From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Day of the year
May 4 is the 124th day of the year (125th in
leap years ) in the
Gregorian calendar ; 241 days remain until the end of the year.
1626 – Dutch explorer
Peter Minuit arrives in
New Netherland (present day
Manhattan Island ) aboard the See Meeuw .
[6]
1738 – The
Imperial Theatrical School , the first ballet school in Russia, is founded.
[7]
1776 –
Rhode Island becomes the first American colony to renounce allegiance to King
George III .
[8]
1799 –
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War : The
Battle of Seringapatam : The siege of
Seringapatam ends when the city is invaded and
Tipu Sultan killed by the besieging British army, under the command of
General George Harris .
[9]
1814 – Emperor
Napoleon arrives at
Portoferraio on the island of
Elba to begin his exile.
[10]
1814 – King Ferdinand VII abolishes the
Spanish Constitution of 1812 , returning Spain to
absolutism .
[11]
1836 – Formation of
Ancient Order of Hibernians .
[12]
1859 – The
Cornwall Railway opens across the
Royal Albert Bridge linking
Devon and
Cornwall in England.
[13]
1869 – The four-day
Naval Battle of Hakodate begins. The newly formed
Imperial Japanese Navy defeats the remnants of the
Tokugawa shogunate navy in the
Sea of Japan off the city of
Hakodate , leading to the surrender of the
Ezo Republic on May 17.
[14]
1871 – The
National Association , the first professional baseball league, opens its first season in
Fort Wayne, Indiana .
[15]
1886 –
Haymarket affair : In Chicago, United States, a
homemade bomb is thrown at
police officers trying to break up a labor rally, killing one officer. Ensuing gunfire leads to the deaths of a further seven officers and four civilians.
[16]
1904 – The United States begins construction of the
Panama Canal .
1910 – The
Royal Canadian Navy is created.
[17]
1912 – Italy occupies the Ottoman island of
Rhodes .
1919 –
May Fourth Movement : Student demonstrations take place in
Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, protesting the
Treaty of Versailles , which transferred
Chinese territory to Japan.
1926 – The
United Kingdom
general strike begins.
1927 – The
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is incorporated.
[18]
1932 – Having been incarcerated at the
Cook County Jail since his sentencing on October 24, 1931,
mobster
Al Capone is transferred to the
federal penitentiary in Atlanta after the
U.S. Supreme Court denies his appeal for conviction of
tax evasion .
[19]
1942 –
World War II : The
Battle of the Coral Sea begins with an attack by aircraft from the United States
aircraft carrier
USS Yorktown on
Japanese naval forces at
Tulagi Island in the
Solomon Islands . The Japanese forces had
invaded Tulagi the day before.
1945 – World War II:
Neuengamme concentration camp near
Hamburg is liberated by the
British Army .
1945 – World War II: The
German surrender at Lüneburg Heath is signed, coming into effect the following day. It encompasses all
Wehrmacht units in the Netherlands, Denmark and northwest Germany.
1946 – In
San Francisco Bay ,
U.S. Marines from the nearby
Treasure Island Naval Base stop a
two-day riot at
Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary . Five people are killed in the riot.
1949 – The entire
Torino football team (except for two players who did not take the trip: Sauro Tomà, due to an injury and Renato Gandolfi, because of coach request) is killed in
a plane crash .
1953 –
Ernest Hemingway wins the
Pulitzer Prize for
The Old Man and the Sea .
1959 – The
1st Annual Grammy Awards are held.
1961 –
American civil rights movement : The "
Freedom Riders " begin a bus trip through the
South .
1961 –
Malcolm Ross and
Victor Prather attain a new altitude record for manned balloon flight ascending in the
Strato-Lab V open gondola to 113,740 feet (34.67 km).
1970 –
Vietnam War :
Kent State shootings : The
Ohio National Guard , sent to
Kent State University after disturbances in the city of Kent the weekend before, opens fire killing four unarmed students and wounding nine others. The students were protesting the
Cambodian Campaign of the United States and
South Vietnam .
1972 – The
Don't Make A Wave Committee , a fledgling
environmental organization founded in Canada in 1971, officially changes its name to "
Greenpeace Foundation ".
1973 – The 108-story
Sears Tower in Chicago is topped out at 1,451 feet (442 m) as the
world's tallest building .
[20]
1978 – The
South African Defence Force attacks a
SWAPO base at
Cassinga in southern
Angola , killing about 600 people.
[21]
1979 –
Margaret Thatcher becomes the first female
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .
1982 – Twenty sailors are killed when the British
Type 42 destroyer
HMS Sheffield is hit by an
Argentinian
Exocet missile during the
Falklands War .
1988 – The
PEPCON disaster rocks
Henderson, Nevada , as tons of
Space Shuttle fuel detonate during a fire.
1989 –
Iran–Contra affair : Former
White House aide
Oliver North is convicted of three crimes and acquitted of nine other charges; the convictions are later overturned on appeal.
1989 –
Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on mission
STS-30 to deploy the
Venus -bound
Magellan space probe.
[22]
1990 –
Latvia
declares independence from the
Soviet Union .
1994 – Israeli
Prime Minister
Yitzhak Rabin and
PLO leader
Yasser Arafat sign
a peace accord , granting self-rule in the
Gaza Strip and
Jericho .
1998 – A federal judge in
Sacramento, California , gives "
Unabomber "
Theodore Kaczynski four life sentences plus 30 years after Kaczynski accepts a plea agreement sparing him from the
death penalty .
2000 –
Ken Livingstone becomes the
first
Mayor of London (an office separate from that of the
Lord Mayor of London ).
2002 – One hundred three people are killed and 51 are injured in a
plane crash near
Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport in
Kano ,
Nigeria .
[23]
2007 –
Greensburg, Kansas is almost completely destroyed by a 1.7-mile wide
EF5
tornado . It was the first-ever tornado to be rated as such with the new
Enhanced Fujita scale .
2014 – Three people are killed and 62 injured in a
pair of bombings on buses in
Nairobi, Kenya .
[24]
2019 – The inaugural all-female motorsport series,
W Series , takes place at
Hockenheimring . The race was won by
Jamie Chadwick , who would go on to become
the inaugural season's champion.
[25]
2023 – Nine people are killed and thirteen injured in
a spree shooting in
Mladenovac and
Smederevo ,
Serbia . It is the second mass shooting in the country in two days.
[26]
[27]
[28]
1634 –
Katherine Ferrers , English aristocrat and heiress (d. 1660)
1649 –
Chhatrasal , Indian ruler (d. 1731)
1655 –
Bartolomeo Cristofori , Italian instrument maker, invented the
piano (d. 1731)
1677 –
Françoise-Marie de Bourbon , French noblewoman (d. 1749)
1715 –
Richard Graves , English minister and author (d. 1804)
1733 –
Jean-Charles de Borda , French mathematician, physicist, and sailor (d. 1799)
1752 –
John Brooks , American soldier and politician, 11th
Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1825)
1757 –
Manuel Tolsá , Spanish sculptor and first director of the
Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City (d. 1816)
1767 –
Tyagaraja , Indian composer (d. 1847)
1770 –
François Gérard , French painter (d. 1837)
1772 –
Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus , German publisher (d. 1823)
1796 –
Horace Mann , American educator and politician (d. 1859)
1796 –
William Pennington , American lawyer and politician, 13th
Governor of New Jersey , 23rd
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1862)
1796 –
William H. Prescott , American historian and scholar (d. 1859)
1820 –
Julia Gardiner Tyler , American wife of
John Tyler , 11th
First Lady of the United States (d. 1889)
1820 –
John Whiteaker , American soldier, judge, and politician, 1st
Governor of Oregon (d. 1902)
1822 –
Charles Boucher de Boucherville , Canadian physician and politician, 3rd
Premier of Quebec (d. 1915)
1825 –
Thomas Henry Huxley , English biologist, anatomist, and academic (d. 1895)
1825 –
Augustus Le Plongeon , English-American historian, photographer, and academic (d. 1908)
1826 –
Frederic Edwin Church , American painter (d. 1900)
1827 –
John Hanning Speke , English soldier and explorer (d. 1864)
1851 –
Thomas Dewing , American painter (d. 1938)
1852 –
Alice Liddell , English model (d. 1934)
1883 –
Wang Jingwei , Chinese politician (d. 1944)
1884 –
Richard Baggallay , English army officer and cricketer (d. 1975)
[29]
1887 –
Andrew Dasburg , French-American painter (d. 1979)
1889 –
Francis Spellman , American cardinal (d. 1967)
[30]
1890 –
Franklin Carmichael , Canadian painter (d. 1945)
1902 –
Ronnie Aird , English cricketer and administrator (d. 1986)
1903 –
Luther Adler , American actor (d. 1984)
1905 –
Al Dexter , American country singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1984)
1907 –
Lincoln Kirstein , American soldier and playwright, co-founded the
New York City Ballet (d. 1996)
1907 –
Walter Walsh , American target shooter and
FBI agent (d. 2014)
1913 –
Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (d. 2007)
1914 –
Maedayama Eigorō , Japanese sumo wrestler, the 39th
Yokozuna (d. 1971)
1916 –
Jane Jacobs , American-Canadian journalist, author, and activist (d. 2006)
1916 –
Richard Proenneke , American soldier, carpenter, and meteorologist (d. 2003)
1917 –
Nick Joaquin , Filipino writer, journalist and historian (d. 2004)
1918 –
Kakuei Tanaka , Japanese soldier and politician, 64th
Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1993)
1921 –
Edo Murtić , Croatian painter, sculptor, and illustrator (d. 2005)
1922 –
Eugenie Clark , American biologist and academic (d. 2015)
1923 –
Eric Sykes , British actor and comedian (d. 2012)
1925 –
Maurice R. Greenberg , American businessman and philanthropist
1928 –
Maynard Ferguson , Canadian trumpet player and bandleader (d. 2006)
1928 –
Hosni Mubarak , Egyptian air marshal and politician, 4th
President of Egypt (d. 2020)
1928 –
Betsy Rawls , American golfer (d. 2023)
1929 –
Manuel Contreras , Chilean general (d. 2015)
1929 –
Audrey Hepburn , Belgian-British actress and humanitarian (d. 1993)
1930 –
Katherine Jackson , matriarch of the Jackson family
1932 –
Harlon Hill , American football player and coach (d. 2013)
1937 –
Ron Carter , American bassist and educator
1937 –
Dick Dale , American surf-rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter (d. 2019)
1938 –
Carlos Monsiváis , Mexican journalist, author, and critic (d. 2010)
1939 –
Amos Oz , Israeli journalist and author (d. 2018)
1940 –
Robin Cook , American physician and author
1941 –
George Will , American journalist and author
1943 –
Georgi Asparuhov , Bulgarian footballer (d. 1971)
1944 –
Russi Taylor , American voice actress (d. 2019)
1946 –
John Barnard , English car designer
1946 –
Gary Bauer , American political activist
1946 –
John Watson , British race car driver
1948 – King
George Tupou V of Tonga, (d. 2012)
1951 –
Colin Bass , English bass player, songwriter, and producer
1951 –
Colleen Hanabusa , American lawyer and politician
1951 –
Jackie Jackson , American singer-songwriter and dancer
1952 –
Belinda Green , Australian beauty queen and 1972
Miss World
1953 –
Pia Zadora , American actress and singer
1954 –
Ryan Cayabyab , Filipino pianist, composer, and conductor
1956 –
Ken Oberkfell , American baseball player and coach
1957 –
Kathy Kreiner , Canadian skier
1958 –
Keith Haring , American painter (d. 1990)
1958 –
Caroline Spelman , English politician,
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
1959 –
Randy Travis , American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
1960 –
Werner Faymann , Austrian politician, 28th
Chancellor of Austria
1961 –
Jay Aston , English singer-songwriter and dancer
1967 –
Kate Garraway , English journalist
1967 –
Ana Gasteyer , American actress and singer
1970 –
Will Arnett , Canadian actor and producer
1970 –
Dawn Staley , American basketball player
1972 –
Mike Dirnt , American bass player and songwriter
1972 –
Chris Tomlin , American singer-songwriter
[31]
1973 –
Guillermo Barros Schelotto , Argentinian footballer and coach
1973 –
John Madden , Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1974 –
Tony McCoy , Northern Irish jockey and sportscaster
1975 –
Kimora Lee Simmons , American model
[32]
1978 –
Erin Andrews , American sportscaster and journalist
1978 –
Igor Biscan , Croatian footballer and manager
1978 –
James Harrison , American football player
[33]
1979 –
Lance Bass , American singer, dancer, and producer
1979 –
Lesley Vainikolo , Tongan rugby player
1980 –
Andrew Raycroft , Canadian ice hockey player
1981 –
Eric Djemba-Djemba , Cameroon footballer
1981 –
Ruth Negga , Ethiopian-Irish actress
[34]
[35]
1981 –
Dallon Weekes , American singer-songwriter and musician
1983 –
Derek Roy , Canadian ice hockey player
1984 –
Brad Maddox , American wrestler and referee
1985 –
Ravi Bopara , English cricketer
1985 –
Fernandinho , Brazilian footballer
1985 –
Jamie Adenuga , English MC and rapper
1986 –
Devan Dubnyk , Canadian ice hockey player
1986 –
George Hill , American basketball player
1987 –
Cesc Fàbregas , Spanish footballer and manager
1987 –
Jorge Lorenzo , Spanish motorcycle racer
1988 –
Radja Nainggolan , Belgian footballer
1989 –
Rory McIlroy , Northern Irish golfer
1989 –
James van Riemsdyk , American ice hockey player
1991 –
Brianne Jenner , Canadian women's ice hockey player
1992 –
Victor Oladipo , American basketball player
1994 –
Abi Masatora , Japanese sumo wrestler
1994 –
Joseph Tapine , New Zealand rugby league player
1998 –
Alexander O'Connor , English musician
[36]
408 –
Venerius , archbishop of Milan
784 –
Arbeo , bishop of Freising
1003 –
Herman II , duke of Swabia
1038 –
Gotthard of Hildesheim , German bishop (b. 960)
1406 –
Coluccio Salutati , chancellor of Florence (b. 1331)
1436 –
Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson , Swedish rebel leader (27 April
O.S. ).
[37]
1471 –
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales , son and heir of
Henry VI of England (b. 1453)
1471 –
Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset (b. 1438)
1483 –
George Neville, Duke of Bedford (b. 1457)
1506 –
Husayn Mirza Bayqara , Timurid ruler of Herat (b. 1438)
1519 –
Lorenzo de' Medici , duke of Urbino (b. 1492)
[38]
1535 –
John Houghton , Carthusian monk and saint
1562 –
Lelio Sozzini , Italian Protestant theologian (b. 1525)
1566 –
Luca Ghini , Italian physician and botanist (b. 1490)
1571 –
Pierre Viret , Swiss theologian and reformer (b. 1511)
1604 –
Claudio Merulo , Italian organist and composer (b. 1533)
1605 –
Ulisse Aldrovandi , Italian naturalist (b. 1522)
1615 –
Adriaan van Roomen , Flemish priest and mathematician (b. 1561)
1626 –
Arthur Lake , English bishop and scholar (b. 1569)
1677 –
Isaac Barrow , English mathematician and theologian (b. 1630)
1684 –
John Nevison , English criminal (b. 1639)
1729 –
Louis Antoine de Noailles , French cardinal (b. 1651)
1734 –
James Thornhill , English painter and politician (b. 1675)
1737 –
Eustace Budgell , English journalist and politician (b. 1686)
1774 –
Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick , Prussian nobleman (b. 1714)
1776 –
Jacques Saly , French painter and sculptor (b. 1717)
1790 –
Matthew Tilghman , American politician (b. 1718)
1799 –
Tipu , ruler of Mysore (b. 1750)
1811 –
Nikolay Kamensky , Russian general (b. 1776)
1816 –
Samuel Dexter , American lawyer and politician, 4th
United States Secretary of War , 3rd
United States Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1761)
1824 –
Joseph Joubert , French author (b. 1754)
1826 –
Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan , colonial governor of
East Florida ,
Santo Domingo and Cuba (b. 1757)
[39]
1839 –
Denis Davydov , Russian general and poet (b. 1784)
1859 –
Joseph Diaz Gergonne , French mathematician and philosopher (b. 1771)
1880 –
Edward Clark , American lawyer and politician, 8th
Governor of Texas (b. 1815)
1901 –
John Jones Ross , Canadian lawyer and politician, 7th
Premier of Quebec (b. 1831)
1903 –
Gotse Delchev , Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary
IMRO (b. 1872)
1912 –
Nettie Stevens , American geneticist credited with discovering
sex chromosomes (b. 1861)
[40]
1916 –
Ned Daly , Irish rebel commander (
Easter Rising ) (b. 1891)
1916 –
John Murray , Australian politician, 23rd
Premier of Victoria (b. 1851)
1916 –
Willie Pearse , Irish rebel (b. 1881)
1916 –
Joseph Plunkett , Irish rebel and writer (b. 1887)
1919 –
Milan Rastislav Štefánik , Slovak general and politician (b. 1880)
1922 –
Viktor Kingissepp , Estonian politician (b. 1888)
1923 –
Ralph McKittrick , American golfer and tennis player (b. 1877)
1924 –
E. Nesbit , English author and poet (b. 1858)
1938 –
Kanō Jigorō , Japanese founder of
judo (b. 1860)
1938 –
Carl von Ossietzky , German journalist and activist,
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1889)
1941 –
Chris McKivat , Australian rugby player and coach (b. 1880)
1945 –
Fedor von Bock , German field marshal (b. 1880)
1953 –
Alexandre Pharamond , French rugby player (b. 1876)
[41]
1955 –
George Enescu , Romanian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1881)
1964 –
Karl Robert Pusta , Estonian politician, 4th
Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1883)
1969 –
Osbert Sitwell , English-Italian author and poet (b. 1892)
1971 –
William Brown Meloney , writer and theatrical producer (b. 1902)
[42]
1972 –
Father Chrysanthus , Dutch arachnologist (b. 1905)
[43]
1972 –
Edward Calvin Kendall , American chemist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886)
1973 –
Jane Bowles , American author and playwright (b. 1917)
1975 –
Moe Howard , American actor, singer, and screenwriter (b. 1897)
1976 –
Frank Strahan , Australian public servant (b. 1886)
1980 –
Josip Broz Tito , Yugoslav field marshal and politician, 1st
President of Yugoslavia (b. 1892)
1981 –
C. Loganathan , Sri Lankan banker (b. 1913)
1983 –
Nino Sanzogno , Italian conductor and composer (b. 1911)
1984 –
Diana Dors , English actress (b. 1931)
1985 –
Fikri Sönmez , Turkish tailor and politician (b. 1938)
1985 –
Clarence Wiseman , English-Canadian 10th
General of The Salvation Army (b. 1907)
1987 –
Paul Butterfield , American singer and harmonica player (b. 1942)
[44]
1987 –
Cathryn Damon , American actress (b. 1930)
1988 –
Lillian Estelle Fisher , American historian of Spanish America (b. 1891)
1990 –
Emily Remler , American guitarist (b. 1957)
1991 –
Mohammed Abdel Wahab , Egyptian singer-songwriter and mandolin player (b. 1902)
1992 –
Gregor Mackenzie , Scottish politician (b. 1927)
1993 –
France Štiglic , Slovenian film director and screenwriter (b. 1919)
1995 –
Connie Wisniewski , American baseball player (b. 1922)
[45]
2000 –
Hendrik Casimir , Dutch physicist and academic (b. 1909)
2001 –
Bonnie Lee Bakley , American model, wife of
Robert Blake (b. 1956)
2004 –
David Reimer , Canadian man, born male but reassigned female and raised as a girl after a botched circumcision (b. 1965)
[46]
2005 –
David Hackworth , American colonel and journalist (b. 1930)
2008 –
Fred Baur , American chemist and founder of
Pringles (b. 1918)
[47]
2009 –
Dom DeLuise , American actor, director, and producer (b. 1933)
2011 –
Sammy McCrory , Northern Irish footballer (b. 1924)
2012 –
Mort Lindsey , American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1923)
2012 –
Bob Stewart , American television producer, founded
Stewart Tele Enterprises (b. 1920)
2012 –
Adam Yauch , American rapper and director (b. 1964)
2012 –
Rashidi Yekini , Nigerian footballer (b. 1963)
2013 –
Otis Bowen , American physician and politician, 44th
Governor of Indiana (b. 1918)
2013 –
Christian de Duve , English-Belgian cytologist and biochemist,
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917)
2013 –
Javier Diez Canseco , Peruvian sociologist and politician (b. 1948)
2013 –
Mario Machado , Chinese-American journalist and actor (b. 1935)
2013 –
Morgan Morgan-Giles , English admiral and politician (b. 1914)
2013 –
César Portillo de la Luz , Cuban guitarist and composer (b. 1922)
2014 –
Dick Ayers , American author and illustrator (b. 1924)
2014 –
Elena Baltacha , Ukrainian-Scottish tennis player (b. 1983)
2014 –
Edgar Cortright , American scientist and engineer (b. 1923)
2014 –
Helga Königsdorf , German physicist and author (b. 1938)
2014 –
Ross Lonsberry , Canadian-American ice hockey player (b. 1947)
2014 –
Jean-Paul Ngoupandé , Central African politician,
Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (b. 1948)
2015 –
William Bast , American screenwriter and author (b. 1931)
2015 –
Ellen Albertini Dow , American actress (b. 1913)
2015 –
Marv Hubbard , American football player (b. 1946)
[48]
2016 –
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza , Burundian politician (b. 1946)
2020 –
Don Shula , American football player and coach (b. 1930)
[49]
2020 –
Greg Zanis , American carpenter and activist (b. 1950)
[50]
2021 –
Nick Kamen , English model, songwriter (b. 1962)
[51]
2024 –
Ron Kavana , Irish singer, songwriter, guitarist and band leader (b. 1950)
[52]
2024 –
Frank Stella , American painter (b. 1936)
[53]
^ Flannery, John M. (2013).
The Mission of the Portuguese Augustinians to Persia and Beyond (1602-1747) . Lieden: Brill. p. 40.
ISBN
9789004243828 .
^ Bray, Gerald (2018). "On the Truth of Holy Scripture (1377-1378) John Wycliffe (c. 1328-1384)". In Kapic, Kelly M.; Madueme, Hans (eds.).
Reading Christian Theology in the Protestant Tradition . London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark. p. 290.
ISBN
9780567566768 ; Christianson, Gerald (2012). "Wycliff's Ghost: The Politics of Reunion at the Council of Basel".
Reform, Representation and Theology in Nicholas of Cusa and His Age . New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 91.
ISBN
9781003420835 ; Fastiggi, Robert L. (2017).
The Sacrament of Reconciliation: An Anthropological and Scriptural Understanding . Chicago: Hillenbrand Books. p. 96, fn. 17.
ISBN
9781595250438 .
^ Riis, Thomas (2015). "The States of Scandinavia, c. 1390-c. 1536". In Allmand, Christopher (ed.).
The New Cambridge Medieval Vistory. Volume VII: c.1415-c. 1500 . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 682.
ISBN
9781107568914 ; Harrison, Dick (1997).
"Murder and Execution within the Political Sphere in Fifteenth-century Scandinavia" . Scandia . 63 (2): 261.
^ Panton, Kenneth J. (2011).
Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy . Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 159, 167.
ISBN
9780810857797 .
^ Hébié, Mamadou (2018). "The Acquisition of Original Titles of Territorial Sovereignty in the Law and Practice of European Colonial Expansion". In Kohen, Marcelo G.; Hébié, Mamadou (eds.).
Research Handbook on Territorial Disputes in International Law . Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 48–50.
ISBN
9781782546863 .
^ Kroessler, Jeffrey A. (2002).
New York Year By Year: A Chronology of the Great Metropolis . New York: New York University Press. p. 9.
ISBN
9780814747513 .
^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015).
The Encyclopedia of World Ballet . Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 175.
ISBN
9781442245259 .
^ Lippitt, Charles Warren (1906).
The Rhode Island Declaration of Independence, May 4 1776 . Providence, R.I: Rhode Island Citizens Historical Association. p. 30.
OCLC
1599182 .
^ Rosenberg, Chaim M. (2017).
Losing America, Conquering India: Lord Cornwallis and the Remaking of the British Empire . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 130.
ISBN
9781476668123 .
^ Maclachlan, Archibald Neil Campbell (1869).
Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba: Being a Journal of Occurrences in 1814-1815 . London: J. Murray. pp. 214–216.
OCLC
2580699 .
^ Piqueras, José Antonio (2020). "The End of the Legal Slave Trade in Cuba and the Second Slavery". In Tomich, Dale W. (ed.).
Atlantic Transformations: Empire, Politics, and Slavery During the Nineteenth Century . Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 83.
ISBN
9781438477855 .
^ Watson, William E.; Halus, Eugene J. (2015).
Irish Americans: The History and Culture of a People . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 171.
ISBN
9781610694667 .
^ Campbell, J.M. (November 1958).
"Some New Brunel Letters" . The Journal of Transport History (4): 201.
doi :
10.1177/002252665800300403 .
^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2017).
The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts That Changed World History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC=CLIO. pp. 269–270.
ISBN
9781440842931 .
^ Thorn, John (2012).
Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game . New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 151.
ISBN
9780743294041 .
^ Green, James R. (2006).
Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing That Divided Gilded Age America . New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 5–8.
ISBN
9780375422379 .
^
"Naval Service Act | The Canadian Encyclopedia" . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . Retrieved 4 May 2022 .
^ Robert Osborne (1989). 60 Years of The Oscar .
Abbeville Press . p. 8.
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