From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the
Kingdom of France of
Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the
civil war of
the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial
French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an
absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the
Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded. It was during this century that the
English monarch became increasingly involved in conflicts with the
Parliament - this would culminate in the English civil war and an end to the dominance of the English monarchy.
It was during this period that the
European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe.[2] Also during this period, there would be a more intense European presence in Southeast Asia and East Asia (such as the
colonization of Taiwan). These foreign elements would contribute to a
revolution in
Ayutthaya. While the
Mataram Sultanate and the
Aceh Sultanate would be the major powers of the region, especially during the first half of the century.[2]
Qing China spent decades of this century with economic problems (results of civil wars between the Qing and former Ming dynasty loyalists), only recovering well at the end of the century. In Japan,
Tokugawa Ieyasu established the
Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century, beginning the
Edo period; the isolationist
Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and lasted until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing
Ming dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the
Manchu warlord
Nurhaci, which were consolidated by his son
Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson, the
Shunzhi Emperor, founder of the
Qing dynasty.[3]
1601: In the
Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system.
1603: In
Nagasaki, the Portuguese Jesuit missionary
João Rodrigues publishes Nippo Jisho, the first dictionary of Japanese to a European (Portuguese) language.
1607:
Iskandar Muda becomes the Sultan of
Aceh for 30 years. He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western
Malay Archipelago.
1642: Beginning of
English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of
King Charles I, the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
1649:
King Charles I is executed for high treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a
High Court of Justice and put to death.
1678: The
Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.
1689: The
Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day
North Macedonia, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.
1637: Although Chinese
naval mines were earlier described in the 14th century Huolongjing, the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of
Ming dynasty scholar
Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a
lacquer bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel
flint mechanism.
^Campbell, B.C (2008). Disasters, accidents, and crises in American history: A reference guide to the nation's most catastrophic events. Infobase Publishing. pp. 11–12.
From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the
Kingdom of France of
Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the
civil war of
the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial
French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an
absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the
Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded. It was during this century that the
English monarch became increasingly involved in conflicts with the
Parliament - this would culminate in the English civil war and an end to the dominance of the English monarchy.
It was during this period that the
European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe.[2] Also during this period, there would be a more intense European presence in Southeast Asia and East Asia (such as the
colonization of Taiwan). These foreign elements would contribute to a
revolution in
Ayutthaya. While the
Mataram Sultanate and the
Aceh Sultanate would be the major powers of the region, especially during the first half of the century.[2]
Qing China spent decades of this century with economic problems (results of civil wars between the Qing and former Ming dynasty loyalists), only recovering well at the end of the century. In Japan,
Tokugawa Ieyasu established the
Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century, beginning the
Edo period; the isolationist
Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and lasted until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing
Ming dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the
Manchu warlord
Nurhaci, which were consolidated by his son
Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson, the
Shunzhi Emperor, founder of the
Qing dynasty.[3]
1601: In the
Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system.
1603: In
Nagasaki, the Portuguese Jesuit missionary
João Rodrigues publishes Nippo Jisho, the first dictionary of Japanese to a European (Portuguese) language.
1607:
Iskandar Muda becomes the Sultan of
Aceh for 30 years. He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western
Malay Archipelago.
1642: Beginning of
English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of
King Charles I, the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
1649:
King Charles I is executed for high treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a
High Court of Justice and put to death.
1678: The
Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.
1689: The
Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day
North Macedonia, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.
1637: Although Chinese
naval mines were earlier described in the 14th century Huolongjing, the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of
Ming dynasty scholar
Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a
lacquer bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel
flint mechanism.
^Campbell, B.C (2008). Disasters, accidents, and crises in American history: A reference guide to the nation's most catastrophic events. Infobase Publishing. pp. 11–12.