January 28 – The
Sultan bin Saif of Oman expels the Portuguese colonial government from
Muscat, forcing the surrender of the port of
Muttrah and of Fort Capitan, and captures two warships, ending 35 years of Portuguese occupation.
July 13 – Italian priest and astronomer
Gerolamo Sersale of Naples takes advantage of a full moon and draws an extremely detailed lunar map, which is then engraved and reproduced for other astronomers.
October 17 – The
Western Remonstrance is signed by members of the Parliament of Scotland who condemn the recognition of Charles II being crowned King of Scotland, and pledging allegiance to England's General Oliver Cromwell.
October 20 –
Queen Christina of Sweden, who has been the legal ruler of Sweden for almost 18 years, has an elaborate
coronation ceremony at the
castle of Jacobsdal near
Stockholm. The coronation had originally been planned for her 18th birthday in 1644 but was delayed by a war with Denmark-Norway.
November 24 – In China,
Qing dynasty forces led by
Shang Kexi capture the city of
Guangzhou from the
Southern Ming and then carry out a massacre of the population, killing as many as 70,000 people over 11 days ending on December 5.[3]
December 14 –
Anne Greene is hanged at
Oxford Castle in England for
infanticide, having concealed an illegitimate stillbirth. The following day she revives in the dissection room and, being pardoned, lives until 1659.[4][5][6]
March 15 – Prince Aisin Gioro Fulin attains the age of 13 and becomes the
Shunzhi Emperor of China, which had been governed by a regency since the death of his father
Hong Taiji in 1643.
August 13 – The troops of King Charles II of Scotland force the retreat of English Commonwealth troops at the
Battle of Warrington Bridge, the last victory of Scotland over England in battle.
The "Onfall of
Alyth takes place in the Scottish town of the same name when most of the members of Scotland's governing body, the Committee of States, are betrayed to English invaders. The
Earl of Leven, the
Earl of Crawford, the
Earl Marischal,
Lord Nairne and other prominent people are captured and imprisoned in the
Tower of London. [16]
The
Battle of Upton is fought at
Upton-upon-Severn in England, where Scottish invaders commanded by Major General
Edward Massey are defeated by the English Parliamentarians led by
John Lambert. The retreat of the Scots clears the way for the successful English attack at Worcester.
February 4 – At
Edinburgh, the parliamentary commissioners of the
Commonwealth of England proclaim the
Tender of Union to be in force in
Scotland, annexing the Scottish nation with the concession that Scotland would have 30 representatives in the parliament of the English Commonwealth.
February 12 –
Oliver Cromwell, England's Lord Protector, announces that his Council of Scotland will regulate church affairs as part of the Terms of Incorporation of Scotland into England, and eliminates Presbyterianism as Scotland's state religion.
May 19 (May 29, New Style) –
First Anglo-Dutch War:
Battle of Dover – The opening battle is fought off Dover between Lt.-Admiral
Maarten Tromp's 42 Dutch ships and 21 English ships divided into two squadrons, one commanded by
Robert Blake and the other by Nehemiah Bourne; the result is inconclusive.
June 13 –
George Fox preaches to a large crowd on
Firbank Fell in England, leading to the establishment of the Religious Society of Friends (
Quakers).
January 3 – By the
Coonan Cross Oath, the Eastern Church in India cuts itself off from colonial Portuguese tutelage.
January – The
Swiss Peasant War begins after magistrates meeting at
Lucerne refuse to hear from a group of peasants who have been financially hurt by the devaluation of the currency issued from
Bern.
February 10 –
Swiss peasant war of 1653: Peasants from the Entlebuch valley in Switzerland assemble at Heiligkreuz to organize a plan to suspend all tax payments to the authorities in the
canton of Lucerne, after having been snubbed at a magisterial meeting in Lucerne. More communities in the canton join in an alliance concluded at
Wolhusen on February 26.
April 28 – The
Great Fire of Marlborough destroys 224 houses and much of the textile businesses in the Wiltshire town which, "at that date was one of considerable importance, and had merchants of affluence and repute."[22]
May 31 –
Ferdinand IV, already the King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia, is elected
King of the Romans by his fellow German monarchs, making him eligible to succeed his father
Ferdinand III as
Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand IV will not live to become Holy Roman Emperor, instead dying from smallpox 14 months after his designation.
September 13 – A violent storm off the west coast of Scotland sinks the English Navy warship Swan, and the commandeered merchantmen Speedwell and Martha and Margaret, all of which have been anchored off of Mull. Most of the crews had gone ashore, but 23 of the men on the ship Speedwell are killed.
October 29 –
Pierre-Esprit Radisson, a French Canadian teenager who had been captured by a
Mohawk raiding party two years earlier and then tortured, escapes captivity in what is now the U.S. state of New York.
November 8 – The
Battle of Arronches takes place near the town of
Arronches on the Portuguese side of the border between
Portugal and
Spain, with the Portuguese Army outflanking and defeating a larger Spanish force.
November –
John Casor, a servant of African descent in Northampton County of the colony of Virginia, leaves
Anthony Johnson's farm, after claiming his contract of indenture had expired, and goes to work for a new employer, Robert Parker. Johnson sues Parker, claiming that Casor is a slave for life, rather than an indentured servant, and the court issues a landmark ruling on March 8, 1655, establishing African-Americans as property.
Marcello Malpighi, an Italian pioneer of microscopical anatomy becomes a doctor of medicine.
Stephen Bachiler, a clergyman and early advocate for the separation of church and state returns to England after having spent more than 20 years overseas in the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.
The gardens surrounding the
Taj Mahal mausoleum are completed at
Agra.
February 9 – Spanish troops led by Don Gabriel de Rojas y Figueroa succeed in the
capture of Fort Rocher, a pirate-controlled base on the Caribbean island of
Tortuga.
Don Pantaleon, brother of the Portuguese ambassador to England, is executed after the death of an innocent man following a fracas at the exchange in
Exeter.[31]
August 18 –
Oliver Cromwell launches the Western Design with the appointment of Admiral William Penn to prepare for a fleet to leave on Christmas Day[32] for an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the
Anglo-Spanish War (which will last until after the
English Restoration in
1660).[33] The fleet leaves
Portsmouth in late December.
March 8 –
John Casor becomes the first legally recognized slave in what will become the United States, as a court in Northampton County in the
Colony of Virginia issues its decision in the
Casor lawsuit, the first instance of a judicial determination in the Thirteen Colonies holding that a person who has committed no crime could be held in servitude for life.[39]
December 4 – Middelburg, the Netherlands forbids the building of a
synagogue.
December 18 – The
Whitehall Conference ends with the determination that there is no law preventing Jews from re-entering England after the Edict of Expulsion of 1290.[54]
Stephan Farffler, a 22-year-old
paraplegic watchmaker, builds the world's first self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis using a system of
cranks and
cogwheels.[56][57] However, the device has the appearance of a hand bike more than a
wheelchair since the design includes hand cranks mounted at the front wheel.[58]
The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected,[59] the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands, of a building designed as a library.[60]
January 5 – The
First War of Villmergen, a civil war in the
Confederation of Switzerland pitting its Protestant and Roman Catholic
cantons against each other, breaks out but is resolved by March 7. The Lutheran cantons of the larger cities of Zurich, Bern and Schaffhausen battle against seven Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, Zug, Baden Unterwalden (now Obwalden and Nidwalden) and St. Gallen.
February 26 – A rebellion of Turkish soldiers, leading to the "
Çınar incident", takes place after a palace guard for Ottoman Sultan
Mehmet IV turns away a representative group who had come for payment for their services during the
war in Crete. The rebellion ends with the mass killing 30 men identified by the rebels as being responsible for the non-payment.
March 4 – The "
Çınar incident", named for the Turkish word for the
sycamore tree takes place after Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV declines the request of soldiers to have 30 named government officials put to death. When Mehmet agrees only to dismiss the people from office, the rebels seek out the men on the list and publicly hang most of them from the cinar trees.
March 5 –
Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha is appointed as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire after persuading Mehmet IV to rescind the February 28 selection of
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha. Zurnazen Mustafa's rule lasts only four hours and he is sent into exile the same day.
March 7 – The
First War of Villmergen in the Confederation of
Switzerland ends with a peace agreement, mediated by France and the Duchy of Savoy, between the Protestant and Roman Catholic cantons
March 15 – Almost a month after their defeat by Sweden at the battle of Golab, Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by
Stefan Czarniecki defeat King Karl X Gustav's Swedish Army at the
Battle of Jaroslaw.
March 23 – Roman Catholic
Pope Alexander VII issues a decree ending the
Chinese Rites controversy between Jesuit missionaries (who tolerate the rites as compatible with Catholicism) and Dominican and Franciscan missionaries (who consider the Chinese rituals incompatible). The Pope rules that practices ""favorable to Chinese customs", including Confucianism and ancestor worship, can be accepted as compatible with Catholic rites.
May 7 – Nine days after the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck, a steersman and six crew members are dispatched to Batavia to get help. The other 68 survivors remain at Ledge Point and await rescue but are not seen again.
June 16 – After a 41-day voyage, the seven-member team dispatched from the Vergulde Draeck reaches Batavia and alerts Dutch East India Company officials that the ship was wrecked on April 28. Two rescue ships, the Goede Hoop and the Witte Valck are sent to rescue the men marooned in Western Australia. By the time the Goede Hoop arrives, the crew find no sign of the wreckage of the Vergulde Draeck.
June 21 – Poland's capital,
Warsaw, is recaptured by Poland's
John II Casimir Vasa 11 months after the capital had fallen on July 25, 1655 to Sweden.
June 27 – The Navy of the
Ottoman Empire suffers a major defeat after two days of fighting against the navies of the Republic of
Venice and of Malta in the
Battle of the Dardanelles, one of the Turkish straits that connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Out of 98 Ottoman Turkish ships under the command of Kenan Pasha, 82 are either captured or destroyed. Venice loses only three of its ships, but its commander, Admiral Lorenzo Marcello, is killed by a direct cannon hit to his flagship.
June 29 – The
Treaty of Marienburg is signed by representatives of Sweden and of Brandenburg and Prussia to create a military alliance during the
Second Northern War. King Karl X Gustav signs for Sweden and the Elector
Friedrich Wilhelm signs for Brandenburg and Prussia.
July–September
July 18 – In an attempt to find survivors of the Vergulde Draeck, a search party is sent ashore by the rescue ship Goede Hoop; eleven men from two search parties while in the forests around the wreckage site. No trace of the Vergulde Draeck will be found for more than three centuries, until its wreckage is discovered by skin divers on April 13, 1963.
August 8 – In the
Ayutthaya Kingdom, comprising most of the territory now occupied by
Thailand, King
Prasat Thong dies after a reign of more than 25 years. His eldest son, Prince Chao Fa Chai, is crowned as
King Sanpet VI but Prasat's brother plots the new king's overthrow.
August 9 – King Sanpet's uncle, Prince
Si Suthammaracha, stages a coup d'etat and becomes the new King of Ayutthaya, now Thailand. Suthammaracha appoints another nephew, Prince Narai, as his chief minister and former King Sanpet is executed two days later on August 11. Suthammaracha's reign lasts less than three months.
October 26 – King
Si Suthammaracha of Ayutthaya (now Thailand) is overthrown in a coup d'etat by his nephew and former ally, Prince Narai, 11 weeks after having staged a coup to seize the throne. Narai is crowned as
King Ramathibodi III.
December 25 – The
pendulum clock is invented by
Christiaan Huygens, so accurate that it only loses 10 seconds per day. Huygens will mention the date in a letter to Ismail Boulliau a year later. [63]
PhysicianSamuel Stockhausen of the metal mining town of
Goslar,
Lower Saxony publishes his Libellus de lithargyrii fumo noxio morbifico, ejusque metallico frequentiori morbo vulgò dicto die Hütten Katze oder Hütten Rauch ("Treatise on the Noxious Fumes of
Litharge, Diseases caused by them and Miners' Asthma"), a pioneering study of
occupational disease.[64][65][66]
The first eleven
Quaker settlers arrive in
New Amsterdam (later New York City), and are allowed to practice their faith.
July–September
July 13 – Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to
Oliver Cromwell, English army leader
John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.[67]
August 20 – The ship Les Armes d'Amsterdam arrives at
Quebec,
New France. Among the passengers is Michel Mathieu Brunet dit Lestang (1638–1708), colonist, explorer and co-discoverer of modern-day
Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ancestor of the Brunet, Lestang and Carisse families of North America.
January 30 – The "
March Across the Belts" (Tåget över Bält), Sweden's use of winter weather to send troops across the waters of the
Danish straits at a time when winter has turned them to ice, begins. Within 17 days, Sweden's King Karl X Gustav leads troops across the ice belts to capture six of Denmark's islands as Swedish territory.
February 5 – Prince Muhi al-Din Muhammad, one of the sons of India's Mughal, Emperor
Shah Jahan, proclaims himself Emperor after Jahan names Muhi's older brother,
Dara Shikoh, as regent, and departs from
Aurangabad with troops.
March 8 (February 26
OS) – The peace between
Sweden and Denmark-Norway is concluded in
Roskilde by the
Treaty of Roskilde, under which Denmark is forced to cede significant territory. This leads to Sweden reaching its territorial height during its time as a
great power.
April–June
April 15 – In India, the
Battle of Dharmat is fought in the modern-day state of
Madhya Pradesh between rival claimants to the throne of the
Mughal Empire. Prince Muhi al-Din Muhammad, the son of the Emperor
Shah Jahan, leads 30,000 men in a triumph over 22,000 troops led by
Jaswant Singh of Marwar and
Ratan Singh Rathore. Despite heavy losses, with more than 11,000 casualties, Prince Muhi, who has adopted the name
Aurangzeb, continues toward
Samugarh and
Agra and captures the throne at the end of July.
August 5 – Just six months after winning territory from
Denmark-Norway in war and subsequent treaty, Sweden's King Charles X Gustav declares
a second war against Denmark. By August 11, the King's troops have surrounded Denmark's capital,
Copenhagen, while the Swedish Navy blocks the harbor to prevent the city from being resupplied, and begins bombardment.
October 7 – The Netherlands enters the Dano-Swedish War to come to the rescue of Denmark, sending a 45-ship fleet from
Vlie.
October 29 – The 45-ship fleet of the Netherlands arrives at Denmark and begins its counterattack on Sweden's army and navy with three squadrons.
November 6 – The
Mexican Inquisition carries out the execution, by public burning, of 14 men convicted of homosexuality, while another 109 arrested are either released or given less harsh sentences.
November 8 (October 29 old style) – The
Battle of the Sound takes place between the navies of the Dutch Republic (with 41 warships) and of Sweden (with 45) at the
Øresund, a
strait between Denmark and Sweden's newly-acquired territory, the former Danish island of
Scania. The Dutch Republic is successful at breaking the Swedish Navy's blockade of Copenhagen, and Sweden is forced to retreat, bringing an end to the attempted conquest of Denmark.
November 23 – The elaborate funeral of
Lord Protector of England
Oliver Cromwell (who had died on September 3 and was buried at Westminster Abbey two weeks later) is carried out in
London. A little more than two years later (in January 1661), his body will be disinterred and his head severed and placed on a spike.
December 11 –
Abaza Hasan Pasha, an Ottoman provincial governor who is attempting to depose the Grand Vizier, wins a battle at the Turkish city of
Ilgin, defeating loyalist forces led by Murtaza Pasha. The victory is the last for the rebels. Two months later (February 16, 1659) Abaza Hasan is assassinated after being invited to peace negotiations by the loyalists.
December 20 – Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Swedish Empire sign the
Treaty of Valiesar at the Valiesar Estate near
Narva, part of modern-day
Estonia. In return for ceasing hostilities between the two empires in the
Second Northern War, Russia is allowed to keep captured territories in
Livonia (part of modern-day
Latvia) for a term of three years.
March 1 – In exile in the Netherlands while plotting the restoration of the monarchy to England, Scotland and Ireland,
Charles, son of the late King Charles I appoints seven royalists (including six from the "
Sealed Knot" group) to a "Great Trust and Commission" to make plans for a post-restoration government. The Great Trust is led by Charles's trusted advisor,
Edward Hyde.
March 11 – Prince
Dara Shikoh, who had been the heir apparent to the throne of the
Mughal Empire in
India until the overthrow of his father,
Shah Jahan, makes a stand near
Ajmer to fight the armies sent by Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb, but loses and is forced to flee.
May 25 –
Richard Cromwell resigns as English
Lord Protector, submitting "a letter that may have been dictated to him."[83] In the letter, signed by Cromwell in front of Sir Gilbert Pickering and Lord Chief-Justice St. John, "I have perused the Resolve and Declaration, which you were pleased to deliver to me the other Night," and after listing his personal debts to be paid in return for stepping down, "As to that Part of the Resolve, whereby the Committee are to inform themselves, How far I do acquiesce in the Government of this Commonwealth, as it is declared by this Parliament; I trust, my past Carriage hitherto hath manifested my Acquiescence in the Will and Disposition of God; and that I love and value the Peace of this Commonwealth much above my own Concernments: And I desire, that by this, a Measure of my future Deportment may be taken; which, thro' the Assistance of God, shall be such as shall bear the same Witness; having, I hope, in some degree, learned rather to reverence and submit to the Hand of God, than to be unquiet under it: And, as to the late Providences that have fallen out amongst us, however, in respect of the particular Engagements that lay upon me, I could not be active in making a Change in the Government of these Nations, yet through the Goodness of God, I can freely acquiesce in it, being made; and do hold myself obliged."[84] The executive government is replaced by the restored Council of State, dominated by Generals John Lambert, Charles Fleetwood and
John Desborough. The Council of State is dismissed by the Rump Parliament on October 13 and replaced by the "Committee of Safety" on October 25.[85]
June 10 –
Dara Shikoh, at one time the heir apparent for the
Mughal Empire, is betrayed by an Afghan chieftain, Junaid Khan Barozai, who had initially given him refuge from pursuit from the new emperor, Aurangzeb. Turned over to Aurangzeb's men, Dara Shikoh is killed on August 30.
July –
Christiaan Huygens's important work on astronomy, Systema Saturnium, is published.[86]
August 3 –
Booth's Uprising, led by
George Booth, begins in the city of
Chester as 3,000 royalists attempt a revolt against the military government of England. English Army troops begin marching on August 5 to suppress the rebellion.
August 15 – Two English warships block the entrance to the
River Dee to prevent supplies from reaching Booth's rebels in Chester, while Major General
John Lambert of the English Army advances into
Cheshire at
Nantwich.
August 19 – At the
Battle of Winnington Bridge, the
Protectorate Army of 5,000 troops, dispatched by Parliament and under the command of Major General Lambert, routs the 4,000
anti-government rebels commanded by George Booth of England and
Edward Broughton of Wales. Lambert and his forces, exhausted from their rapid march and the battle, elect not to pursue the fleeing rebels and less than 30 rebels are killed.[87]
August 30 – Poland's army of over 12,000 troops under the command of
Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and
Krzysztof Grodzicki, takes back the city of
Grudziadz, which has been under Sweden's control since the end of 1655, after a
siege of seven days. Much of the town is left in ruins after a fire and bombardment from Polish cannons.
September 20 – War between
Dutch settlers and the native
Lenape Indians, of the
Esopus tribe, in modern-day
Ulster County, New York, in the U.S., as a group of Dutch settlers from the village of
Wiltwijck,
New Netherland fires their guns at a group of Esopus men who have been sitting around a campfire. For the next ten months, the Esopus warriors, commanded by Chief Papequanaehen, fight a war with the Dutch that is finally settled with a peace treaty on July 15, 1660.
September 22 – The Ottoman-ruled island of
Kizilhisar (called Castelrosso by Italy and in modern times the island of Kastellorizo in Greece) is captured from the Ottoman Empire by the navy of the Republic of Venice after nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule that had started in 1512.
September 30 –
Peter Stuyvesant of New Netherland forbids tennis playing during religious services, marking the first mention of tennis in what will become the United States.
November 25 – Dutch forces under
Michiel de Ruyter free the Danish city of
Nyborg from Swedish conquest that had taken place earlier in the year.
December 16 – General
George Monck demands free parliamentary elections in Scotland and resolves to overthrow the military government that has ruled the British Isles since 1648.
Peter Swink, the first known non-white settler to own land in Massachusetts, and first known African to live in Springfield, Massachusetts, arrives. He holds a seat in the town meetings.
date unknown –
Anne Greene, English domestic servant and execution survivor (b.
c.
1628)
Notes
^Arnold Houbraken mentioned erroneously 1656 as his birth in the book De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen, but the correct date is 1655.[110]
^Frederic Wakeman, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China (University of California Press, 1985) pp. 767–768
^A Scholler in Oxford (1651). Newes from the Dead, or a True and Exact Narration of the Miraculous Deliverance of Anne Greene; whereunto are prefixed certain Poems casually written upon that subject. Oxford: printed by Leonard Lichfield for Tho. Robinson. Includes Latin verses by
Christopher Wren.
^George William Cullen Gross, '1651: The Last Coronation in Scotland', Court Historian, 26:3 (December, 2021), p. 231.
^Barros Arana, Diego.
Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 339.
^East Frisian History: From 1648 to 1668, Volume 5, ed. by Tileman Dothias Wiarda Winter, 1795 - 453 pages; Page 56ff. Local History and Tourist Association Holtgast e. V., 1795) pages 56ff. accessed on April 8, 2009
^Solano Astaburuaga, Francisco (1899) [1867]. Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). p. 280.
^Barros Arana, Diego.
"Capítulo XIV". Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 340.
^"Leviathan and De Cive", by Karl Schuhmann, in Leviathan After 350 Years, ed. by Luc Foisneau (Clarendon Press, 2004) p.17
^
abPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 185–186.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^"Time and Place". Slavery and the Making of America. Thirteen. 2004. Retrieved 2018-02-24. Rhode Island passes laws restricting slavery and forbidding enslavement for more than 10 years.
^Virkkunen, A.H. (1953). Oulun kaupungin historia I [The History of the City of Oulu I] (in Finnish). Kirjola Oy. pp. 128–130.
^Oskar Garstein, Rome and the Counter-Reformation in Scandinavia: The Age of Gustavus Adolphus and Queen Christina of Sweden, 1622-1656 (E. J. Brill, 1992) p. 688
^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p30
^Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, 1648-1840 (Princeton University Press, 1959) p. 59
^"The Marais: 'Paris' in the seventeenth century", by Joan Dejean, in The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of Paris, ed. by Anna-Louise Milne (Cambridge University Press, 2013) p. 29
^"The Symbolic Role of Calligraphy on Three Imperial Mosques of Shah Jahan", by Wayne E. Begley, in Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India (E. J. Brill, 1981) p. 8
^Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
ISBN0-14-102715-0.
^LeElef, Ner (2001).
"World Jewish Population". SimpleToRemember. Retrieved 2012-07-10. Metropolitan
Tel Aviv, with 2.5 million Jews, is the world's largest Jewish city. It is followed by New York, with 1.9 million.
^Wu, Bin (2014). Britannia 1066–1884: From Medieval Absolutism to the Birth of Freedom under Constitutional Monarchy, Limited Suffrage, and the Rule of Law. Springer. p. 53.
ISBN9783319046839.
OCLC947041435.
^Barros Arana, Diego.
Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. 4 (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 349.
^Mourtis, E.V.M. (December 14, 2016).
"Introduction". Een kamer gevuld met de mooiste boeken : de bibliotheek van Johannes Thysius (1622-1653) (PhD) (in Dutch). Vantilt. p. 11. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
^Tuinstra, Willemijn (2019).
"The Calvinist Connection". Conscience & Connections. Marcellus Franckheim (1587-1644) and his contacts in the Habsburg World at the eve of the Thirty Years War (MA). p. 10. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
^"killing". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^Brems, Hans (June 1970). "Sweden: From Great Power to Welfare State". Journal of Economic Issues. 4 (2, 3). Association for Evolutionary Economics: 1–16.
doi:
10.1080/00213624.1970.11502941.
JSTOR4224039. A swift and brilliantly conceived march from Holstein across the frozen Danish waters on Copenhagen, by Karl X Gustav in 1658, finally wrests Bohuslin, Sk'ane, and Blekinge from
Denmark-Norway. Denmark no longer controls both sides of Oresund, and Swedish power is at its peak.
^Luis de Menezes, Historia de Portugal Restaurado, Volume III (Joseph Filippe Publishing, 1759) p. 229
^
abCraig A. Monson, The Black Widows of the Eternal City: The True Story of Rome’s Most Infamous Poisoners (University of Michigan Press, 2020)
^James Atkinson, Tracts Relating to the Civil War in Cheshire, 1641–1659; including Sir George Booth's rising in that county (The Chetham Society, 1909) pp. 167-172
^"John Coney". www.americansilversmiths.org. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
^"Eleonore Magdalena (Theresia) von Pfalz-Neuburg (1655 – 1720)"(PDF). www.pfalzneuburg.de (in German).
Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 22 March 2022. Eleonore Magdalena Theresia wird am 6. Januar 1655 als ältestes Kind (von insgesamt 17 Kindern, 9 Knaben, 8Mädchen) des Neuburger Pfalzgrafen und Herzogs Philipp Wilhelm und seiner 2.
^Åkerman, Susanna (1991). Queen Christina of Sweden and her circle : the transformation of a seventeenth-century philosophical libertine. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill. p. 50.
ISBN9789004246706.
^Richardson, Isobel (1935).
"Life of Cyrano de Bergerac". Cyrano de Bergerac, Precursor of the Eighteenth Century Spirit (M.A.). Fordham University. p. 5.
ProQuest2491954886. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
^Wille, Jakob (1884).
Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German) (19 ed.). Duncker & Humblot. p. 696. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (18 September 2007).
Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 408.
ISBN978-0-387-30400-7. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
January 28 – The
Sultan bin Saif of Oman expels the Portuguese colonial government from
Muscat, forcing the surrender of the port of
Muttrah and of Fort Capitan, and captures two warships, ending 35 years of Portuguese occupation.
July 13 – Italian priest and astronomer
Gerolamo Sersale of Naples takes advantage of a full moon and draws an extremely detailed lunar map, which is then engraved and reproduced for other astronomers.
October 17 – The
Western Remonstrance is signed by members of the Parliament of Scotland who condemn the recognition of Charles II being crowned King of Scotland, and pledging allegiance to England's General Oliver Cromwell.
October 20 –
Queen Christina of Sweden, who has been the legal ruler of Sweden for almost 18 years, has an elaborate
coronation ceremony at the
castle of Jacobsdal near
Stockholm. The coronation had originally been planned for her 18th birthday in 1644 but was delayed by a war with Denmark-Norway.
November 24 – In China,
Qing dynasty forces led by
Shang Kexi capture the city of
Guangzhou from the
Southern Ming and then carry out a massacre of the population, killing as many as 70,000 people over 11 days ending on December 5.[3]
December 14 –
Anne Greene is hanged at
Oxford Castle in England for
infanticide, having concealed an illegitimate stillbirth. The following day she revives in the dissection room and, being pardoned, lives until 1659.[4][5][6]
March 15 – Prince Aisin Gioro Fulin attains the age of 13 and becomes the
Shunzhi Emperor of China, which had been governed by a regency since the death of his father
Hong Taiji in 1643.
August 13 – The troops of King Charles II of Scotland force the retreat of English Commonwealth troops at the
Battle of Warrington Bridge, the last victory of Scotland over England in battle.
The "Onfall of
Alyth takes place in the Scottish town of the same name when most of the members of Scotland's governing body, the Committee of States, are betrayed to English invaders. The
Earl of Leven, the
Earl of Crawford, the
Earl Marischal,
Lord Nairne and other prominent people are captured and imprisoned in the
Tower of London. [16]
The
Battle of Upton is fought at
Upton-upon-Severn in England, where Scottish invaders commanded by Major General
Edward Massey are defeated by the English Parliamentarians led by
John Lambert. The retreat of the Scots clears the way for the successful English attack at Worcester.
February 4 – At
Edinburgh, the parliamentary commissioners of the
Commonwealth of England proclaim the
Tender of Union to be in force in
Scotland, annexing the Scottish nation with the concession that Scotland would have 30 representatives in the parliament of the English Commonwealth.
February 12 –
Oliver Cromwell, England's Lord Protector, announces that his Council of Scotland will regulate church affairs as part of the Terms of Incorporation of Scotland into England, and eliminates Presbyterianism as Scotland's state religion.
May 19 (May 29, New Style) –
First Anglo-Dutch War:
Battle of Dover – The opening battle is fought off Dover between Lt.-Admiral
Maarten Tromp's 42 Dutch ships and 21 English ships divided into two squadrons, one commanded by
Robert Blake and the other by Nehemiah Bourne; the result is inconclusive.
June 13 –
George Fox preaches to a large crowd on
Firbank Fell in England, leading to the establishment of the Religious Society of Friends (
Quakers).
January 3 – By the
Coonan Cross Oath, the Eastern Church in India cuts itself off from colonial Portuguese tutelage.
January – The
Swiss Peasant War begins after magistrates meeting at
Lucerne refuse to hear from a group of peasants who have been financially hurt by the devaluation of the currency issued from
Bern.
February 10 –
Swiss peasant war of 1653: Peasants from the Entlebuch valley in Switzerland assemble at Heiligkreuz to organize a plan to suspend all tax payments to the authorities in the
canton of Lucerne, after having been snubbed at a magisterial meeting in Lucerne. More communities in the canton join in an alliance concluded at
Wolhusen on February 26.
April 28 – The
Great Fire of Marlborough destroys 224 houses and much of the textile businesses in the Wiltshire town which, "at that date was one of considerable importance, and had merchants of affluence and repute."[22]
May 31 –
Ferdinand IV, already the King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia, is elected
King of the Romans by his fellow German monarchs, making him eligible to succeed his father
Ferdinand III as
Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand IV will not live to become Holy Roman Emperor, instead dying from smallpox 14 months after his designation.
September 13 – A violent storm off the west coast of Scotland sinks the English Navy warship Swan, and the commandeered merchantmen Speedwell and Martha and Margaret, all of which have been anchored off of Mull. Most of the crews had gone ashore, but 23 of the men on the ship Speedwell are killed.
October 29 –
Pierre-Esprit Radisson, a French Canadian teenager who had been captured by a
Mohawk raiding party two years earlier and then tortured, escapes captivity in what is now the U.S. state of New York.
November 8 – The
Battle of Arronches takes place near the town of
Arronches on the Portuguese side of the border between
Portugal and
Spain, with the Portuguese Army outflanking and defeating a larger Spanish force.
November –
John Casor, a servant of African descent in Northampton County of the colony of Virginia, leaves
Anthony Johnson's farm, after claiming his contract of indenture had expired, and goes to work for a new employer, Robert Parker. Johnson sues Parker, claiming that Casor is a slave for life, rather than an indentured servant, and the court issues a landmark ruling on March 8, 1655, establishing African-Americans as property.
Marcello Malpighi, an Italian pioneer of microscopical anatomy becomes a doctor of medicine.
Stephen Bachiler, a clergyman and early advocate for the separation of church and state returns to England after having spent more than 20 years overseas in the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.
The gardens surrounding the
Taj Mahal mausoleum are completed at
Agra.
February 9 – Spanish troops led by Don Gabriel de Rojas y Figueroa succeed in the
capture of Fort Rocher, a pirate-controlled base on the Caribbean island of
Tortuga.
Don Pantaleon, brother of the Portuguese ambassador to England, is executed after the death of an innocent man following a fracas at the exchange in
Exeter.[31]
August 18 –
Oliver Cromwell launches the Western Design with the appointment of Admiral William Penn to prepare for a fleet to leave on Christmas Day[32] for an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the
Anglo-Spanish War (which will last until after the
English Restoration in
1660).[33] The fleet leaves
Portsmouth in late December.
March 8 –
John Casor becomes the first legally recognized slave in what will become the United States, as a court in Northampton County in the
Colony of Virginia issues its decision in the
Casor lawsuit, the first instance of a judicial determination in the Thirteen Colonies holding that a person who has committed no crime could be held in servitude for life.[39]
December 4 – Middelburg, the Netherlands forbids the building of a
synagogue.
December 18 – The
Whitehall Conference ends with the determination that there is no law preventing Jews from re-entering England after the Edict of Expulsion of 1290.[54]
Stephan Farffler, a 22-year-old
paraplegic watchmaker, builds the world's first self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis using a system of
cranks and
cogwheels.[56][57] However, the device has the appearance of a hand bike more than a
wheelchair since the design includes hand cranks mounted at the front wheel.[58]
The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected,[59] the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands, of a building designed as a library.[60]
January 5 – The
First War of Villmergen, a civil war in the
Confederation of Switzerland pitting its Protestant and Roman Catholic
cantons against each other, breaks out but is resolved by March 7. The Lutheran cantons of the larger cities of Zurich, Bern and Schaffhausen battle against seven Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, Zug, Baden Unterwalden (now Obwalden and Nidwalden) and St. Gallen.
February 26 – A rebellion of Turkish soldiers, leading to the "
Çınar incident", takes place after a palace guard for Ottoman Sultan
Mehmet IV turns away a representative group who had come for payment for their services during the
war in Crete. The rebellion ends with the mass killing 30 men identified by the rebels as being responsible for the non-payment.
March 4 – The "
Çınar incident", named for the Turkish word for the
sycamore tree takes place after Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV declines the request of soldiers to have 30 named government officials put to death. When Mehmet agrees only to dismiss the people from office, the rebels seek out the men on the list and publicly hang most of them from the cinar trees.
March 5 –
Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha is appointed as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire after persuading Mehmet IV to rescind the February 28 selection of
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha. Zurnazen Mustafa's rule lasts only four hours and he is sent into exile the same day.
March 7 – The
First War of Villmergen in the Confederation of
Switzerland ends with a peace agreement, mediated by France and the Duchy of Savoy, between the Protestant and Roman Catholic cantons
March 15 – Almost a month after their defeat by Sweden at the battle of Golab, Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by
Stefan Czarniecki defeat King Karl X Gustav's Swedish Army at the
Battle of Jaroslaw.
March 23 – Roman Catholic
Pope Alexander VII issues a decree ending the
Chinese Rites controversy between Jesuit missionaries (who tolerate the rites as compatible with Catholicism) and Dominican and Franciscan missionaries (who consider the Chinese rituals incompatible). The Pope rules that practices ""favorable to Chinese customs", including Confucianism and ancestor worship, can be accepted as compatible with Catholic rites.
May 7 – Nine days after the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck, a steersman and six crew members are dispatched to Batavia to get help. The other 68 survivors remain at Ledge Point and await rescue but are not seen again.
June 16 – After a 41-day voyage, the seven-member team dispatched from the Vergulde Draeck reaches Batavia and alerts Dutch East India Company officials that the ship was wrecked on April 28. Two rescue ships, the Goede Hoop and the Witte Valck are sent to rescue the men marooned in Western Australia. By the time the Goede Hoop arrives, the crew find no sign of the wreckage of the Vergulde Draeck.
June 21 – Poland's capital,
Warsaw, is recaptured by Poland's
John II Casimir Vasa 11 months after the capital had fallen on July 25, 1655 to Sweden.
June 27 – The Navy of the
Ottoman Empire suffers a major defeat after two days of fighting against the navies of the Republic of
Venice and of Malta in the
Battle of the Dardanelles, one of the Turkish straits that connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Out of 98 Ottoman Turkish ships under the command of Kenan Pasha, 82 are either captured or destroyed. Venice loses only three of its ships, but its commander, Admiral Lorenzo Marcello, is killed by a direct cannon hit to his flagship.
June 29 – The
Treaty of Marienburg is signed by representatives of Sweden and of Brandenburg and Prussia to create a military alliance during the
Second Northern War. King Karl X Gustav signs for Sweden and the Elector
Friedrich Wilhelm signs for Brandenburg and Prussia.
July–September
July 18 – In an attempt to find survivors of the Vergulde Draeck, a search party is sent ashore by the rescue ship Goede Hoop; eleven men from two search parties while in the forests around the wreckage site. No trace of the Vergulde Draeck will be found for more than three centuries, until its wreckage is discovered by skin divers on April 13, 1963.
August 8 – In the
Ayutthaya Kingdom, comprising most of the territory now occupied by
Thailand, King
Prasat Thong dies after a reign of more than 25 years. His eldest son, Prince Chao Fa Chai, is crowned as
King Sanpet VI but Prasat's brother plots the new king's overthrow.
August 9 – King Sanpet's uncle, Prince
Si Suthammaracha, stages a coup d'etat and becomes the new King of Ayutthaya, now Thailand. Suthammaracha appoints another nephew, Prince Narai, as his chief minister and former King Sanpet is executed two days later on August 11. Suthammaracha's reign lasts less than three months.
October 26 – King
Si Suthammaracha of Ayutthaya (now Thailand) is overthrown in a coup d'etat by his nephew and former ally, Prince Narai, 11 weeks after having staged a coup to seize the throne. Narai is crowned as
King Ramathibodi III.
December 25 – The
pendulum clock is invented by
Christiaan Huygens, so accurate that it only loses 10 seconds per day. Huygens will mention the date in a letter to Ismail Boulliau a year later. [63]
PhysicianSamuel Stockhausen of the metal mining town of
Goslar,
Lower Saxony publishes his Libellus de lithargyrii fumo noxio morbifico, ejusque metallico frequentiori morbo vulgò dicto die Hütten Katze oder Hütten Rauch ("Treatise on the Noxious Fumes of
Litharge, Diseases caused by them and Miners' Asthma"), a pioneering study of
occupational disease.[64][65][66]
The first eleven
Quaker settlers arrive in
New Amsterdam (later New York City), and are allowed to practice their faith.
July–September
July 13 – Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to
Oliver Cromwell, English army leader
John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.[67]
August 20 – The ship Les Armes d'Amsterdam arrives at
Quebec,
New France. Among the passengers is Michel Mathieu Brunet dit Lestang (1638–1708), colonist, explorer and co-discoverer of modern-day
Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ancestor of the Brunet, Lestang and Carisse families of North America.
January 30 – The "
March Across the Belts" (Tåget över Bält), Sweden's use of winter weather to send troops across the waters of the
Danish straits at a time when winter has turned them to ice, begins. Within 17 days, Sweden's King Karl X Gustav leads troops across the ice belts to capture six of Denmark's islands as Swedish territory.
February 5 – Prince Muhi al-Din Muhammad, one of the sons of India's Mughal, Emperor
Shah Jahan, proclaims himself Emperor after Jahan names Muhi's older brother,
Dara Shikoh, as regent, and departs from
Aurangabad with troops.
March 8 (February 26
OS) – The peace between
Sweden and Denmark-Norway is concluded in
Roskilde by the
Treaty of Roskilde, under which Denmark is forced to cede significant territory. This leads to Sweden reaching its territorial height during its time as a
great power.
April–June
April 15 – In India, the
Battle of Dharmat is fought in the modern-day state of
Madhya Pradesh between rival claimants to the throne of the
Mughal Empire. Prince Muhi al-Din Muhammad, the son of the Emperor
Shah Jahan, leads 30,000 men in a triumph over 22,000 troops led by
Jaswant Singh of Marwar and
Ratan Singh Rathore. Despite heavy losses, with more than 11,000 casualties, Prince Muhi, who has adopted the name
Aurangzeb, continues toward
Samugarh and
Agra and captures the throne at the end of July.
August 5 – Just six months after winning territory from
Denmark-Norway in war and subsequent treaty, Sweden's King Charles X Gustav declares
a second war against Denmark. By August 11, the King's troops have surrounded Denmark's capital,
Copenhagen, while the Swedish Navy blocks the harbor to prevent the city from being resupplied, and begins bombardment.
October 7 – The Netherlands enters the Dano-Swedish War to come to the rescue of Denmark, sending a 45-ship fleet from
Vlie.
October 29 – The 45-ship fleet of the Netherlands arrives at Denmark and begins its counterattack on Sweden's army and navy with three squadrons.
November 6 – The
Mexican Inquisition carries out the execution, by public burning, of 14 men convicted of homosexuality, while another 109 arrested are either released or given less harsh sentences.
November 8 (October 29 old style) – The
Battle of the Sound takes place between the navies of the Dutch Republic (with 41 warships) and of Sweden (with 45) at the
Øresund, a
strait between Denmark and Sweden's newly-acquired territory, the former Danish island of
Scania. The Dutch Republic is successful at breaking the Swedish Navy's blockade of Copenhagen, and Sweden is forced to retreat, bringing an end to the attempted conquest of Denmark.
November 23 – The elaborate funeral of
Lord Protector of England
Oliver Cromwell (who had died on September 3 and was buried at Westminster Abbey two weeks later) is carried out in
London. A little more than two years later (in January 1661), his body will be disinterred and his head severed and placed on a spike.
December 11 –
Abaza Hasan Pasha, an Ottoman provincial governor who is attempting to depose the Grand Vizier, wins a battle at the Turkish city of
Ilgin, defeating loyalist forces led by Murtaza Pasha. The victory is the last for the rebels. Two months later (February 16, 1659) Abaza Hasan is assassinated after being invited to peace negotiations by the loyalists.
December 20 – Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Swedish Empire sign the
Treaty of Valiesar at the Valiesar Estate near
Narva, part of modern-day
Estonia. In return for ceasing hostilities between the two empires in the
Second Northern War, Russia is allowed to keep captured territories in
Livonia (part of modern-day
Latvia) for a term of three years.
March 1 – In exile in the Netherlands while plotting the restoration of the monarchy to England, Scotland and Ireland,
Charles, son of the late King Charles I appoints seven royalists (including six from the "
Sealed Knot" group) to a "Great Trust and Commission" to make plans for a post-restoration government. The Great Trust is led by Charles's trusted advisor,
Edward Hyde.
March 11 – Prince
Dara Shikoh, who had been the heir apparent to the throne of the
Mughal Empire in
India until the overthrow of his father,
Shah Jahan, makes a stand near
Ajmer to fight the armies sent by Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb, but loses and is forced to flee.
May 25 –
Richard Cromwell resigns as English
Lord Protector, submitting "a letter that may have been dictated to him."[83] In the letter, signed by Cromwell in front of Sir Gilbert Pickering and Lord Chief-Justice St. John, "I have perused the Resolve and Declaration, which you were pleased to deliver to me the other Night," and after listing his personal debts to be paid in return for stepping down, "As to that Part of the Resolve, whereby the Committee are to inform themselves, How far I do acquiesce in the Government of this Commonwealth, as it is declared by this Parliament; I trust, my past Carriage hitherto hath manifested my Acquiescence in the Will and Disposition of God; and that I love and value the Peace of this Commonwealth much above my own Concernments: And I desire, that by this, a Measure of my future Deportment may be taken; which, thro' the Assistance of God, shall be such as shall bear the same Witness; having, I hope, in some degree, learned rather to reverence and submit to the Hand of God, than to be unquiet under it: And, as to the late Providences that have fallen out amongst us, however, in respect of the particular Engagements that lay upon me, I could not be active in making a Change in the Government of these Nations, yet through the Goodness of God, I can freely acquiesce in it, being made; and do hold myself obliged."[84] The executive government is replaced by the restored Council of State, dominated by Generals John Lambert, Charles Fleetwood and
John Desborough. The Council of State is dismissed by the Rump Parliament on October 13 and replaced by the "Committee of Safety" on October 25.[85]
June 10 –
Dara Shikoh, at one time the heir apparent for the
Mughal Empire, is betrayed by an Afghan chieftain, Junaid Khan Barozai, who had initially given him refuge from pursuit from the new emperor, Aurangzeb. Turned over to Aurangzeb's men, Dara Shikoh is killed on August 30.
July –
Christiaan Huygens's important work on astronomy, Systema Saturnium, is published.[86]
August 3 –
Booth's Uprising, led by
George Booth, begins in the city of
Chester as 3,000 royalists attempt a revolt against the military government of England. English Army troops begin marching on August 5 to suppress the rebellion.
August 15 – Two English warships block the entrance to the
River Dee to prevent supplies from reaching Booth's rebels in Chester, while Major General
John Lambert of the English Army advances into
Cheshire at
Nantwich.
August 19 – At the
Battle of Winnington Bridge, the
Protectorate Army of 5,000 troops, dispatched by Parliament and under the command of Major General Lambert, routs the 4,000
anti-government rebels commanded by George Booth of England and
Edward Broughton of Wales. Lambert and his forces, exhausted from their rapid march and the battle, elect not to pursue the fleeing rebels and less than 30 rebels are killed.[87]
August 30 – Poland's army of over 12,000 troops under the command of
Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and
Krzysztof Grodzicki, takes back the city of
Grudziadz, which has been under Sweden's control since the end of 1655, after a
siege of seven days. Much of the town is left in ruins after a fire and bombardment from Polish cannons.
September 20 – War between
Dutch settlers and the native
Lenape Indians, of the
Esopus tribe, in modern-day
Ulster County, New York, in the U.S., as a group of Dutch settlers from the village of
Wiltwijck,
New Netherland fires their guns at a group of Esopus men who have been sitting around a campfire. For the next ten months, the Esopus warriors, commanded by Chief Papequanaehen, fight a war with the Dutch that is finally settled with a peace treaty on July 15, 1660.
September 22 – The Ottoman-ruled island of
Kizilhisar (called Castelrosso by Italy and in modern times the island of Kastellorizo in Greece) is captured from the Ottoman Empire by the navy of the Republic of Venice after nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule that had started in 1512.
September 30 –
Peter Stuyvesant of New Netherland forbids tennis playing during religious services, marking the first mention of tennis in what will become the United States.
November 25 – Dutch forces under
Michiel de Ruyter free the Danish city of
Nyborg from Swedish conquest that had taken place earlier in the year.
December 16 – General
George Monck demands free parliamentary elections in Scotland and resolves to overthrow the military government that has ruled the British Isles since 1648.
Peter Swink, the first known non-white settler to own land in Massachusetts, and first known African to live in Springfield, Massachusetts, arrives. He holds a seat in the town meetings.
date unknown –
Anne Greene, English domestic servant and execution survivor (b.
c.
1628)
Notes
^Arnold Houbraken mentioned erroneously 1656 as his birth in the book De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen, but the correct date is 1655.[110]
^Frederic Wakeman, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China (University of California Press, 1985) pp. 767–768
^A Scholler in Oxford (1651). Newes from the Dead, or a True and Exact Narration of the Miraculous Deliverance of Anne Greene; whereunto are prefixed certain Poems casually written upon that subject. Oxford: printed by Leonard Lichfield for Tho. Robinson. Includes Latin verses by
Christopher Wren.
^George William Cullen Gross, '1651: The Last Coronation in Scotland', Court Historian, 26:3 (December, 2021), p. 231.
^Barros Arana, Diego.
Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 339.
^East Frisian History: From 1648 to 1668, Volume 5, ed. by Tileman Dothias Wiarda Winter, 1795 - 453 pages; Page 56ff. Local History and Tourist Association Holtgast e. V., 1795) pages 56ff. accessed on April 8, 2009
^Solano Astaburuaga, Francisco (1899) [1867]. Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). p. 280.
^Barros Arana, Diego.
"Capítulo XIV". Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 340.
^"Leviathan and De Cive", by Karl Schuhmann, in Leviathan After 350 Years, ed. by Luc Foisneau (Clarendon Press, 2004) p.17
^
abPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 185–186.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^"Time and Place". Slavery and the Making of America. Thirteen. 2004. Retrieved 2018-02-24. Rhode Island passes laws restricting slavery and forbidding enslavement for more than 10 years.
^Virkkunen, A.H. (1953). Oulun kaupungin historia I [The History of the City of Oulu I] (in Finnish). Kirjola Oy. pp. 128–130.
^Oskar Garstein, Rome and the Counter-Reformation in Scandinavia: The Age of Gustavus Adolphus and Queen Christina of Sweden, 1622-1656 (E. J. Brill, 1992) p. 688
^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p30
^Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, 1648-1840 (Princeton University Press, 1959) p. 59
^"The Marais: 'Paris' in the seventeenth century", by Joan Dejean, in The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of Paris, ed. by Anna-Louise Milne (Cambridge University Press, 2013) p. 29
^"The Symbolic Role of Calligraphy on Three Imperial Mosques of Shah Jahan", by Wayne E. Begley, in Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India (E. J. Brill, 1981) p. 8
^Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
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^LeElef, Ner (2001).
"World Jewish Population". SimpleToRemember. Retrieved 2012-07-10. Metropolitan
Tel Aviv, with 2.5 million Jews, is the world's largest Jewish city. It is followed by New York, with 1.9 million.
^Wu, Bin (2014). Britannia 1066–1884: From Medieval Absolutism to the Birth of Freedom under Constitutional Monarchy, Limited Suffrage, and the Rule of Law. Springer. p. 53.
ISBN9783319046839.
OCLC947041435.
^Barros Arana, Diego.
Historia general de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. 4 (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 349.
^Mourtis, E.V.M. (December 14, 2016).
"Introduction". Een kamer gevuld met de mooiste boeken : de bibliotheek van Johannes Thysius (1622-1653) (PhD) (in Dutch). Vantilt. p. 11. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
^Tuinstra, Willemijn (2019).
"The Calvinist Connection". Conscience & Connections. Marcellus Franckheim (1587-1644) and his contacts in the Habsburg World at the eve of the Thirty Years War (MA). p. 10. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
^"killing". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^Brems, Hans (June 1970). "Sweden: From Great Power to Welfare State". Journal of Economic Issues. 4 (2, 3). Association for Evolutionary Economics: 1–16.
doi:
10.1080/00213624.1970.11502941.
JSTOR4224039. A swift and brilliantly conceived march from Holstein across the frozen Danish waters on Copenhagen, by Karl X Gustav in 1658, finally wrests Bohuslin, Sk'ane, and Blekinge from
Denmark-Norway. Denmark no longer controls both sides of Oresund, and Swedish power is at its peak.
^Luis de Menezes, Historia de Portugal Restaurado, Volume III (Joseph Filippe Publishing, 1759) p. 229
^
abCraig A. Monson, The Black Widows of the Eternal City: The True Story of Rome’s Most Infamous Poisoners (University of Michigan Press, 2020)
^James Atkinson, Tracts Relating to the Civil War in Cheshire, 1641–1659; including Sir George Booth's rising in that county (The Chetham Society, 1909) pp. 167-172
^"John Coney". www.americansilversmiths.org. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
^"Eleonore Magdalena (Theresia) von Pfalz-Neuburg (1655 – 1720)"(PDF). www.pfalzneuburg.de (in German).
Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 22 March 2022. Eleonore Magdalena Theresia wird am 6. Januar 1655 als ältestes Kind (von insgesamt 17 Kindern, 9 Knaben, 8Mädchen) des Neuburger Pfalzgrafen und Herzogs Philipp Wilhelm und seiner 2.
^Åkerman, Susanna (1991). Queen Christina of Sweden and her circle : the transformation of a seventeenth-century philosophical libertine. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill. p. 50.
ISBN9789004246706.
^Richardson, Isobel (1935).
"Life of Cyrano de Bergerac". Cyrano de Bergerac, Precursor of the Eighteenth Century Spirit (M.A.). Fordham University. p. 5.
ProQuest2491954886. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
^Wille, Jakob (1884).
Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German) (19 ed.). Duncker & Humblot. p. 696. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (18 September 2007).
Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 408.
ISBN978-0-387-30400-7. Retrieved 8 June 2022.