January 2 – King
Amangkurat II of
Mataram (located on the island of Java, part of modern-day Indonesia), invites
Trunajaya, who had led
a failed rebellion against him until his surrender on December 26, for a ceremonial visit to the royal palace. After Trunajaya arrives, King Amangkurat stabs his guest to death.
January 24 –
William Harris, one of the four English
Puritans who established the
Plymouth Colony and then the
Providence Plantations at
Rhode Island in 1636, is captured by Algerian pirates, when his ship is boarded while he is making a voyage back to England. After being sold into slavery on February 23, he remains a slave until ransom is paid. He dies in 1681, three days after his return to England.
February 12 – The
Marquis de Croissy, Charles Colbert, becomes France's Minister of Foreign Affairs and serves for 16 years until his death, when he is succeeded as Foreign Minister by his son
Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
February 22 –
Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin, a fortune teller in
France who organized a ring of killers in what became known as the "
Affair of the Poisons" that killed at least 1,000 people, is burned at the stake after being convicted of witchcraft. In all, 36 people are executed for their role in the poisoning.
March 25 – Troops sent by the Sultan of Morocco,
Ismail Ibn Sharif, begin a blockade of the port of
Tangier, occupied by the English and located on the North African coast.
Palmes Fairborne is dispatched to defend Tangier as the colonial governor and commander-in-chief of English forces.
April 21 – Prince
Rajaram Bhosle, the 10-year-old son of the
Shivaji, the
Chhatrapati (Emperor) of the
Maratha Empire in India, is installed on the throne as the new Emperor, less than three weeks after the death of his father.
Sambhaji Bhosle, the eldest son of Shivaji, learns the news while imprisoned at
Panhala and makes plans to escape prison and take over the throne.
April 27 – Prince Sambhaji and fellow prisoners kill the commander of the Panhala prison and take control of the fort, as he makes plans to become ruler of the Maratha Empire.
April 30 – The first
FrenchHuguenots in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship Richmond, after being sent there by King
Charles II of England.[2]
June 10 – England and Spain sign a mutual defense treaty.[3]
June 11 –
Elizabeth Cellier, an English Catholic midwife, is tried and acquitted of treason for pamphleting against the government.
June 16 –
Sambhaji Bhosle and his troops capture
Raigad, the capital of the
Maratha Empire and Sambhaji becomes the new
Chhatrapati or Emperor. Sambhaji deposes his younger brother
Rajaram I and places Rajaram and Rajaram's mother under house arrest.
August 10 – A
Pueblo medicine man named Popé begins an attack by the Puebloans and their Apache allies on Spanish outposts throughout what is the modern-day U.S. state of
New Mexico, choosing the campaign to begin before a supply caravan can reach the Spaniards.[4]
A four month truce between
England and
Morocco expires and the Alcaid Omar, Viceroy of Morocco, begins a bombardment of the English fort at
Tangier.[6]
A
treaty is concluded between the Dutch Republic and the Ottoman Empire for Ottoman Sultan
Mehmed IV and his subjects to apply Dutch law to Dutch visitors to Ottoman territory.[7]
September 21 – Spanish troops make a counterattack on
Santa Fe in the modern-day U.S. state of New Mexico, allowing the remaining Spanish troops in the besieged city to flee to
El Paso (now in Texas).[4]
December 17 (December 7 O.S.) – The trial for treason of
William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford before his fellow members of the
House of Lords having concluded after seven days, the Lords vote on whether to convict him of the articles of impeachment. The Lords vote, 55 to 31 to convict him and to impose the death sentence [13] and Lord Stafford is beheaded on 29 December (8 January 1681 N.S.)
Date unknown
Chambers of Reunion (
French courts under Louis XIV) decide on the complete annexation of
Alsace.
January 1 – Prince
Muhammad Akbar, son of the
Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb, initiates a civil war in India. With the support of troops from the
Rajput states, Akbar declares himself the new Mughal Emperor and prepares to fight his father, but is ultimately defeated.
January 18 – The "
Exclusion Bill Parliament", summoned by King Charles II of England in October, is dissolved after three months, with directions that new elections be held, and that a new parliament be convened in March in Oxford.
March 21 – The "
Oxford Parliament" is summoned in England by King Charles II and meets in Oxford rather than in Westminster, but is dissolved seven days later. No further sessions of parliament are held until after the death of Charles in 1685.
May 15 – The
Canal du Midi in France is opened officially, as the Canal Royal de Languedoc.[15]
June 23 – The
Church of the East, an Eastern Orthodox rite in Mesopotamia (now Iraq), already split between two patriarchs in the Eliya line and the Shimun line, is split along a third line by the Roman Catholic Church when Mar Yousip of the Archdiocese of Amid (now
Diyarbakır in Turkey) is proclaimed by
Pope Innocent XI as
Joseph I, "Patriarch of the Chaldean nation deprived of its patriarch", creating the "Josephite line" of the
Chaldean Catholic Church.
October 27 –
Sir John Child of England becomes the new Governor of Bombay province and, unofficially, Governor-General of all of the settlements of the
East India Company in
India. With the exception of a rebellion by Captain
Richard Keigwin during the year 1684, Child expands British control until involving the British in a war with the
Mughal Empire.
November 29 – A storm strikes the
Isthmus of Panama and overwhelms the Spanish Navy's Flota de Tierra Firma, sinking the ship Nuestra Señora de Encarnación in the
Chagres River. The Encarnación wreckage is not found until almost 340 years later, in
2011, mostly intact and still loaded with most of its cargo.
December 3 – Another ship in the Flota de Terra Firma, Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, sinks in the Chagres River with the loss of its 280 crew.
January 7 – The
Republic of Genoa forbids the unauthorized printing of newspapers and all handwritten newssheets; the ban is lifted after three months.
January 12 – Scottish minister
James Renwick, one of the
Covenanters resisting the Scottish government's suppression of alternate religious views, publishes the Declaration of
Lanark.
January 21 – The Ottoman Empire army is mobilized in preparation for a war against Austria that culminates with the 1683
Battle of Vienna.
March 22 – A fire breaks out in
Newmarket, Suffolk, consuming half the town and spreading into sections of surrounding
Cambridgeshire. Historian
Laurence Echard describes it later as "A Providential Fire", noting that King Charles II "by the approach of the fury of the flames was immediately driven out of his own palace", and, after moving to safety in another section of town, was forced to flee again "when the wind, as conducted by an invisible power, suddenly changed about, and blew the smoke and cinders directly on his new lodgings, and in a moment made them as untenable as the other."[20]
May 7 (April 27 O.S.) – Upon the death of the Tsar
Feodor III of Russia, Feodor's younger brother, 15-year-old
Ivan is passed over in favor of a half-brother, 10-year-old
Peter.
May 11 – The
Moscow Uprising of 1682 occurs when a mob, outraged by the rejection of Prince Ivan and upset over rumors that Ivan has been strangled, invades the
Kremlin and lynches the leading boyars and military commanders. Ivan V and Peter I are named co-rulers of Russia as a result of a compromise between Peter's mother
Natalya Naryshkina and Ivan's mother
Maria Miloslavskaya and both are crowned a month later.
June 8 – The English trading freighter Johanna is wrecked off of the coast of South Africa with the loss of 10 of her 114 crew, becoming the first of Britain's
East India Company fleet to be lost.
August 6 – The Ottoman Empire declares war on the Holy Roman Empire and makes plans to attack
Vienna.
August 12 –
Vesuvius begins a period of volcanic activity lasting for 10 days.
August 23 – A
comet that will later become known as
Comet Halley, is observed from several locations on Earth after reaching magnitude 2 and becoming visible to the naked eye.
Arthur Storer sees it from the North American colony of Maryland, while German astronomer
Johannes Hevelius measures it from
Danzig (now Gdansk in Poland). [21]Edmond Halley successfully predicts that it will return in
1758.
December 11 –
William Penn meets with
Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore for the first discussion of the boundary between the colonies of Pennsylvania and Maryland, fixed at
40 degrees north. Recognizing that 40° north would remove Pennsylvania's access to the sea, Penn proposes a purchase of some of Maryland's territory.
December 27 – Colonists from the German electorate of Brandenburg arrive at
Akwidaa on the Brandenburger Gold Coast at what is now
Ghana and, five days later, begin building a fort at what is now Princes Town.
Date unknown
Celia Fiennes, noblewoman and traveller, begins her journeys across Britain, in a venture that will prove to be her life's work. Her aim is to chronicle the towns, cities and great houses of the country. Her travels continue until at least
1712, and will take her to every county in England, though the main body of her journal is not written until the year
1702.
The
Richard Wall House, believed to be the longest continuously inhabited residence in the US, is built in
Pennsylvania.
January 27 –
Gove's Rebellion breaks out in the
Province of New Hampshire in North America as a revolt against the Royal Governor,
Edward Cranfield. Most of the participants, and their leader Edward Gove, are arrested. Gowe is convicted of treason but pardoned three years later.
March 17 – In a battle at
Kalyan (near
Bombay) between the Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire in India, Maratha General
Hambirrao Mohite defeats the local Mughal official, Ranamast Khan.
July 21 – The gruesome execution of
Lord Russell, for his role in the 1683
Rye House Plot to assassinate King
Charles II of England, is carried out by the royal executioner
Jack Ketch, who wields his axe in a manner requiring multiple blows to make Russell suffer as much as possible during the beheading. [24]
August 4 –
Turhan, in the powerful role of the
Valide sultan of the
Ottoman Empire since 1648 as the mother of Sultan
Mehmed IV, dies at the age of 56, bringing an end to the era in Ottoman history known as the "
Sultanate of Women". Upon the overthrow of Mehmed IV four years later, the role of the mother of the Ottoman Sultan is less powerful.
August 25 – The
Earl of Limerick, Irishman Thomas Dongan, takes office as the new British Colonial Governor of the
Province of New York and makes major reforms to restore public order and rescue the province from bankruptcy.
Battle of Vienna: The Ottoman siege of the city is broken with the arrival of a force of 70,000
Poles,
Austrians and
Germans under Polish–Lithuanian king
Jan III Sobieski, whose
cavalry turns their flank. The victory marks a turning point in the
Ottoman Empire's fortunes and the end of the Turkish attempt to expand its control into Western Europe. [25]
October 6 –
Germantown, Philadelphia is founded as the first permanent German settlement in North America (in
1983 U.S. President Ronald Reagan declares a 300th Year Celebration, and in
1987, it becomes an annual holiday,
German-American Day).
George Ducas, the Prince of Moldavia installed by the Ottomans in 1678, is arrested by Polish authorities while on his way back to
Bucharest from the defeat by Poland in the Battle of Vienna. Ducas is replaced by
Ștefan Petriceicu.
December 27 –
Richard Keigwin leads a rebellion against the
East India Company to take over as Governor of Bombay and most of the British territory in India, driving out Governor
Sir John Child and arresting the Deputy Governor,
Charles Ward. Keigwin surrenders the office less than a year later.
January 15 (January 5 O.S.) – To demonstrate that the
River Thames, frozen solid during the Great Frost that started in December, is safe to walk upon, "a Coach and six horses drove over the Thames for a wager" and within three days "whole streets of Booths are built on the Thames and thousands of people are continually walking thereon."
Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet, records the events in his diary.[28]
February 7 –
Morocco retakes control of the city of
Tangier from England, which had controlled the North African port since
1661.[32] During the five months prior to evacuation of the English from the city, the Governor,
Lord Dartmouth had ordered the destruction of the wall around the city, its fortifications and port facilities that had been built by the English during the occupation.
February 8 – Prince
Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino returns to the throne of the principality of
Moldavia for a third reign but is overthrown 14 months later on June 25. In 1859, Moldavia will unite with neighboring
Wallachia to form the Kingdom of
Romania.
February 15 (February 5 O.S.) – The
Great Frost in Britain, during which the
River Thames was frozen in London and the sea as far as 2 miles (3.2 km) out from land and which started the previous December, ends as the Thames begins to thaw.
William Maitland later writes that the Frost, which started in December 1683, "congealed the river Thames to that degree that another city, as it were, was erected thereon; where by the great number of streets and shops, with their rich furniture, it represented a great fair, with a variety of carriages, and diversions of all sorts."[33] During the freeze, there had been great loss of beast and of wildlife, especially birds, and similar reports from across Northern Europe.[34] The
Chipperfield's Circus dynasty began during the freeze, with James Chipperfield introducing performing animals to the country at the
Frost Fair on the Thames in London.
March 19 – In Japan, the
Tenna era ends on the 21st day of the 2nd month of the Chinese calendar of the 4th year of the
Tenna era and the
Jōkyō era begins as Japan's royal astronomer,
Shibukawa Shunkai institutes the
Jōkyō calendar to replace Chinese calendar which had been used in Japan since
859 AD, after calculating that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.[37]
May 18 – The French Navy begins
a 10-day bombardment of the Italian city of
Genoa in the course of the
War of the Reunions between France and the
Republic of Genoa. During the fight, the French fleet, commanded by
Abraham Duquesne, fires almost 13,000 cannonballs, pausing only during a cease-fire on May 21 and May 22, and uses the new technology of explosive bombs. When the bombardment ends on May 28, two-thirds of the city has been destroyed or damaged.[38]
October 7 – Japanese Chief Minister
Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shōgun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical
edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
November 8 –
James Renwick, a Scottish minister and one of the "
Covenanters" challenging the attempt by Kings James VI and Charles I to take over churches in Scotland, posts his "Apologetical Declaration" on church doors and market crosses in and around
Cambusnethan,
Lanarkshire.[44]
Japanese poet
Ihara Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the
Sumiyoshi-taisha (shrine) at
Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just count the verses.[48]
The
British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at
Canton.[50]Tea sells in Europe for less than a
shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford; hence
smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
January 8 – Almost 200 people are arrested in
Coventry by English authorities for gathering to hear readings of the sermons of the non-conformist Protestant minister
Obadiah Grew
February 4 – A treaty is signed between
Brandenburg-Prussia and the indigenous chiefs at
Takoradi in what is now
Ghana to permit the German colonists to build a third fort on the Brandenburger Gold Coast. [52]
March 28 – An attack on a Mughal Empire envoy, Khwajah Abdur Rahim, outside of the Maratha fortress at the
Bijapur Fort in India leads to a siege of the city by the forces of Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb. The siege lasts for 15 months before Bijapur surrenders.
September 29 – The first organised street lighting is introduced by the city of
London in
England, as Edward Hemming begins carrying out his contract to be paid for lighting an
oil lamp "at every tenth house on main streets between 6 PM and midnight between September 29 and March 25" on nights in the autumn and winter without adequate moonlight. [56]
October–December
October 22 – Louis XIV of France issues the
Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the
Edict of Nantes and declares
Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving
Huguenots of civil rights. Their Temple de Charenton-le-Pont is immediately demolished and many flee to England, Prussia and elsewhere.
December 3 – King
Charles XI of Sweden issues an order banning
Jews from settling in Sweden, particularly in the capital at
Stockholm "on account of the danger of the eventual influence of the Jewish religion on the pure evangelical faith." [57]
December 10 – In what is now
Thailand,
King Narai of
Ayutthaya signs a treaty with representatives of France at
Lopburi, allowing
Roman Catholic missionaries to preach the
Gospel and exempting Thai Catholics from work on Sunday, as well as appointing a special court to settle disputes between Thai Christians and non-Christians.
January 3 – In
Madras (now
Chennai) in
India, local residents employed by the
East India Company threaten to boycott their jobs after corporate administrator
William Gyfford imposes a house tax on residences within the city walls. Gyfford places security forces at all entrances to the city and threatens to banish anyone who fails to pay their taxes, as well as to confiscate the goods of merchants who refuse to make sales.[60] A compromise is reached the next day on the amount of the taxes. [61]
January 17 –
King Louis XIV of
France reports the success of the
Edict of Fontainebleau, issued on October 22 against the Protestant
Huguenots, and reports that after less than three months, the vast majority of the Huguenot population had left the country.[62]
January 31 – In the wake of the success of France's campaign against Protestantism,
Victor Amadeus II, the Duke of Savoy, issues an edict against the
Valdesi, the Duchy's Protestant minority, setting a 15-day deadline for members of the Valdesi to publicly renounce their beliefs as erroneous, or face banishment or death.[63] The February 15 deadline is ignored.
February 15 – After the Valdesi in the
Duchy of Savoy decline to obey the edict to convert to Catholicism, Duke Victor Amadeus dispatches a force of 9,000 French and Piedmontese soldiers to enforce the edict.
February 22 – Sweden's Council of State endorses the reforms proposed by King Charles XI for the
Swedish Church Law 1686, after having debated it in three sessions on February 18, 19 and 20.[64] The law confirms and describes the rights of the Lutheran Church and confirms Sweden as a Lutheran state; all non-Lutherans are banned from immigration unless they convert to Lutheranism; the
Romani people are to be incorporated to the Lutheran Church; the poor care law is regulated; and all parishes are forced by law to teach the children within them to read and write, in order to learn the scripture, which closely eradicates illiteracy in Sweden.[65]
February 27 –
Gabriel Milan, the controversial Governor of the Danish West Indies since 1684, is removed from office by order of
King Frederick III and placed under arrest for treason. Three years later, after being found guilty in a trial after being brought back to
Copenhagen, Milan is beheaded on March 26, 1689.[66]
March 3 – A group of 107 French Canadian soldiers, under the command of
Pierre de Troyes, begins the
Hudson Bay expedition, departing from
Montreal on an 800-mile (1,300 km) journey to take control of the properties of British North American settlers of the
Hudson's Bay Company.[67] The group marches for 82 days and arrives at the first Hudson's Bay fort, at
Moose Factory on June 19.[68]
April–June
April 9 – As the Valdesi rebellion continues, the Duke of Savoy issues a second edict, giving the Protestant Valdesi eight days to lay down their arms and allows safe passage into exile for those who agree.
April 22 – In the wake of Savoy's newest repression of the Protestant Valdesi,
a third war breaks out and Protestant pastor
Henri Arnaud leads the resistance with 3,000 rebel soldiers against 8,500 Savoyard soldiers and mercenaries. The Valdesi are overwhelmed within one month.
May 25 – The third
war against the Protestant Valdesi ends. Soon afterward, 2,000 of the Valdesi are massacred, 8,500 taken prisoner and about 3,000 surviving civilians forcibly resettled and converted to Catholicism.
July 18 –
An army of 3,000 Chinese troops demand Russian surrender of a Russian Empire fortress at
Albazino on the
Amur River. The fortress is manned by only 736 Russian soldiers and militia but is armed with cannons. Over the next several weeks, the Chinese troops are joined by another 3,000 men in supply boats, but the Russians hold off the attacks for the next five months. By December, only 24 Russians remain, and Albazino is ceded to China in 1689.
August 4 – Portuguese soldiers hired by the
East India Company mutiny rather than follow orders to join the war in Bengal. The ringleaders are quickly arrested and executed, and the mutiny ends.
August 15 –
Christina, who had ruled as the monarch of Sweden until her abdication in 1654 in favor of her cousin Charles, responds to the revocation in France of the Edict of Nantz and declares that Jews within Sweden will be under her protection.
August 16 –
King James VII of Scotland dismisses the
Parliament of Scotland after the members refuse to remove restrictions on Roman Catholics and on Protestants outside of the Church of Scotland and the Church of England. The Parliament does not meet again for more than two and a half years.
August 17 – Spanish troops attack and plunder the Scottish colony of Stuarts Town in the
Province of Carolina (now
Port Royal, South Carolina) and plunder the city.[78] After three days, the Spaniards begin a march of over 75 miles (121 km) toward the larger port city of
Charles Town.
September 30 – The Ottoman fortress of Sinj in Dalmatia falls to the army of the Republic of Venice.[81]
October–December
October 17 – As the
Savoyard–Waldensian wars, draw to a close, the Duke of Savoy announces that the
Protestant Valdisi defenders will be granted safe passage to Switzerland, and that children taken during the war will be allowed to return to their families.[82] By January, a little more than 2,500 Valdisi take the offer.
October 22 – In the
Great Turkish War, the
Siege of Pécs ends when the Ottoman-held city, located across the
Danube River from the recent liberated
Buda, surrenders[83] to Austrian troops of the
Holy League, continuing the Austrian assumption of control of Hungary.[84] Buda and Pécs are later combined to form the Hungarian city (and now capital) of
Budapest.
October 31 –
Anglurah Agung, the virtual leader of the island of
Bali as king of the paramount state of
Gelgel, is killed in battle fighting Batu Lepang (who also dies in the fighting), ending the unification of the island (now part of Indonesia) and causing Bali to split into several principalities.
November 26 – The
Treaty of Whitehall, more formerly the Treaty of Neutrality for America, is signed at the
Palace of Whitehall in Westminster between representatives of King Louis XIV of France and King James II of England, with both sides pledging that "though the two Countries might be at war in Europe their Colonies in America should continue in peace and Neutrality".[86] The treaty is broken less than two years later when
King William's War breaks out in what is now the U.S. state of
Maine.
English historian and naturalist
Robert Plot publishes The Natural History of Staffordshire, a collection of illustrations and texts detailing the history of the county.[89] It is the first document known to mention
crop circles[90] and a double sunset.[91]
January 3 – With the end of latest of the
Savoyard–Waldensian wars in the
Duchy of Savoy between the Savoyard government and Protestant Italians known as the
Waldensians,
Victor Amadeus III, Duke of Savoy, carries out the release of 3,847 surviving prisoners and their families, who had forcibly been converted to Catholicism, and permits the group to emigrate to Switzerland.
January 8 –
Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, is appointed as the last
Lord Deputy of Ireland by the English crown, and begins efforts to include more Roman Catholic Irishmen in the administration. Upon the removal of King James II in England and Scotland, the Earl of Tyrconnell loses his job and is replaced by James, who reigns briefly as King of Ireland until William III establishes his rule over the isle.
January 27 – In one of the most sensational cases in England in the 17th century, midwife
Mary Hobry murders her abusive husband, Denis Hobry, after he beats her up for the last time. Mary then dismembers his body and scatters the remains in a dunghill and in several
outhouses (or privies) in the area. Despite a defense of justifiable homicide, Mary is convicted of murder and burned at the stake.
February 12 – The
Declaration of Indulgence is issued in
Scotland by
King James VII as one of the first steps in establishing freedom of religion in the British Isles, eliminating enforcement of
criminal penalties against persons who failed to conform with Anglicanism. As King James II of England, he issues a similar declaration on April 4.
April 26 – The Spanish city of
Guayaquil (now part of
Ecuador) is attacked and looted by English and French
pirates under the command of George Hout (English) and Pierre Le Picard and Francois Groniet (French). [97] Of more than 260 pirates, 35 are killed and 46 were wounded; 75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 are wounded.
June 14 – In one of the few actions on land in the
Anglo-Siamese War, English sailors on the coast of Mergui in Burma (now
Myeik, Myanmar) are massacred by Siamese troops.
October 20 – An estimated
8.7 magnitude earthquake strikes 50 kilometres (31 mi) off of the coast of
Peru and kills at least 5,000 people, primarily from a
tsunami that washes away the city of
Pisco and causes severe damage to the Spanish colonial cities of Lima, Callao and Ica. [98]
October 31 – The legend of the
Charter Oak begins as a successful attempt to hide the 1662 Royal Charter of the British colony (and now a U.S. state) of
Connecticut after
Edmund Andros, the Governor of the
Dominion of New England, makes a mission of attempting to confiscate the founding documents for the seven colonies that make up the new administrative area. After Governor Andros arrives in Hartford and comes to the tavern of Zachariah Sanford to demand the Connecticut Colony charter, Captain Joseph Wadsworth spirits the parchment away from the and hides the Charter in a hollowed out portion of a white oak tree on Wyllys Hyll until Andros is recalled to London. [99]
December 31 – In response to the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes in
1685, a group of
Huguenots set sail from France, and settle in the recently established Dutch colony at the
Cape of Good Hope, where, using their native skills, they establish the first South African vineyards.
January 2 – Fleeing from the English Navy, English pirate
Raveneau de Lussan and his 70 men arrive on the west coast of Nicaragua, sink their boats, and make a difficult 10 day march to the city of
Ocotal.[100]
March –
William Dampier makes the first recorded visit to
Christmas Island, now a territory of Australia, located south of the island of Java (now part of Indonesia).
June 10 – The birth of
James Francis Edward Stuart (later known as the Old Pretender), son and heir to James II of England and his Catholic wife
Mary of Modena, at
St James's Palace in London, increases public disquiet about a Catholic dynasty, particularly when the baby is baptised into the Catholic faith. Rumours about his true maternity swiftly begin to circulate.
June 24 – French forces under
Chevalier de Beauregard abandon their garrison at
Mergui, following repeated Siamese attacks; this ultimately leads to their withdrawal from the country.[117]
September 24 –
Louis XIV publishes his manifesto Memoire de raisons, which lists his grievances and demands. He cites three major things as grievances:
Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, who had been earlier elected to be the coadjutor-archbishop of Cologne with support of Louis being vetoed by the
pope, the continued aggressions and forming of alliances against France and providing an alternative to Fürstenberg in the Cologne election by the
Holy Roman Empire, and
Philip William becoming Elector Palatine and seizing the territory, which he believed belonged to
Elizabeth Charlotte.[123]
November 15 (November 5
OS) – The Glorious Revolution begins:
William of Orange lands at
Torbay, England with a multinational force of 20,000 soldiers.[128] He makes no claim to the British Crown, saying only that he has come to save
Protestantism and to maintain English liberty, and begins a march on
London.
November 19 (November 9
OS) – William of Orange captures
Exeter, after the magistrates flee the city.[129]
November 20 (November 10
OS) – The
Wincanton Skirmish between forces loyal to James II led by
Patrick Sarsfield and a party of Dutch troops is one of the few armed clashes in England during the Glorious Revolution.[130]
December 9 – The Battle of Reading takes place in Reading, Berkshire. It is the only substantial military action in England during the Glorious Revolution and ends in a decisive victory for forces loyal to William of Orange.
March 27 – Japanese
haiku master
Bashō sets out on his last great voyage, which will result in the prose and verse classic Oku no Hosomichi ("Narrow Road to the Interior").
The
Siege of Derry begins in Ireland as former King James II arrives at the gates of
Derry and asks for its surrender during the Williamite War in Ireland. The
Protestant defenders refuse and the siege lasts until August 1 when it is abandoned. .[141]
William and Mary accept the Scottish throne a month after the Scottish Parliament votes to depose King James VII
May 12 –
Nine Years' War: With England and the Netherlands now both ruled by
William III, they join the
Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), thus escalating the conflict, which continues until
1697. This is also the effective beginning of
King William's War, the first of four North American Wars (until
1763) between English and French colonists, both sides allied to
Native American tribes. The nature of the fighting is a series of raids on each other's settlements, across the Canadian and
New England borders.
August 12 –
Innocent XI (Benedetto Odescalchi, b. 1611), Pope since
1676, dies. He played a major part in founding both the League of Augsburg, against Louis XIV, and the Holy League, against the Ottoman Empire.
Roman Catholic cardinals convene in Rome for a
papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Innocent XI. The conclave lasts until October 6.
Gravely ill, the
Empress Xiaoyiren is proclaimed empress by her husband, China's
Kangxi Emperor, after having been Imperial Noble Consort since 1682. She dies the next day.
September 8 – The Siege of
Mainz (in the modern-day Rheinland-Pfalz state of Germany), which had started on June 1, ends after almost three months, as French General
Nicolas Chalon du Blé surrenders the walled city to the armies of Austria and the Dutch Republic.
September 9 – King William brings England into a military alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in a fight against France in the
Nine Years War.
October 6 – The papal conclave in Rome unanimously elects Pietro Vito Ottoboni as the new Pope. Ottoboni takes the name
Alexander VIII and succeeds
Pope Innocent XI, to become the 241st pope, the first Venetian to hold the office in over 200 years.
December 10 – A great
comet is visible from
Pekin and sightings continue until December 24th, including many from Dutch ships near the equator.[147]
December 16 – The
Bill of Rights (An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown), drawn up by the
Convention Parliament of England to establish
constitutional monarchy in England, but with Roman Catholics barred from the throne, receives
royal assent; it will remain substantially in force into the 21st century.
Anders Sinclair, Scottish soldier who joined Swedish service during the Thirty Years' War (b.
1614)
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^Edward G. Lilly, ed., Historic Churches of Charleston, South Carolina (Legerton Publishing, 1966) p. 29
^"William III, Brandenburg, and the anti-French coalition", by Wouter Troost, in The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact, ed. by Jonathan I. Israel (Cambridge University Press, 2003) p. 315
^
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^N.C. Datta, The Story of Chemistry (Universities Press, 2005) p. 74
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^Gent, Frank J. (1982). The Trial of the Bideford Witches. Bideford.{{
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^Juré Fiorillo, Great Bastards of History: True and Riveting Accounts of the Most Famous Illegitimate Children Who Went on to Achieve Greatness (Fair Winds Press, 2010) p. 82
^Anne Emily Garnier Newdigate-Newdegate, ed., Cavalier and Puritan in the Days of the Stuarts: Compiled from the Private Papers and Diary of Sir Richard Newdigate, Second Baronet, with Extracts from Ms. News-letters Addressed to Him Between 1675 and 1689 (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1901) p. 234
^William Andrews, Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain: Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time (G. Redway, 1887) pp. 17-18
^Stratton, J. M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker.
ISBN0-212-97022-4.
^Ulrich van der Heyden, Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: Die Brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika ("Red eagles on the African coast: the Brandenburg-Prussian colony of Grossfriedrichsburg in West Africa") (Selignow, 2001) p. 31
^Ulrich van der Heyden, Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: Die Brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika ("Red eagles on the African coast: the Brandenburg-Prussian colony of Grossfriedrichsburg in West Africa") (Selignow, 2001) p. 32
^Armbruster, Caroline (2016). "Alice Molland (d.1685)". In Levin, Carole; et al. (eds.). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives: 1500–1650. Routledge. p. 334.
OCLC949870073.
^Vance A. Myers, Storm Tide Frequencies on the South Carolina Coast, NOAA Technical Report NWS-16 (National Weather Service Office of Hydrology, June 1975) p. 15
^Lieutenant Colonel D. G. Crawford, A Brief History of the Hughli District (Bengal Secretariat Press, 1902) p. 18
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 196–197.
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^Kiraz, George A. (2011).
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^"Intercolonial Friction (1660—1700)", in Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere (ABC-CLIO, 2008) p. 308
^Kelly, Billy (2009). "THE GUILDHALL: Derry's Museum in Glass". History Ireland. 17 (6): 66–69.
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^Reid, James Seaton; Killen, William Dool; Alexander, Samuel Davies (1860).
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^Aubert de La Chesnaye-Desbois, François-Alexandre (1770).
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^Music in Spain During the Eighteenth Century Malcolm Boyd, Juan José Carreras - 2006 "D. Jayme de la Te y Sagau, impressor da Musica na Corte de Lisboa, imprimiu estas Décadas, porém quando sahi de Portugal creyo que não estava ..."
^Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward A.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Pallen, Conde B.; Wynne, John J. (1910).
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^Половцова, А. А. (1905).
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^MACARÉ, A.C.
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^Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward A.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Pallen, Conde B.; Wynne, John J. (1910).
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^Biographie, Deutsche (1876).
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Science. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
January 2 – King
Amangkurat II of
Mataram (located on the island of Java, part of modern-day Indonesia), invites
Trunajaya, who had led
a failed rebellion against him until his surrender on December 26, for a ceremonial visit to the royal palace. After Trunajaya arrives, King Amangkurat stabs his guest to death.
January 24 –
William Harris, one of the four English
Puritans who established the
Plymouth Colony and then the
Providence Plantations at
Rhode Island in 1636, is captured by Algerian pirates, when his ship is boarded while he is making a voyage back to England. After being sold into slavery on February 23, he remains a slave until ransom is paid. He dies in 1681, three days after his return to England.
February 12 – The
Marquis de Croissy, Charles Colbert, becomes France's Minister of Foreign Affairs and serves for 16 years until his death, when he is succeeded as Foreign Minister by his son
Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
February 22 –
Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin, a fortune teller in
France who organized a ring of killers in what became known as the "
Affair of the Poisons" that killed at least 1,000 people, is burned at the stake after being convicted of witchcraft. In all, 36 people are executed for their role in the poisoning.
March 25 – Troops sent by the Sultan of Morocco,
Ismail Ibn Sharif, begin a blockade of the port of
Tangier, occupied by the English and located on the North African coast.
Palmes Fairborne is dispatched to defend Tangier as the colonial governor and commander-in-chief of English forces.
April 21 – Prince
Rajaram Bhosle, the 10-year-old son of the
Shivaji, the
Chhatrapati (Emperor) of the
Maratha Empire in India, is installed on the throne as the new Emperor, less than three weeks after the death of his father.
Sambhaji Bhosle, the eldest son of Shivaji, learns the news while imprisoned at
Panhala and makes plans to escape prison and take over the throne.
April 27 – Prince Sambhaji and fellow prisoners kill the commander of the Panhala prison and take control of the fort, as he makes plans to become ruler of the Maratha Empire.
April 30 – The first
FrenchHuguenots in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship Richmond, after being sent there by King
Charles II of England.[2]
June 10 – England and Spain sign a mutual defense treaty.[3]
June 11 –
Elizabeth Cellier, an English Catholic midwife, is tried and acquitted of treason for pamphleting against the government.
June 16 –
Sambhaji Bhosle and his troops capture
Raigad, the capital of the
Maratha Empire and Sambhaji becomes the new
Chhatrapati or Emperor. Sambhaji deposes his younger brother
Rajaram I and places Rajaram and Rajaram's mother under house arrest.
August 10 – A
Pueblo medicine man named Popé begins an attack by the Puebloans and their Apache allies on Spanish outposts throughout what is the modern-day U.S. state of
New Mexico, choosing the campaign to begin before a supply caravan can reach the Spaniards.[4]
A four month truce between
England and
Morocco expires and the Alcaid Omar, Viceroy of Morocco, begins a bombardment of the English fort at
Tangier.[6]
A
treaty is concluded between the Dutch Republic and the Ottoman Empire for Ottoman Sultan
Mehmed IV and his subjects to apply Dutch law to Dutch visitors to Ottoman territory.[7]
September 21 – Spanish troops make a counterattack on
Santa Fe in the modern-day U.S. state of New Mexico, allowing the remaining Spanish troops in the besieged city to flee to
El Paso (now in Texas).[4]
December 17 (December 7 O.S.) – The trial for treason of
William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford before his fellow members of the
House of Lords having concluded after seven days, the Lords vote on whether to convict him of the articles of impeachment. The Lords vote, 55 to 31 to convict him and to impose the death sentence [13] and Lord Stafford is beheaded on 29 December (8 January 1681 N.S.)
Date unknown
Chambers of Reunion (
French courts under Louis XIV) decide on the complete annexation of
Alsace.
January 1 – Prince
Muhammad Akbar, son of the
Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb, initiates a civil war in India. With the support of troops from the
Rajput states, Akbar declares himself the new Mughal Emperor and prepares to fight his father, but is ultimately defeated.
January 18 – The "
Exclusion Bill Parliament", summoned by King Charles II of England in October, is dissolved after three months, with directions that new elections be held, and that a new parliament be convened in March in Oxford.
March 21 – The "
Oxford Parliament" is summoned in England by King Charles II and meets in Oxford rather than in Westminster, but is dissolved seven days later. No further sessions of parliament are held until after the death of Charles in 1685.
May 15 – The
Canal du Midi in France is opened officially, as the Canal Royal de Languedoc.[15]
June 23 – The
Church of the East, an Eastern Orthodox rite in Mesopotamia (now Iraq), already split between two patriarchs in the Eliya line and the Shimun line, is split along a third line by the Roman Catholic Church when Mar Yousip of the Archdiocese of Amid (now
Diyarbakır in Turkey) is proclaimed by
Pope Innocent XI as
Joseph I, "Patriarch of the Chaldean nation deprived of its patriarch", creating the "Josephite line" of the
Chaldean Catholic Church.
October 27 –
Sir John Child of England becomes the new Governor of Bombay province and, unofficially, Governor-General of all of the settlements of the
East India Company in
India. With the exception of a rebellion by Captain
Richard Keigwin during the year 1684, Child expands British control until involving the British in a war with the
Mughal Empire.
November 29 – A storm strikes the
Isthmus of Panama and overwhelms the Spanish Navy's Flota de Tierra Firma, sinking the ship Nuestra Señora de Encarnación in the
Chagres River. The Encarnación wreckage is not found until almost 340 years later, in
2011, mostly intact and still loaded with most of its cargo.
December 3 – Another ship in the Flota de Terra Firma, Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, sinks in the Chagres River with the loss of its 280 crew.
January 7 – The
Republic of Genoa forbids the unauthorized printing of newspapers and all handwritten newssheets; the ban is lifted after three months.
January 12 – Scottish minister
James Renwick, one of the
Covenanters resisting the Scottish government's suppression of alternate religious views, publishes the Declaration of
Lanark.
January 21 – The Ottoman Empire army is mobilized in preparation for a war against Austria that culminates with the 1683
Battle of Vienna.
March 22 – A fire breaks out in
Newmarket, Suffolk, consuming half the town and spreading into sections of surrounding
Cambridgeshire. Historian
Laurence Echard describes it later as "A Providential Fire", noting that King Charles II "by the approach of the fury of the flames was immediately driven out of his own palace", and, after moving to safety in another section of town, was forced to flee again "when the wind, as conducted by an invisible power, suddenly changed about, and blew the smoke and cinders directly on his new lodgings, and in a moment made them as untenable as the other."[20]
May 7 (April 27 O.S.) – Upon the death of the Tsar
Feodor III of Russia, Feodor's younger brother, 15-year-old
Ivan is passed over in favor of a half-brother, 10-year-old
Peter.
May 11 – The
Moscow Uprising of 1682 occurs when a mob, outraged by the rejection of Prince Ivan and upset over rumors that Ivan has been strangled, invades the
Kremlin and lynches the leading boyars and military commanders. Ivan V and Peter I are named co-rulers of Russia as a result of a compromise between Peter's mother
Natalya Naryshkina and Ivan's mother
Maria Miloslavskaya and both are crowned a month later.
June 8 – The English trading freighter Johanna is wrecked off of the coast of South Africa with the loss of 10 of her 114 crew, becoming the first of Britain's
East India Company fleet to be lost.
August 6 – The Ottoman Empire declares war on the Holy Roman Empire and makes plans to attack
Vienna.
August 12 –
Vesuvius begins a period of volcanic activity lasting for 10 days.
August 23 – A
comet that will later become known as
Comet Halley, is observed from several locations on Earth after reaching magnitude 2 and becoming visible to the naked eye.
Arthur Storer sees it from the North American colony of Maryland, while German astronomer
Johannes Hevelius measures it from
Danzig (now Gdansk in Poland). [21]Edmond Halley successfully predicts that it will return in
1758.
December 11 –
William Penn meets with
Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore for the first discussion of the boundary between the colonies of Pennsylvania and Maryland, fixed at
40 degrees north. Recognizing that 40° north would remove Pennsylvania's access to the sea, Penn proposes a purchase of some of Maryland's territory.
December 27 – Colonists from the German electorate of Brandenburg arrive at
Akwidaa on the Brandenburger Gold Coast at what is now
Ghana and, five days later, begin building a fort at what is now Princes Town.
Date unknown
Celia Fiennes, noblewoman and traveller, begins her journeys across Britain, in a venture that will prove to be her life's work. Her aim is to chronicle the towns, cities and great houses of the country. Her travels continue until at least
1712, and will take her to every county in England, though the main body of her journal is not written until the year
1702.
The
Richard Wall House, believed to be the longest continuously inhabited residence in the US, is built in
Pennsylvania.
January 27 –
Gove's Rebellion breaks out in the
Province of New Hampshire in North America as a revolt against the Royal Governor,
Edward Cranfield. Most of the participants, and their leader Edward Gove, are arrested. Gowe is convicted of treason but pardoned three years later.
March 17 – In a battle at
Kalyan (near
Bombay) between the Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire in India, Maratha General
Hambirrao Mohite defeats the local Mughal official, Ranamast Khan.
July 21 – The gruesome execution of
Lord Russell, for his role in the 1683
Rye House Plot to assassinate King
Charles II of England, is carried out by the royal executioner
Jack Ketch, who wields his axe in a manner requiring multiple blows to make Russell suffer as much as possible during the beheading. [24]
August 4 –
Turhan, in the powerful role of the
Valide sultan of the
Ottoman Empire since 1648 as the mother of Sultan
Mehmed IV, dies at the age of 56, bringing an end to the era in Ottoman history known as the "
Sultanate of Women". Upon the overthrow of Mehmed IV four years later, the role of the mother of the Ottoman Sultan is less powerful.
August 25 – The
Earl of Limerick, Irishman Thomas Dongan, takes office as the new British Colonial Governor of the
Province of New York and makes major reforms to restore public order and rescue the province from bankruptcy.
Battle of Vienna: The Ottoman siege of the city is broken with the arrival of a force of 70,000
Poles,
Austrians and
Germans under Polish–Lithuanian king
Jan III Sobieski, whose
cavalry turns their flank. The victory marks a turning point in the
Ottoman Empire's fortunes and the end of the Turkish attempt to expand its control into Western Europe. [25]
October 6 –
Germantown, Philadelphia is founded as the first permanent German settlement in North America (in
1983 U.S. President Ronald Reagan declares a 300th Year Celebration, and in
1987, it becomes an annual holiday,
German-American Day).
George Ducas, the Prince of Moldavia installed by the Ottomans in 1678, is arrested by Polish authorities while on his way back to
Bucharest from the defeat by Poland in the Battle of Vienna. Ducas is replaced by
Ștefan Petriceicu.
December 27 –
Richard Keigwin leads a rebellion against the
East India Company to take over as Governor of Bombay and most of the British territory in India, driving out Governor
Sir John Child and arresting the Deputy Governor,
Charles Ward. Keigwin surrenders the office less than a year later.
January 15 (January 5 O.S.) – To demonstrate that the
River Thames, frozen solid during the Great Frost that started in December, is safe to walk upon, "a Coach and six horses drove over the Thames for a wager" and within three days "whole streets of Booths are built on the Thames and thousands of people are continually walking thereon."
Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet, records the events in his diary.[28]
February 7 –
Morocco retakes control of the city of
Tangier from England, which had controlled the North African port since
1661.[32] During the five months prior to evacuation of the English from the city, the Governor,
Lord Dartmouth had ordered the destruction of the wall around the city, its fortifications and port facilities that had been built by the English during the occupation.
February 8 – Prince
Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino returns to the throne of the principality of
Moldavia for a third reign but is overthrown 14 months later on June 25. In 1859, Moldavia will unite with neighboring
Wallachia to form the Kingdom of
Romania.
February 15 (February 5 O.S.) – The
Great Frost in Britain, during which the
River Thames was frozen in London and the sea as far as 2 miles (3.2 km) out from land and which started the previous December, ends as the Thames begins to thaw.
William Maitland later writes that the Frost, which started in December 1683, "congealed the river Thames to that degree that another city, as it were, was erected thereon; where by the great number of streets and shops, with their rich furniture, it represented a great fair, with a variety of carriages, and diversions of all sorts."[33] During the freeze, there had been great loss of beast and of wildlife, especially birds, and similar reports from across Northern Europe.[34] The
Chipperfield's Circus dynasty began during the freeze, with James Chipperfield introducing performing animals to the country at the
Frost Fair on the Thames in London.
March 19 – In Japan, the
Tenna era ends on the 21st day of the 2nd month of the Chinese calendar of the 4th year of the
Tenna era and the
Jōkyō era begins as Japan's royal astronomer,
Shibukawa Shunkai institutes the
Jōkyō calendar to replace Chinese calendar which had been used in Japan since
859 AD, after calculating that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.[37]
May 18 – The French Navy begins
a 10-day bombardment of the Italian city of
Genoa in the course of the
War of the Reunions between France and the
Republic of Genoa. During the fight, the French fleet, commanded by
Abraham Duquesne, fires almost 13,000 cannonballs, pausing only during a cease-fire on May 21 and May 22, and uses the new technology of explosive bombs. When the bombardment ends on May 28, two-thirds of the city has been destroyed or damaged.[38]
October 7 – Japanese Chief Minister
Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shōgun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical
edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
November 8 –
James Renwick, a Scottish minister and one of the "
Covenanters" challenging the attempt by Kings James VI and Charles I to take over churches in Scotland, posts his "Apologetical Declaration" on church doors and market crosses in and around
Cambusnethan,
Lanarkshire.[44]
Japanese poet
Ihara Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the
Sumiyoshi-taisha (shrine) at
Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just count the verses.[48]
The
British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at
Canton.[50]Tea sells in Europe for less than a
shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford; hence
smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
January 8 – Almost 200 people are arrested in
Coventry by English authorities for gathering to hear readings of the sermons of the non-conformist Protestant minister
Obadiah Grew
February 4 – A treaty is signed between
Brandenburg-Prussia and the indigenous chiefs at
Takoradi in what is now
Ghana to permit the German colonists to build a third fort on the Brandenburger Gold Coast. [52]
March 28 – An attack on a Mughal Empire envoy, Khwajah Abdur Rahim, outside of the Maratha fortress at the
Bijapur Fort in India leads to a siege of the city by the forces of Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb. The siege lasts for 15 months before Bijapur surrenders.
September 29 – The first organised street lighting is introduced by the city of
London in
England, as Edward Hemming begins carrying out his contract to be paid for lighting an
oil lamp "at every tenth house on main streets between 6 PM and midnight between September 29 and March 25" on nights in the autumn and winter without adequate moonlight. [56]
October–December
October 22 – Louis XIV of France issues the
Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the
Edict of Nantes and declares
Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving
Huguenots of civil rights. Their Temple de Charenton-le-Pont is immediately demolished and many flee to England, Prussia and elsewhere.
December 3 – King
Charles XI of Sweden issues an order banning
Jews from settling in Sweden, particularly in the capital at
Stockholm "on account of the danger of the eventual influence of the Jewish religion on the pure evangelical faith." [57]
December 10 – In what is now
Thailand,
King Narai of
Ayutthaya signs a treaty with representatives of France at
Lopburi, allowing
Roman Catholic missionaries to preach the
Gospel and exempting Thai Catholics from work on Sunday, as well as appointing a special court to settle disputes between Thai Christians and non-Christians.
January 3 – In
Madras (now
Chennai) in
India, local residents employed by the
East India Company threaten to boycott their jobs after corporate administrator
William Gyfford imposes a house tax on residences within the city walls. Gyfford places security forces at all entrances to the city and threatens to banish anyone who fails to pay their taxes, as well as to confiscate the goods of merchants who refuse to make sales.[60] A compromise is reached the next day on the amount of the taxes. [61]
January 17 –
King Louis XIV of
France reports the success of the
Edict of Fontainebleau, issued on October 22 against the Protestant
Huguenots, and reports that after less than three months, the vast majority of the Huguenot population had left the country.[62]
January 31 – In the wake of the success of France's campaign against Protestantism,
Victor Amadeus II, the Duke of Savoy, issues an edict against the
Valdesi, the Duchy's Protestant minority, setting a 15-day deadline for members of the Valdesi to publicly renounce their beliefs as erroneous, or face banishment or death.[63] The February 15 deadline is ignored.
February 15 – After the Valdesi in the
Duchy of Savoy decline to obey the edict to convert to Catholicism, Duke Victor Amadeus dispatches a force of 9,000 French and Piedmontese soldiers to enforce the edict.
February 22 – Sweden's Council of State endorses the reforms proposed by King Charles XI for the
Swedish Church Law 1686, after having debated it in three sessions on February 18, 19 and 20.[64] The law confirms and describes the rights of the Lutheran Church and confirms Sweden as a Lutheran state; all non-Lutherans are banned from immigration unless they convert to Lutheranism; the
Romani people are to be incorporated to the Lutheran Church; the poor care law is regulated; and all parishes are forced by law to teach the children within them to read and write, in order to learn the scripture, which closely eradicates illiteracy in Sweden.[65]
February 27 –
Gabriel Milan, the controversial Governor of the Danish West Indies since 1684, is removed from office by order of
King Frederick III and placed under arrest for treason. Three years later, after being found guilty in a trial after being brought back to
Copenhagen, Milan is beheaded on March 26, 1689.[66]
March 3 – A group of 107 French Canadian soldiers, under the command of
Pierre de Troyes, begins the
Hudson Bay expedition, departing from
Montreal on an 800-mile (1,300 km) journey to take control of the properties of British North American settlers of the
Hudson's Bay Company.[67] The group marches for 82 days and arrives at the first Hudson's Bay fort, at
Moose Factory on June 19.[68]
April–June
April 9 – As the Valdesi rebellion continues, the Duke of Savoy issues a second edict, giving the Protestant Valdesi eight days to lay down their arms and allows safe passage into exile for those who agree.
April 22 – In the wake of Savoy's newest repression of the Protestant Valdesi,
a third war breaks out and Protestant pastor
Henri Arnaud leads the resistance with 3,000 rebel soldiers against 8,500 Savoyard soldiers and mercenaries. The Valdesi are overwhelmed within one month.
May 25 – The third
war against the Protestant Valdesi ends. Soon afterward, 2,000 of the Valdesi are massacred, 8,500 taken prisoner and about 3,000 surviving civilians forcibly resettled and converted to Catholicism.
July 18 –
An army of 3,000 Chinese troops demand Russian surrender of a Russian Empire fortress at
Albazino on the
Amur River. The fortress is manned by only 736 Russian soldiers and militia but is armed with cannons. Over the next several weeks, the Chinese troops are joined by another 3,000 men in supply boats, but the Russians hold off the attacks for the next five months. By December, only 24 Russians remain, and Albazino is ceded to China in 1689.
August 4 – Portuguese soldiers hired by the
East India Company mutiny rather than follow orders to join the war in Bengal. The ringleaders are quickly arrested and executed, and the mutiny ends.
August 15 –
Christina, who had ruled as the monarch of Sweden until her abdication in 1654 in favor of her cousin Charles, responds to the revocation in France of the Edict of Nantz and declares that Jews within Sweden will be under her protection.
August 16 –
King James VII of Scotland dismisses the
Parliament of Scotland after the members refuse to remove restrictions on Roman Catholics and on Protestants outside of the Church of Scotland and the Church of England. The Parliament does not meet again for more than two and a half years.
August 17 – Spanish troops attack and plunder the Scottish colony of Stuarts Town in the
Province of Carolina (now
Port Royal, South Carolina) and plunder the city.[78] After three days, the Spaniards begin a march of over 75 miles (121 km) toward the larger port city of
Charles Town.
September 30 – The Ottoman fortress of Sinj in Dalmatia falls to the army of the Republic of Venice.[81]
October–December
October 17 – As the
Savoyard–Waldensian wars, draw to a close, the Duke of Savoy announces that the
Protestant Valdisi defenders will be granted safe passage to Switzerland, and that children taken during the war will be allowed to return to their families.[82] By January, a little more than 2,500 Valdisi take the offer.
October 22 – In the
Great Turkish War, the
Siege of Pécs ends when the Ottoman-held city, located across the
Danube River from the recent liberated
Buda, surrenders[83] to Austrian troops of the
Holy League, continuing the Austrian assumption of control of Hungary.[84] Buda and Pécs are later combined to form the Hungarian city (and now capital) of
Budapest.
October 31 –
Anglurah Agung, the virtual leader of the island of
Bali as king of the paramount state of
Gelgel, is killed in battle fighting Batu Lepang (who also dies in the fighting), ending the unification of the island (now part of Indonesia) and causing Bali to split into several principalities.
November 26 – The
Treaty of Whitehall, more formerly the Treaty of Neutrality for America, is signed at the
Palace of Whitehall in Westminster between representatives of King Louis XIV of France and King James II of England, with both sides pledging that "though the two Countries might be at war in Europe their Colonies in America should continue in peace and Neutrality".[86] The treaty is broken less than two years later when
King William's War breaks out in what is now the U.S. state of
Maine.
English historian and naturalist
Robert Plot publishes The Natural History of Staffordshire, a collection of illustrations and texts detailing the history of the county.[89] It is the first document known to mention
crop circles[90] and a double sunset.[91]
January 3 – With the end of latest of the
Savoyard–Waldensian wars in the
Duchy of Savoy between the Savoyard government and Protestant Italians known as the
Waldensians,
Victor Amadeus III, Duke of Savoy, carries out the release of 3,847 surviving prisoners and their families, who had forcibly been converted to Catholicism, and permits the group to emigrate to Switzerland.
January 8 –
Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, is appointed as the last
Lord Deputy of Ireland by the English crown, and begins efforts to include more Roman Catholic Irishmen in the administration. Upon the removal of King James II in England and Scotland, the Earl of Tyrconnell loses his job and is replaced by James, who reigns briefly as King of Ireland until William III establishes his rule over the isle.
January 27 – In one of the most sensational cases in England in the 17th century, midwife
Mary Hobry murders her abusive husband, Denis Hobry, after he beats her up for the last time. Mary then dismembers his body and scatters the remains in a dunghill and in several
outhouses (or privies) in the area. Despite a defense of justifiable homicide, Mary is convicted of murder and burned at the stake.
February 12 – The
Declaration of Indulgence is issued in
Scotland by
King James VII as one of the first steps in establishing freedom of religion in the British Isles, eliminating enforcement of
criminal penalties against persons who failed to conform with Anglicanism. As King James II of England, he issues a similar declaration on April 4.
April 26 – The Spanish city of
Guayaquil (now part of
Ecuador) is attacked and looted by English and French
pirates under the command of George Hout (English) and Pierre Le Picard and Francois Groniet (French). [97] Of more than 260 pirates, 35 are killed and 46 were wounded; 75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 are wounded.
June 14 – In one of the few actions on land in the
Anglo-Siamese War, English sailors on the coast of Mergui in Burma (now
Myeik, Myanmar) are massacred by Siamese troops.
October 20 – An estimated
8.7 magnitude earthquake strikes 50 kilometres (31 mi) off of the coast of
Peru and kills at least 5,000 people, primarily from a
tsunami that washes away the city of
Pisco and causes severe damage to the Spanish colonial cities of Lima, Callao and Ica. [98]
October 31 – The legend of the
Charter Oak begins as a successful attempt to hide the 1662 Royal Charter of the British colony (and now a U.S. state) of
Connecticut after
Edmund Andros, the Governor of the
Dominion of New England, makes a mission of attempting to confiscate the founding documents for the seven colonies that make up the new administrative area. After Governor Andros arrives in Hartford and comes to the tavern of Zachariah Sanford to demand the Connecticut Colony charter, Captain Joseph Wadsworth spirits the parchment away from the and hides the Charter in a hollowed out portion of a white oak tree on Wyllys Hyll until Andros is recalled to London. [99]
December 31 – In response to the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes in
1685, a group of
Huguenots set sail from France, and settle in the recently established Dutch colony at the
Cape of Good Hope, where, using their native skills, they establish the first South African vineyards.
January 2 – Fleeing from the English Navy, English pirate
Raveneau de Lussan and his 70 men arrive on the west coast of Nicaragua, sink their boats, and make a difficult 10 day march to the city of
Ocotal.[100]
March –
William Dampier makes the first recorded visit to
Christmas Island, now a territory of Australia, located south of the island of Java (now part of Indonesia).
June 10 – The birth of
James Francis Edward Stuart (later known as the Old Pretender), son and heir to James II of England and his Catholic wife
Mary of Modena, at
St James's Palace in London, increases public disquiet about a Catholic dynasty, particularly when the baby is baptised into the Catholic faith. Rumours about his true maternity swiftly begin to circulate.
June 24 – French forces under
Chevalier de Beauregard abandon their garrison at
Mergui, following repeated Siamese attacks; this ultimately leads to their withdrawal from the country.[117]
September 24 –
Louis XIV publishes his manifesto Memoire de raisons, which lists his grievances and demands. He cites three major things as grievances:
Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, who had been earlier elected to be the coadjutor-archbishop of Cologne with support of Louis being vetoed by the
pope, the continued aggressions and forming of alliances against France and providing an alternative to Fürstenberg in the Cologne election by the
Holy Roman Empire, and
Philip William becoming Elector Palatine and seizing the territory, which he believed belonged to
Elizabeth Charlotte.[123]
November 15 (November 5
OS) – The Glorious Revolution begins:
William of Orange lands at
Torbay, England with a multinational force of 20,000 soldiers.[128] He makes no claim to the British Crown, saying only that he has come to save
Protestantism and to maintain English liberty, and begins a march on
London.
November 19 (November 9
OS) – William of Orange captures
Exeter, after the magistrates flee the city.[129]
November 20 (November 10
OS) – The
Wincanton Skirmish between forces loyal to James II led by
Patrick Sarsfield and a party of Dutch troops is one of the few armed clashes in England during the Glorious Revolution.[130]
December 9 – The Battle of Reading takes place in Reading, Berkshire. It is the only substantial military action in England during the Glorious Revolution and ends in a decisive victory for forces loyal to William of Orange.
March 27 – Japanese
haiku master
Bashō sets out on his last great voyage, which will result in the prose and verse classic Oku no Hosomichi ("Narrow Road to the Interior").
The
Siege of Derry begins in Ireland as former King James II arrives at the gates of
Derry and asks for its surrender during the Williamite War in Ireland. The
Protestant defenders refuse and the siege lasts until August 1 when it is abandoned. .[141]
William and Mary accept the Scottish throne a month after the Scottish Parliament votes to depose King James VII
May 12 –
Nine Years' War: With England and the Netherlands now both ruled by
William III, they join the
Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), thus escalating the conflict, which continues until
1697. This is also the effective beginning of
King William's War, the first of four North American Wars (until
1763) between English and French colonists, both sides allied to
Native American tribes. The nature of the fighting is a series of raids on each other's settlements, across the Canadian and
New England borders.
August 12 –
Innocent XI (Benedetto Odescalchi, b. 1611), Pope since
1676, dies. He played a major part in founding both the League of Augsburg, against Louis XIV, and the Holy League, against the Ottoman Empire.
Roman Catholic cardinals convene in Rome for a
papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Innocent XI. The conclave lasts until October 6.
Gravely ill, the
Empress Xiaoyiren is proclaimed empress by her husband, China's
Kangxi Emperor, after having been Imperial Noble Consort since 1682. She dies the next day.
September 8 – The Siege of
Mainz (in the modern-day Rheinland-Pfalz state of Germany), which had started on June 1, ends after almost three months, as French General
Nicolas Chalon du Blé surrenders the walled city to the armies of Austria and the Dutch Republic.
September 9 – King William brings England into a military alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in a fight against France in the
Nine Years War.
October 6 – The papal conclave in Rome unanimously elects Pietro Vito Ottoboni as the new Pope. Ottoboni takes the name
Alexander VIII and succeeds
Pope Innocent XI, to become the 241st pope, the first Venetian to hold the office in over 200 years.
December 10 – A great
comet is visible from
Pekin and sightings continue until December 24th, including many from Dutch ships near the equator.[147]
December 16 – The
Bill of Rights (An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown), drawn up by the
Convention Parliament of England to establish
constitutional monarchy in England, but with Roman Catholics barred from the throne, receives
royal assent; it will remain substantially in force into the 21st century.
Anders Sinclair, Scottish soldier who joined Swedish service during the Thirty Years' War (b.
1614)
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