June 15 –
Pope Leo X issues the bull Exsurge Domine (Arise O Lord), threatening
Martin Luther with excommunication, if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.[4]
July–December
July 1 –
La Noche Triste (Night of Sorrow): The forces of
Cuitláhuac,
Aztec ruler of
Tenochtitlan, gain a major victory against the forces of
conquistadorHernán Cortés. This results in the death of about 400 conquistadors, and some 2,000 of their
Native American allies. However, Cortés and the most skilled of his men manage to escape and later regroup.
September 7 –
Christian II makes his triumphant entry into
Stockholm, which had surrendered to him a few days earlier.[7] Sten Sture's widow
Christina Gyllenstierna, who has led the fight after Sten's death, and all other persons in the resistance against the Danes, are granted amnesty and are pardoned for their involvement in the resistance.
November 7 – At the end of the third day of Christian's coronation feast, several leading figures of the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion are imprisoned, and tried for high treason.[13]
November 8–
9 –
Stockholm Bloodbath: 82 noblemen and clergymen, having been sentenced to death for their involvement in the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion, are executed by beheading.[14]
April or
May –
Battle of Tunmen in
Tuen Mun (present-day Hong Kong): The Ming Dynasty navy defeats the Portuguese navy[29] (arguably the first Sino-European battle in world history).
Martin Luther preaches an inflammatory sermon to students at
Erfurt, while on his way to Worms.[31]
April 16–
18 –
Martin Luther is examined before
Emperor Charles V and the
Diet of Worms, where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, "Here I stand", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.
January 9 –
Pope Adrian VI (born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, Dedens or Dedel;[47] Hadrianus in
Latin) succeeds
Pope Leo X, as the 218th pope. The only Dutch pope, he will be the last non-Italian elected for more than 450 years.
September 22 –
1522 Almería earthquake: A major 6.8 to 7.0
Mw earthquake occurs in the capital of
Almeria and the Andarax Valley, near
Alhama de Almería. It has a maximum felt intensity of X–XI (extreme), and kills about 2,500 people, making it the most destructive earthquake in Spanish history. The city of Almería is totally destroyed, and there is serious destruction in 80 other towns; in
Granada, large cracks are observed in various walls and towers.[52]
Chinese
Ming dynasty War Ministry official He Ru is the first to acquire the
Portuguesebreech-loadingculverin, while copies of them are made by two Westernized Chinese at Beijing, Yang San (Pedro Yang) and Dai Ming.
February 27 – Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now
Nicaragua, after he arrives with
Andrés Niño and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at
El Realejo.[55]
March 26 –
Frederick I is provisionally declared as King of Denmark by Danish nobles at
Viborg, although loyalists at
Copenhagen refuse to recognize his claim to the throne. Christian II, 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523.[57]
April–June
April 4 – Under a plan organized by Sister
Katharina von Bora and Protestant reformer
Martin Luther, fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other
Cistercian Catholicnuns from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near
Grimma and
Leipzig. On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to
Wittenberg. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.[58][59]
April 12 – The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua continues as
Gil González Dávila and 17 other soldiers arrive at
Lake Nicaragua and claim it for the Spanish crown, calling the freshwater source the Mar Dulce. Gonzalez and 100 men with him have been welcomed by
Macuilmiquiztli Nicarao, leader of the friendly
Nicarao people, to explore the area.[60]
April 15 –
Sir Thomas More, noted for being a Catholic social philosopher and author of the 1516 novel Utopia, is appointed by King Henry VIII as the Speaker of the English House of Commons for the first parliamentary session since 1515. He serves until the Parliament adjourns on August 15.
April 17 – In Nicaragua,
Diriangén, ruler of the
Chorotega speakers, stages an attack on the Spanish invaders led by González Dávila.[60] Having been warned by one of the Nicarao natives of the intended surprise attack, Spanish defenders on horses rout the Chorotega, but several of the Spaniards are wounded. The Spanish then decide to proceed no further inland.
April 24 – The
Diet of Hungary, parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under
King Lajos II, passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of
Martin Luther within the Kingdom.[63]
May 6 – In the
Rhineland in Germany, the
Knights' War, led by
Franz von Sickingen since August 27, is finally put down at
Landstuhl by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls.[64] Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
May 31 – Following the
Battle of Sincouwaan at sea between the ships of the
Chinese Empire and the
Kingdom of Portugal, the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from
Guangzhou to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied
Malacca Sultanate, demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.[68]
May – The
Ningbo Incident: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of
Ningbo, resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.[69]
June 6 –
Gustav Vasa is elected
king of Sweden, finally establishing the full independence of
Sweden from
Denmark, which marks the end of the
Kalmar Union. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.[70]
June 10 – Frederick begins the 8-day
siege of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The city surrenders on 6 January 1524.[57]
June 17 –
Swedish War of Liberation: The surrender of
Stockholm by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa.[67] In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
June 23 – The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in
Panama in
canoes, having been forced to abandon their ships.[60]
July 29 – The Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Treaty of Worms to remove Venice from the
Italian War that has gone for two years.[76]
August 22 –
Lucien Grimaldi,
Lord of Monaco, is assassinated by his nephew at the
Prince's Palace.[78] Bartolomeo Doria di Dolceaqua, the son of Lucien's sister Francesca, kills his uncle and then has his men drag the monarch's body down the palace stairs in front of a horrified crowd, who drive the Doria family out of the small principality. Lucien had become the ruler in 1505 after stabbing to death his brother,
Jean II. Lucien's heir is his 8-month-old son,
Honoré; Lucien's brother
Augustine Grimaldi becomes the regent during Honoré's minority.
September 14 –
Pope Adrian VI, the last Dutch person to serve as head of the Roman Catholic Church, dies at age 64 after a reign of 21 months. For the next 455 years, all Popes elected will be Italian cardinals until the election of Karol Wojtyla of Poland in 1978 as
Pope John Paul II.
September 23 – After receiving word from Malaya that Portuguese forces were attacking the
Sultanate of Patani and the
Malacca Sultanate on the Malaysian peninsula, the
China's EmperorZhengde orders extermination of all persons from Portugal, 23 envoys from Portugal are executed and mutilated.[68]
October–December
October 1 –
A conclave of 32 cardinals begins deliberations in Rome to elect a successor to the late Pope Adrian VI. Three other cardinals arrive on October 6 and balloting begins for a new Pope.
Niccolò Fieschi and Bernardino López de Carvajal y Sande fail to receive the necessary majority in initial balloting, and Gianmaria del Monte comes within one vote (26 votes) of being elected. Voting continues for seven weeks before Cardinal Giulio de Medici wins 27 votes.[80]
October 27 –
Hürrem Pasha, the
Ottoman Empire's Governor-General of the
Damascus Eyalet (which includes parts of what will become Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine) begins a punitive expedition through Lebanon against the
Druze of
Chouf. During the first campaign, Hürrem's troops burn 43 villages and kill at least 400 Druze.[81]
November 19 – Following the September 14 death of
Pope Adrian VI, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici is elected 219th
pope as
Clement VII.[82] The election of Cardinal Medici begins an unbroken reign of 44 consecutive Italian Popes over the next 455 years.
The
Ming dynasty Chinese navy captures two Western ships with
Portuguesebreech–loadingculverins aboard, which the Chinese call a fo–lang–ji (Frankish culverin). According to the Ming Shi, these cannons are soon presented to the
Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in
1529.[84]
In northern Italy, a French army under
Guillaume Gouffier tries to recover
Milan but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.[85]
May 26 – Atiquipaque, the most important city of the
Xinca people, is
conquered by the Spanish, resulting in a significant reduction in the Xinca population.
March 20 – In the
German town of
Memmingen, the pamphlet The
Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed is published,[102] the first human rights related document written in Europe.
December 8 – A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).[111]
December 31 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.[111]
The Chinese Ministry of War under the
Ming dynasty orders ships having more than one
mast sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to
curb piracy and limit private commercial trade abroad.
September 19 – Spanish Muslims who had hidden in the
Sierra de Espadán mountain range in Valencia and who are led by Selim Almanzo are overwhelmed by a German contingent of 3,000 soldiers from the Holy Roman Empire. After their defeat, 5,000 adult Muslims (including old men and women) are massacred.[131]
Gunsmith
Bartolomeo Beretta(in Italian) establishes the
Beretta Gun Company, which will still be in business in the 21st century, making it one of the world's oldest firearm corporations.[132][133]
Diet of
Odense (
Denmark): King
Frederick I declares religious tolerance for
Lutherans, permits marriage of priests and forbids seeking papal pallium (approval) for royal appointments of Church officials.[136][137]
The
Ming dynasty government of
China greatly reduces the quotas for taking grain, severely diminishing the state's capacity to relieve famines through a previously successful
granary system.
May (end) – The fourth major outbreak of the
sweating sickness appears in London, rapidly spreading to the rest of England and, on this occasion, to northern Europe.
October 13 – Cardinal
Thomas Wolsey founds a college in his birthplace of
Ipswich, England, which becomes the modern-day
Ipswich School (incorporating institutions in the town dating back to
1299).
November 6 – Spanish conquistador
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day
Texas.
March 25 –
Blood libel against the Jewish community of
Bosen (formerly in Hungary, today in
Slovakia), on the first day of Passover. Three Jews are accused and killed, while the boy is discovered alive, kidnapped for the benefit of the scheme.
Hans Maler zu Schwaz, Portrait of a beardless man with the inscription: "ALS MAN. 1521. ZALT. WAS. ICH. 33. IAR ALT" (
mutatis mutandis to English: "as we had in 1521, I was 33 years old)
^Kolb, Robert; Dingel, Irene; Batka, L'ubomir (1 April 2014).
"Luther's Life". The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology. Oxford University Press. p. 14. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
^Martínez-García, Ángeles; Gómez-Aguilar, Antonio (2019).
"Magallanes: Building a Hero". Revista Latina de Comunicación Socia. 74: 618–636. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^Geiss, James (1988). "The Chia-ching reign, 1522–1566".
The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 440–510.
ISBN978-0-521-24332-2. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^"Der Fränkische Krieg 1523 und die Schuld der Sparnecker" ("The Franconian War 1523 and the guilt of Sparnecker"), by B. von Reinhardt Schmalz, in Archiv für die Geschichte von Oberfranken ("Archive for the history of Upper Franconia") No. 85 (2005) p. 151
^Ebru Turan, "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire" Turcica (2009) pp. 6–9
^Florine Asselbergs, Conquered Conquistadors: The Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, A Nahua Vision of the Conquest of Guatemala (University Press of Colorado, 2008) pp. 87–97
^Keay, John (2008). China: A History. London: HarperPress.
ISBN9780007221776. 0007221770. The 'breech-loading culverins presented at the Ming court in 1522' were a gift from the Portuguese; and Portuguese arquebuses were acquired in the 1540s by the Japanese, who copied and greatly improved them.
^Verrazano's Voyage Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, 1524, translation of letters by Giovanni da Verrazzano (University of the State of New York, 1916) p.6 ("The XXIIII day of February we suffered a tempest as severe as ever a man who has navigated suffered... In XXV more days we asailed more than 400 leagues where there appeared to us a new land.")
^Janine Garrisson and Emmanuel Haven, A History of Sixteenth Century France, 1483-1598: Renaissance, Reformation and Rebellion (Macmillan Education UK, 1995) p.145
^Amy Nelson Burnett, Karlstadt and the Origins of the Eucharistic Controversy: A Study in the Circulation of Ideas (Oxford University Press, 2011) p.143
^Lars-Olof Larsson, Gustav Vasa – Landsfader eller tyrann? (Prima, 2005)
ISBN978-9151839042
^Ludlow, Úrsula Camba; Rosas, Alejandro (21 October 2018).
Cara o cruz: Hernán Cortés (in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México.
ISBN978-607-31-7361-2. Retrieved 31 July 2023. Cortés again preferred to get up early, rather than being woken up early, and on February 28, 1525, he ordered Cuauhtémoc to be executed. Thus ended the story of the last emperor of the Aztecs.
^Steffensen, Kenneth (2007). Scandinavia After the Fall of the Kalmar Union: a Study of Scandinavian Relations, 1523-1536. Unpubl. M.A. Thesis, Brigham Young University.
^Fisher, George P (1873). The Reformation. Scribner.
^Collins, WE (1903) The Scandinavian North, in AW Ward, GW Prothero & Stanley Leathes (eds.) The Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 599-638.
^Przeździecki, Aleksander (1878).
Jagiellonki polskie w XVI. wieku (in Polish). Vol. V. Nakładem Konstantego i Gustawa hr. Przezdzieckich. p. 21. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^Beach, Frederick Converse; Morgan, Forrest; Rines, George Edwin; Roe, Edward Thomas; Dole, Nathan Haskell; Copeland, Thomas Campbell (1903).
The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Company. p. 94. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^Nuovo dizionario istorico (in Italian). Vol. XV. Naples: per Michele Morelli. 1791. p. 218. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau (in Dutch).
Zaltbommel: Europese Bibliotheek. p. 70.
^Vorsterman van Oyen, A.A. (1882). Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden (in Dutch).
Leiden &
Utrecht: A.W. Sijthoff & J.L. Beijers. p. 95.
June 15 –
Pope Leo X issues the bull Exsurge Domine (Arise O Lord), threatening
Martin Luther with excommunication, if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.[4]
July–December
July 1 –
La Noche Triste (Night of Sorrow): The forces of
Cuitláhuac,
Aztec ruler of
Tenochtitlan, gain a major victory against the forces of
conquistadorHernán Cortés. This results in the death of about 400 conquistadors, and some 2,000 of their
Native American allies. However, Cortés and the most skilled of his men manage to escape and later regroup.
September 7 –
Christian II makes his triumphant entry into
Stockholm, which had surrendered to him a few days earlier.[7] Sten Sture's widow
Christina Gyllenstierna, who has led the fight after Sten's death, and all other persons in the resistance against the Danes, are granted amnesty and are pardoned for their involvement in the resistance.
November 7 – At the end of the third day of Christian's coronation feast, several leading figures of the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion are imprisoned, and tried for high treason.[13]
November 8–
9 –
Stockholm Bloodbath: 82 noblemen and clergymen, having been sentenced to death for their involvement in the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion, are executed by beheading.[14]
April or
May –
Battle of Tunmen in
Tuen Mun (present-day Hong Kong): The Ming Dynasty navy defeats the Portuguese navy[29] (arguably the first Sino-European battle in world history).
Martin Luther preaches an inflammatory sermon to students at
Erfurt, while on his way to Worms.[31]
April 16–
18 –
Martin Luther is examined before
Emperor Charles V and the
Diet of Worms, where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, "Here I stand", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.
January 9 –
Pope Adrian VI (born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, Dedens or Dedel;[47] Hadrianus in
Latin) succeeds
Pope Leo X, as the 218th pope. The only Dutch pope, he will be the last non-Italian elected for more than 450 years.
September 22 –
1522 Almería earthquake: A major 6.8 to 7.0
Mw earthquake occurs in the capital of
Almeria and the Andarax Valley, near
Alhama de Almería. It has a maximum felt intensity of X–XI (extreme), and kills about 2,500 people, making it the most destructive earthquake in Spanish history. The city of Almería is totally destroyed, and there is serious destruction in 80 other towns; in
Granada, large cracks are observed in various walls and towers.[52]
Chinese
Ming dynasty War Ministry official He Ru is the first to acquire the
Portuguesebreech-loadingculverin, while copies of them are made by two Westernized Chinese at Beijing, Yang San (Pedro Yang) and Dai Ming.
February 27 – Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now
Nicaragua, after he arrives with
Andrés Niño and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at
El Realejo.[55]
March 26 –
Frederick I is provisionally declared as King of Denmark by Danish nobles at
Viborg, although loyalists at
Copenhagen refuse to recognize his claim to the throne. Christian II, 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523.[57]
April–June
April 4 – Under a plan organized by Sister
Katharina von Bora and Protestant reformer
Martin Luther, fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other
Cistercian Catholicnuns from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near
Grimma and
Leipzig. On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to
Wittenberg. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.[58][59]
April 12 – The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua continues as
Gil González Dávila and 17 other soldiers arrive at
Lake Nicaragua and claim it for the Spanish crown, calling the freshwater source the Mar Dulce. Gonzalez and 100 men with him have been welcomed by
Macuilmiquiztli Nicarao, leader of the friendly
Nicarao people, to explore the area.[60]
April 15 –
Sir Thomas More, noted for being a Catholic social philosopher and author of the 1516 novel Utopia, is appointed by King Henry VIII as the Speaker of the English House of Commons for the first parliamentary session since 1515. He serves until the Parliament adjourns on August 15.
April 17 – In Nicaragua,
Diriangén, ruler of the
Chorotega speakers, stages an attack on the Spanish invaders led by González Dávila.[60] Having been warned by one of the Nicarao natives of the intended surprise attack, Spanish defenders on horses rout the Chorotega, but several of the Spaniards are wounded. The Spanish then decide to proceed no further inland.
April 24 – The
Diet of Hungary, parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under
King Lajos II, passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of
Martin Luther within the Kingdom.[63]
May 6 – In the
Rhineland in Germany, the
Knights' War, led by
Franz von Sickingen since August 27, is finally put down at
Landstuhl by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls.[64] Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
May 31 – Following the
Battle of Sincouwaan at sea between the ships of the
Chinese Empire and the
Kingdom of Portugal, the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from
Guangzhou to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied
Malacca Sultanate, demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.[68]
May – The
Ningbo Incident: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of
Ningbo, resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.[69]
June 6 –
Gustav Vasa is elected
king of Sweden, finally establishing the full independence of
Sweden from
Denmark, which marks the end of the
Kalmar Union. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.[70]
June 10 – Frederick begins the 8-day
siege of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The city surrenders on 6 January 1524.[57]
June 17 –
Swedish War of Liberation: The surrender of
Stockholm by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa.[67] In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
June 23 – The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in
Panama in
canoes, having been forced to abandon their ships.[60]
July 29 – The Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Treaty of Worms to remove Venice from the
Italian War that has gone for two years.[76]
August 22 –
Lucien Grimaldi,
Lord of Monaco, is assassinated by his nephew at the
Prince's Palace.[78] Bartolomeo Doria di Dolceaqua, the son of Lucien's sister Francesca, kills his uncle and then has his men drag the monarch's body down the palace stairs in front of a horrified crowd, who drive the Doria family out of the small principality. Lucien had become the ruler in 1505 after stabbing to death his brother,
Jean II. Lucien's heir is his 8-month-old son,
Honoré; Lucien's brother
Augustine Grimaldi becomes the regent during Honoré's minority.
September 14 –
Pope Adrian VI, the last Dutch person to serve as head of the Roman Catholic Church, dies at age 64 after a reign of 21 months. For the next 455 years, all Popes elected will be Italian cardinals until the election of Karol Wojtyla of Poland in 1978 as
Pope John Paul II.
September 23 – After receiving word from Malaya that Portuguese forces were attacking the
Sultanate of Patani and the
Malacca Sultanate on the Malaysian peninsula, the
China's EmperorZhengde orders extermination of all persons from Portugal, 23 envoys from Portugal are executed and mutilated.[68]
October–December
October 1 –
A conclave of 32 cardinals begins deliberations in Rome to elect a successor to the late Pope Adrian VI. Three other cardinals arrive on October 6 and balloting begins for a new Pope.
Niccolò Fieschi and Bernardino López de Carvajal y Sande fail to receive the necessary majority in initial balloting, and Gianmaria del Monte comes within one vote (26 votes) of being elected. Voting continues for seven weeks before Cardinal Giulio de Medici wins 27 votes.[80]
October 27 –
Hürrem Pasha, the
Ottoman Empire's Governor-General of the
Damascus Eyalet (which includes parts of what will become Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine) begins a punitive expedition through Lebanon against the
Druze of
Chouf. During the first campaign, Hürrem's troops burn 43 villages and kill at least 400 Druze.[81]
November 19 – Following the September 14 death of
Pope Adrian VI, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici is elected 219th
pope as
Clement VII.[82] The election of Cardinal Medici begins an unbroken reign of 44 consecutive Italian Popes over the next 455 years.
The
Ming dynasty Chinese navy captures two Western ships with
Portuguesebreech–loadingculverins aboard, which the Chinese call a fo–lang–ji (Frankish culverin). According to the Ming Shi, these cannons are soon presented to the
Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in
1529.[84]
In northern Italy, a French army under
Guillaume Gouffier tries to recover
Milan but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.[85]
May 26 – Atiquipaque, the most important city of the
Xinca people, is
conquered by the Spanish, resulting in a significant reduction in the Xinca population.
March 20 – In the
German town of
Memmingen, the pamphlet The
Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed is published,[102] the first human rights related document written in Europe.
December 8 – A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).[111]
December 31 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.[111]
The Chinese Ministry of War under the
Ming dynasty orders ships having more than one
mast sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to
curb piracy and limit private commercial trade abroad.
September 19 – Spanish Muslims who had hidden in the
Sierra de Espadán mountain range in Valencia and who are led by Selim Almanzo are overwhelmed by a German contingent of 3,000 soldiers from the Holy Roman Empire. After their defeat, 5,000 adult Muslims (including old men and women) are massacred.[131]
Gunsmith
Bartolomeo Beretta(in Italian) establishes the
Beretta Gun Company, which will still be in business in the 21st century, making it one of the world's oldest firearm corporations.[132][133]
Diet of
Odense (
Denmark): King
Frederick I declares religious tolerance for
Lutherans, permits marriage of priests and forbids seeking papal pallium (approval) for royal appointments of Church officials.[136][137]
The
Ming dynasty government of
China greatly reduces the quotas for taking grain, severely diminishing the state's capacity to relieve famines through a previously successful
granary system.
May (end) – The fourth major outbreak of the
sweating sickness appears in London, rapidly spreading to the rest of England and, on this occasion, to northern Europe.
October 13 – Cardinal
Thomas Wolsey founds a college in his birthplace of
Ipswich, England, which becomes the modern-day
Ipswich School (incorporating institutions in the town dating back to
1299).
November 6 – Spanish conquistador
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day
Texas.
March 25 –
Blood libel against the Jewish community of
Bosen (formerly in Hungary, today in
Slovakia), on the first day of Passover. Three Jews are accused and killed, while the boy is discovered alive, kidnapped for the benefit of the scheme.
Hans Maler zu Schwaz, Portrait of a beardless man with the inscription: "ALS MAN. 1521. ZALT. WAS. ICH. 33. IAR ALT" (
mutatis mutandis to English: "as we had in 1521, I was 33 years old)
^Kolb, Robert; Dingel, Irene; Batka, L'ubomir (1 April 2014).
"Luther's Life". The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology. Oxford University Press. p. 14. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
^Martínez-García, Ángeles; Gómez-Aguilar, Antonio (2019).
"Magallanes: Building a Hero". Revista Latina de Comunicación Socia. 74: 618–636. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^Geiss, James (1988). "The Chia-ching reign, 1522–1566".
The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 440–510.
ISBN978-0-521-24332-2. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^"Der Fränkische Krieg 1523 und die Schuld der Sparnecker" ("The Franconian War 1523 and the guilt of Sparnecker"), by B. von Reinhardt Schmalz, in Archiv für die Geschichte von Oberfranken ("Archive for the history of Upper Franconia") No. 85 (2005) p. 151
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^Florine Asselbergs, Conquered Conquistadors: The Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, A Nahua Vision of the Conquest of Guatemala (University Press of Colorado, 2008) pp. 87–97
^Keay, John (2008). China: A History. London: HarperPress.
ISBN9780007221776. 0007221770. The 'breech-loading culverins presented at the Ming court in 1522' were a gift from the Portuguese; and Portuguese arquebuses were acquired in the 1540s by the Japanese, who copied and greatly improved them.
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