini-series This Is America, Charlie Brown, which
ABC has often aired on Thanksgiving Day (except in 2006 and 2007) along with A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving. However, Thanksgiving would not become established as a national holiday until 1863 when President
Abraham Lincolnproclaimed that it would be celebrated on the final Thursday in November. However, it did not become a
federal holiday until 1941 by an act of legislation by the
U.S. Congress.
The voyage and struggles of the Pilgrims have also been the subject of some pieces of literature including Of Plymouth Plantation by
William Bradford, who himself was an important figure of the 1620s, and
Felicia Hemans' classic poem, "The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers."[80]
The classic novel The Three Musketeers by
Alexandre Dumas, père takes place in 1628. The story includes fictionalized versions of actual historical events of this year, such as the siege of La Rochelle and the assassination of the Duke of Buckingham.
The
1632 series, though set during the
succeeding decade, features many characters, such as Louis XIII and Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu of France, Gustavus II of Sweden, and
Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, who were active during the 1620s and uses events from the 1620s and early 1630s as a backdrop, most notably the
Thirty Years' War.
January 1 –
Marie Eleonore of Dietrichstein, German noblewoman, by birth member of the House of Dietrichstein, and by her two marriages Countess of Kaunitz and Oppersdorf (d.
1687)
January 23 –
Decio Carafa, Archbishop of Naples who had previously served as papal nuncio to the Spanish Netherlands (1606–1607) and to Habsburg Spain (1607–1611) (b.
1556)
^Julie Sanders, Ben Jonson's Theatrical Republics (Palgrave Macmillan, 1998)
^Sharon Kettering, Power and Reputation at the Court of Louis XIII: The Career of Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes (1578–1621) (Manchester University Press, 2008) pp.91-92
^Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons (Leiden 2010) p.333
^Zaide, Gregorio (1949). Philippine Political and Cultural History: The Philippines Since Pre-Spanish Times. Vol. 1. Manila: R.P. Garcia Publishing Company. p. 348.
^"Troubles with Little James: Edward Winslow’s depositions at High Court of Admiralty", by Caleb Johnson, in The Mayflower Quarterly (March 2011) p. 51
^The earlier date is that on which "Copies as are not formerly entred [sic.] to other men" are entered in the Stationers' Register; the later is the first recorded purchase – of two copies at £1 each by antiquarian
Sir Edward Dering.
Sotheby's. The Shakespeare First Folio, 1623: The Dr. Williams's Library Copy, 13 July 2006; "Three Issues" p. 26; auction catalogue research by Peter Selley and Dr. Peter Beal.
^Ferrand, Jacques. Maladie d'amour ou Mélancolie érotique.
^Gary João de Pina-Cabral, Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao (Berg Publishers, 2002) p. 114
^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p29
^Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2004).
"Sweden in the Seventeenth Century". SpringerLink.
doi:
10.1007/978-0-230-80255-1.
ISBN978-0-333-73157-4. The reforms, by providing Sweden with military forces that were simultaneously professional, native, and easy to mobilize, paid immediate and handsome dividends. When Swedish and Danish councillors confronted one another in the tense showdown at Knäröd in 1624 (see Chapter 3), it was Sweden's ability to mobilize its forces at a moment's notice that made possible a diplomatic victory over wealthier Denmark.
^Lund, Emil Ferdinand Svitzer (1897).
"Leonora Christina, Grevinde Ulfeld". Danske malede portraetter: en beskrivende katalog (in Danish). Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. pp. 193–203.
^Brilliana Harley (1854). Letters of the Lady Brilliana Harley, Wife of Sir Robert Harley, of Brampton Bryan, Knight of the Bath. Camden Society. p. xx.
^Hay, Millicent (1984). The life of Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester (1563-1626. Washington D.C: Folger Shakespeare Library. p. 229.
ISBN9780918016706.
^"Hieronymus Praetorius" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
ISBN1-56159-174-2