From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Events on calendar date 19 April
Day of the year
April 19 is the 109th day of the year (110th in
leap years ) in the
Gregorian calendar ; 256 days remain until the end of the year.
1608 – In Ireland,
O'Doherty's Rebellion is launched by the
Burning of Derry .
[5]
1677 – The French army
captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops.
[6]
1713 – With no living male heirs,
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor , issues the
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that
Habsburg lands and the
Austrian throne would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor,
Maria Theresa , was not born until 1717.
[7]
1770 – Captain
James Cook , still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.
[8]
1770 –
Marie Antoinette marries
Louis XVI of France in a
proxy wedding .
[9]
1775 –
American Revolutionary War : The war begins with an American victory in Concord during the
battles of Lexington and Concord .
[10]
1782 –
John Adams secures
Dutch recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in
The Hague becomes the first American embassy.
[11]
1809 – An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the
Duchy of Warsaw in the
Battle of Raszyn , part of the struggles of the
Fifth Coalition . On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a
First French Empire Corps led by
Louis-Nicolas Davout at the
Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.
1810 –
Venezuela achieves home rule:
Vicente Emparán ,
Governor of the
Captaincy General is removed by the people of
Caracas and a
junta is installed.
1818 – French physicist
Augustin Fresnel signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the
Fresnel integrals .
1839 – The
Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guarantees its neutrality.
1861 –
American Civil War :
Baltimore riot of 1861 : A pro-
Secession mob in
Baltimore attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.
1903 – The
Kishinev pogrom in
Kishinev (
Bessarabia ) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in
Palestine and the
Western world .
1927 –
Mae West is sentenced to ten days in jail for
obscenity for her play
Sex .
1936 – The
Jaffa riots commence, initiating the
1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine .
[12]
1942 –
World War II : In German-occupied Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski
ghetto is established, situated between the
Lublin Ghetto and a
Majdanek subcamp.
1943 – World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins, after
German troops enter the
Warsaw Ghetto to round up the remaining Jews.
1943 –
Albert Hofmann deliberately doses himself with
LSD for the first time, three days after having discovered its effects on
April 16 , an event commonly known and celebrated as
Bicycle Day .
1956 – Actress
Grace Kelly marries
Prince Rainier of Monaco .
1960 – Students in South Korea hold
a nationwide pro-democracy protest against
president
Syngman Rhee , eventually forcing him to resign.
1971 –
Sierra Leone becomes a
republic , and
Siaka Stevens the president.
1971 – Launch of
Salyut 1 , the first
space station .
1971 –
Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted to life imprisonment) for
conspiracy in the
Tate–LaBianca murders .
1973 – The Portuguese
Socialist Party is founded in the German town of
Bad Münstereifel .
1975 –
India 's first satellite
Aryabhata launched in orbit from
Kapustin Yar ,
Russia .
1975 –
South Vietnamese forces
withdrew from the town of Xuan Loc in the last major battle of the
Vietnam War .
[13]
1976 – A
violent F5 tornado strikes around
Brownwood, Texas , injuring 11 people. Two people were thrown at least 1,000 yards (910 m) by the tornado and survived uninjured.
[14]
[15]
1984 –
Advance Australia Fair is proclaimed as Australia's
national anthem , and green and gold as the
national colours .
1985 – Two hundred
ATF and
FBI agents lay siege to the compound of the
white supremacist
survivalist group
The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord in Arkansas; the CSA surrenders two days later.
1987 –
The Simpsons first appear as a series of
shorts on
The Tracey Ullman Show , first starting with "
Good Night ".
1989 – A
gun turret
explodes on the
USS Iowa , killing 47 sailors.
1993 – The 51-day FBI
siege of the
Branch Davidian building in
Waco, Texas , USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Seventy-six Davidians, including 18 children under age 10, died in the fire.
1995 –
Oklahoma City bombing : The
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in
Oklahoma City , USA, is bombed, killing 168 people including 19 children under the age of six.
1999 – The German
Bundestag
returns to Berlin.
2000 –
Air Philippines Flight 541 crashes in
Samal, Davao del Norte , killing all 131 people on board.
[16]
2001 –
Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on
STS-100 carrying the
Canadarm2 to the
International Space Station .
[17]
2005 – Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is
elected to the papacy and becomes
Pope Benedict XVI .
2011 –
Fidel Castro resigns as
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba after holding the title since July 1961.
2013 –
Boston Marathon bombing suspect
Tamerlan Tsarnaev is killed in a shootout with police. His brother
Dzhokhar is later captured hiding in a boat inside a backyard in the suburb of
Watertown .
2020 –
A killing spree in
Nova Scotia ,
Canada , leaves 22 people and the perpetrator dead, making it the deadliest rampage in the country's history.
[18]
[19]
2021 – The
Ingenuity helicopter becomes the first aircraft to achieve flight on another planet.
[20]
1603 –
Michel Le Tellier , French politician,
French Minister of Defence (d. 1685)
[23]
1613 –
Christoph Bach , German musician (d. 1661)
[24]
1633 –
Willem Drost , Dutch painter (d. 1659)
[25]
1655 –
George St Lo(e) , Royal Navy officer and administrator (d. 1718)
[26]
1658 –
Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine , German husband of
Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria (d. 1716)
[27]
1665 –
Jacques Lelong , French author (d. 1721)
[28]
1686 –
Vasily Tatishchev , Russian ethnographer and politician (d. 1750)
1715 –
James Nares , English organist and composer (d. 1783)
1721 –
Roger Sherman , American lawyer and politician (d. 1793)
1734 –
Karl von Ordóñez , Austrian violinist and composer (d. 1786)
1757 –
Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth , English admiral and politician (d. 1833)
1758 –
William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk , Scottish admiral (d. 1831)
1785 –
Alexandre Pierre François Boëly , French pianist and composer (d. 1858)
1787 –
Deaf Smith , American soldier (d. 1837)
1793 –
Ferdinand I of Austria (d. 1875)
1806 –
Sarah Bagley , American labor organizer (d. 1889)
1814 –
Louis Amédée Achard , French journalist and author (d. 1875)
1831 –
Mary Louise Booth , American writer, editor and translator (d. 1889)
[29]
1832 –
José Echegaray , Spanish poet and playwright,
Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
1835 –
Julius Krohn , Finnish poet and journalist (d. 1888)
1863 –
Hemmo Kallio , Finnish actor (d. 1940)
1872 –
Alice Salomon , German social reformer (d. 1948)
[30]
1873 –
Sydney Barnes , English cricketer (d. 1967)
1874 –
Ernst Rüdin , Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist (d. 1952)
1877 –
Ole Evinrude , Norwegian-American engineer, invented the
outboard motor (d. 1934)
1879 –
Arthur Robertson , Scottish runner (d. 1957)
1882 –
Getúlio Vargas , Brazilian lawyer and politician, 14th
President of Brazil (d. 1954)
1883 –
Henry Jameson , American soccer player (d. 1938)
1883 –
Richard von Mises , Austrian-American mathematician and physicist (d. 1953)
1885 –
Karl Tarvas , Estonian architect (d. 1975)
1889 –
Otto Georg Thierack , German jurist and politician (d. 1946)
[31]
1891 –
Françoise Rosay , French actress (d. 1974)
1892 –
Germaine Tailleferre , French composer and educator (d. 1983)
[32]
1894 –
Elizabeth Dilling , American author and activist (d. 1966)
1897 –
Peter de Noronha , Indian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1970)
1897 –
Jiroemon Kimura , Japanese super-centenarian, oldest verified man ever (d. 2013)
1898 –
Constance Talmadge , American actress and producer (d. 1973)
1899 –
George O'Brien , American actor (d. 1985)
1899 –
Cemal Tollu , Turkish lieutenant and painter (d. 1968)
1900 –
Iracema de Alencar , Brazilian film actress (d. 1978)
1900 –
Richard Hughes , English author, poet, and playwright (d. 1976)
1900 –
Roland Michener , Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th
Governor General of Canada (d. 1991)
1900 –
Rhea Silberta , American Yiddish songwriter and singing teacher (d. 1959)
1902 –
Veniamin Kaverin , Russian author and screenwriter (d. 1989)
1903 –
Eliot Ness , American law enforcement agent (d. 1957)
[33]
1908 –
Irena Eichlerówna , Polish actress (d. 1990)
1912 –
Glenn T. Seaborg , American chemist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
1913 –
Ken Carpenter , American discus thrower and coach (d. 1984)
1917 –
Sven Hassel , Danish-German soldier and author (d. 2012)
1919 –
Sol Kaplan , American pianist and composer (d. 1990)
1920 –
Marvin Mandel , American lawyer and politician, 56th
Governor of Maryland (d. 2015)
[34]
1920 –
Julien Ries , Belgian cardinal (d. 2013)
1920 –
Ragnar Ulstein , Norwegian journalist and war historian (d. 2019)
[35]
1921 –
Anna Lee Aldred , American jockey (d. 2006)
[36]
1921 –
Leon Henkin , American logician (d. 2006)
[37]
1921 –
Roberto Tucci , Italian Jesuit leader, cardinal, and theologian (d. 2015)
1922 –
Erich Hartmann , German colonel and pilot (d. 1993)
1925 –
John Kraaijkamp, Sr. , Dutch actor (d. 2011)
1925 –
Hugh O'Brian , American actor (d. 2016)
1926 –
Rawya Ateya , Egyptian captain and politician (d. 1997)[
citation needed ]
1928 –
John Horlock , English engineer and academic (d. 2015)
[38]
1928 –
Azlan Shah of Perak , Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (d. 2014)
1931 –
Walter Stewart , Canadian journalist and author (d. 2004)
1932 –
Fernando Botero , Colombian painter and sculptor (d. 2023)
1933 –
Jayne Mansfield , American model and actress (d. 1967)
[39]
1934 –
Dickie Goodman , American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 1989)
1935 –
Dudley Moore , English actor, comedian, and pianist (d. 2002)
[40]
1935 –
Justin Francis Rigali , American cardinal
1936 –
Wilfried Martens , Belgian politician, 60th
Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2013)
1936 –
Jack Pardee , American football player and coach (d. 2013)
1937 –
Antonio Carluccio , Italian-English chef and author (d. 2017)
[41]
1937 –
Elinor Donahue , American actress
1937 –
Joseph Estrada , Filipino politician, 13th
President of the Philippines
1938 –
Stanley Fish , American theorist, author, and scholar
1939 –
Clay Shaw , American accountant, judge, and politician (d. 2013)
[42]
1941 –
Michel Roux , French-English chef and author (d. 2020)
1941 –
Bobby Russell , American singer-songwriter (d. 1992)
1942 –
Alan Price , English keyboard player, singer, and composer
1943 –
Margo MacDonald , Scottish journalist and politician (d. 2014)
[43]
1944 –
James Heckman , American economist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate
1944 –
Bernie Worrell , American keyboard player and songwriter (d. 2016)
[44]
1946 –
Tim Curry , English actor and singer
[45]
[46]
1951 –
Jóannes Eidesgaard , Faroese educator and politician,
Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands [
citation needed ]
1952 –
Simon Cowell , English conservationist and author
[47]
[48]
1954 –
Trevor Francis , English footballer and manager (d. 2023)
1956 –
Anne Glover , Scottish biologist and academic
1957 –
Mukesh Ambani , Indian businessman, chairman of
Reliance Industries
[49]
[50]
1960 –
Ara Gevorgyan , Armenian pianist, composer, and producer
1960 –
Frank Viola , American baseball player and coach
[51]
1964 –
Kim Weaver , American astrophysicist, astronomer, and academic
1965 –
Suge Knight , American record executive
[52]
1966 –
Véronique Gens , French soprano and actress
1968 –
Ashley Judd , American actress
[53]
1968 –
Mswati III , King (
Ngwenyama ) of
Eswatini (Swaziland)
[54]
1970 –
Kelly Holmes , English athlete and double Olympic champion
1972 –
Rivaldo Vitor Borba Ferreira , Brazilian footballer
[55]
1978 –
James Franco , American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1978 –
Amanda Sage , American-Austrian painter and educator
[56]
1979 –
Kate Hudson , American actress
[57]
1981 –
Hayden Christensen , Canadian actor
[58]
1981 –
Lise Klaveness , Norwegian footballer and lawyer, president of the
Norwegian Football Federation
[59]
1981 –
Troy Polamalu , American football player
[60]
1982 –
Samuel C. Morrison, Jr. , Liberian-American journalist, producer, and screenwriter
1982 –
Ali Wong , American comedian and actress
[61]
1983 –
Joe Mauer , American baseball player
[62]
1986 –
Candace Parker , American basketball player
[63]
1987 –
Joe Hart , English footballer
[64]
1987 –
Maria Sharapova , Russian tennis player
[65]
1989 –
Simu Liu , Canadian actor
[66]
1990 –
Jackie Bradley Jr. , American baseball player
[67]
1990 –
Kim Chiu , Filipino actress, singer, and dancer
[68]
1991 –
Kelly Olynyk , Canadian basketball player
[69]
2002 –
Loren Gray , American singer and internet personality
[70]
843 –
Judith of Bavaria , Frankish empress
1012 –
Ælfheah of Canterbury , English archbishop and saint (b. 954)
1013 –
Hisham II , Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (b. 966)
1044 –
Gothelo I , duke of Lorraine
1054 –
Leo IX , pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1002)
1321 –
Gerasimus I , patriarch of Constantinople
1390 –
Robert II , king of Scotland (b. 1316)
1405 –
Thomas West, 1st Baron West , English nobleman (b. 1335)
[71]
1431 –
Adolph III , count of Waldeck (b. 1362)
1560 –
Philip Melanchthon , German theologian and reformer (b. 1497)
1567 –
Michael Stifel , German monk and mathematician (b. 1487)
1578 –
Uesugi Kenshin , Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1530)
1588 –
Paolo Veronese , Italian painter (b. 1528)
1608 –
Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset , English poet, playwright, and politician,
Lord High Treasurer (b. 1536)
1618 –
Thomas Bastard , English priest and author (b. 1566)
1619 –
Jagat Gosain , Mughal empress (b. 1573)
[72]
1629 –
Sigismondo d'India , Italian composer (b. 1582)
1686 –
Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra , Spanish historian and playwright (b. 1610)
1689 –
Christina , queen of Sweden (b. 1626)
[73]
1733 –
Elizabeth Hamilton , countess of Orkney (b. 1657)
1739 –
Nicholas Saunderson , English mathematician and academic (b. 1682)
1768 –
Canaletto , Italian painter and etcher (b. 1697)
1776 –
Jacob Emden , German rabbi and author (b. 1697)
1791 –
Richard Price , Welsh-English preacher and philosopher (b. 1723)
1813 –
Benjamin Rush , American physician and educator (b. 1745)
1824 –
Lord Byron , English-Scottish poet and playwright (b. 1788)
1831 –
Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger , German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1765)
1833 –
James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier , Bahamian-English admiral and politician, 36th
Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1756)
1840 –
Jean-Jacques Lartigue , Canadian bishop (b. 1777)
1854 –
Robert Jameson , Scottish mineralogist and academic (b. 1774)
1881 –
Benjamin Disraeli , English journalist and politician,
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
1882 –
Charles Darwin , English biologist and theorist (b. 1809)
[74]
1893 –
Martin Körber , Estonian-German pastor, composer, and conductor (b. 1817)
1901 –
Alfred Horatio Belo , American publisher, founded
The Dallas Morning News (b. 1839)
1903 –
Oliver Mowat , Canadian politician, third
Premier of Ontario , eighth
Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (b. 1820)
[75]
1906 –
Pierre Curie , French physicist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
1906 –
Spencer Gore , English tennis player and cricketer (b. 1850)
1909 –
Signe Rink , Greenland-born Danish writer and ethnologist (b. 1836)
1914 –
Charles Sanders Peirce , American mathematician and philosopher (b. 1839)
1915 –
Thomas Playford II , English-Australian politician, 17th
Premier of South Australia (b. 1837)
1916 –
Ephraim Shay , American engineer, designed the
Shay locomotive (b. 1839)
1926 –
Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov , Russian-Swiss statistician and theorist (b. 1874)
1930 –
Georges-Casimir Dessaulles , Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1827)
1937 –
Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington , English cartographer and politician (b. 1856)
1937 –
William Morton Wheeler , American entomologist and zoologist (b. 1865)
1940 –
Jack McNeela , Irish Republican died on hunger strike
[76]
1941 –
Johanna Müller-Hermann , Austrian composer (b. 1878)
1949 –
Ulrich Salchow , Danish-Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
1950 –
Ernst Robert Curtius , French-German philologist and scholar (b. 1886)
1952 –
Steve Conway , British singer (b. 1921)
[77]
1955 –
Jim Corbett , British-Indian colonel, hunter, and author (b. 1875)
1960 –
Beardsley Ruml , American economist and statistician (b. 1894)
1961 –
Max Hainle , German swimmer (b. 1882)
1966 –
Väinö Tanner , Finnish politician of
Social Democratic Party of Finland ; the
Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1881)
[78]
1967 –
Konrad Adenauer , German politician, 1st
Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
1971 –
Luigi Piotti , Italian race car driver (b. 1913)
1975 –
Percy Lavon Julian , American chemist and academic (b. 1899)
1988 –
Kwon Ki-ok , Korean pilot (b. 1901)
[79]
1989 –
Daphne du Maurier , English novelist and playwright (b. 1907)
[80]
1991 –
Stanley Hawes , English-Australian director and producer (b. 1905)
1992 –
Frankie Howerd , English actor and screenwriter (b. 1917)
[81]
1993 –
David Koresh , American cult leader (b. 1959)
1993 –
George S. Mickelson , American captain, lawyer, and politician, 28th
Governor of South Dakota (b. 1941)
1998 –
Octavio Paz , Mexican poet, philosopher, and academic
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
1999 –
Hermine Braunsteiner , Austrian-German
SS officer (b. 1919)
2000 –
Louis Applebaum , Canadian composer and conductor (b. 1918)
2002 –
Reginald Rose , American writer (b. 1920)
2004 –
Norris McWhirter , English author and activist co-founded the
Guinness World Records (b. 1925)
2004 –
John Maynard Smith , English biologist and geneticist (b. 1920)
2004 –
Jenny Pike , Canadian WWII servicewoman and photographer (b. 1922)
[82]
2006 –
Albert Scott Crossfield , American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1921)
2007 –
Jean-Pierre Cassel , French actor (b. 1932)
2009 –
J. G. Ballard , English novelist, short story writer, and essayist (b. 1930)
2011 –
Elisabeth Sladen , English actress (b. 1946)
[83]
2012 –
Levon Helm , American musician and actor (b. 1940)
[84]
2013 –
François Jacob , French biologist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
2013 –
Al Neuharth , American journalist, author, and publisher, founded
USA Today (b. 1924)
2015 –
Raymond Carr , English historian and academic (b. 1919)
2015 –
Roy Mason , English miner and politician,
Secretary of State for Defence (b. 1924)
[85]
2016 –
Patricio Aylwin , Chilean politician (b. 1918)
[86]
2017 –
Lu Chao-Hsuan , Taiwanese guitarist, performer and educator. (b. 1929)
[87]
2021 –
Walter Mondale , American politician, 42nd
Vice President of the United States (b. 1928)
[88]
2021 –
Jim Steinman , American composer, lyricist (b. 1947)
[89]
[90]
2022 –
Kane Tanaka , Japanese supercentenarian (b. 1903)
[91]
[92]
2023 –
Moonbin , South Korean singer and actor (b. 1998)
[93]
[94]
2024 –
Daniel Dennett , American philosopher and author (b. 1942)
[95]
^ Richard Holland (2000).
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ISBN
978-0-88402-214-5 .
^ Paulo Mendes Pinto; Susana Bastos Mateus (2 September 2014).
The Massacre of the Jews: Lisbon April 19, 1506 . Alêtheia Editores. p. 28.
ISBN
978-989-622-665-7 .
^ Smith, The Age of the Reformation , p. 122.
^ McCavitt p.115
^ John Ruler (2011).
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978-1-84162-327-6 .
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^ William Shurtleff; Akiko Aoyagi (4 November 2014).
Early History of Soybeans and Soyfoods Worldwide (1024 BCE to 1899):: Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook . Soyinfo Center. p. 273.
ISBN
978-1-928914-69-3 .
^
A New Historical and Commercial System of Geography: Containing a Comprehensive History and Description of the Present State of All the Kingdoms of the World... S. Russell. 1806. p. 2.
^
Fischer, D. 2004 , p. 76
^
"The Netherlands - Countries - Office of the Historian" . history.state.gov . Retrieved 2021-11-18 .
^ "9 Jews, 2 Arabs Dead, 54 Hurt In Jaffa Riots: Moslems Slain by British Police, Foes Knifed in Batlle (sic) Following Killing of a Jew by Bandits,"
New York Herald Tribune , 20 April 1936, p. 1.
^ Veith, George (2012). Black April The Fall of South Vietnam 1973–75 . Encounter Books. p. 465.
ISBN
9781594035722 .
^
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ;
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service ;
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United States Department of Commerce : 14. {{
cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023 .
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"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2H4 RP-C3010 Davao" . aviation-safety.net . Retrieved 2019-04-17 .
^
"STS-100 Mission Status Report, #20" . spaceflight.nasa.gov . Archived from
the original on 2001-06-26.
^
"22 victims of N.S. rampage include retirees, pregnant health care worker, veteran" . CBC News. April 20, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020 .
^ Gillies, Rob (April 19, 2020).
"16 killed in shooting rampage, deadliest in Canadian history" . Associated Press.
Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2020 .
^ Talmazan, Yuliya (19 April 2021).
"NASA launches tiny Mars chopper 'Ingenuity' on a historic flight" . NBC News . Yuliya Talmazan, Associated Press and Reuters. Retrieved 19 April 2021 .
^ Richard J. Walsh (2005).
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^ Vicesimus Knox (1807).
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^ Franklin Henry Hooper (1937).
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^ Philipp Spitta (1 January 1992).
Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685-1750 . Courier Corporation. p. 142.
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978-0-486-27412-6 .
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ISBN
978-1-58839-273-2 .
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9780854099740 .
^ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1983).
Alle de brieven van Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: 1695-1696 . N. v. Swets & Zeitlinger. p. 339.
^ Lincoln's Inn (London, England). Library; Frederick William Halfpenny (1849).
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^
"Mary Louise Booth: American Journalist" . Encyclopedia Britannica . February 10, 2000. Retrieved 2020-09-19 .
^ Schlör, Joachim (2005). Das Ich der Stadt: Debatten über Judentum und Urbanität, 1822-1938 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 359.
ISBN
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^ Pauer-Studer, Herlinde; Velleman, J. David (2015).
Konrad Morgan: The Conscience of a Nazi Judge . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16.
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