March 11 – The Parliament of Bohemia adopts a new constitution that limits the power of
King Vladislav II and subsequent Bohemian monarchs. Miroslav Buchvaldek, Československé dějiny v datech ("Czechoslovak History and Data") (Svoboda, 1987)
March 24 – The day after departing the Cape Verde Islands with the rest of Cabral's fleet,
Vasco de Ataíde and his 150 crewmates die when their ship goes down in a storm.[6]
May 1 –
Pêro Vaz de Caminha finishes writing his chronicle of the Portuguese discovery of Brazil while accompanying Cabral.[8]
May 3 – Cabral and his fleet depart from Brazil and sail eastward toward Africa, resuming their journey to India.
May 5 – Representatives of the English and Spanish royal families sign a treaty at
Canterbury for the marriage of 13-year-old
Arthur, Prince of Wales (son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York) to 14-year-old Princess
Catherine of Aragon. Arthur's marriage to Catherine takes place the next year, but Arthur dies five months later; she marries Arthur's younger brother Henry VIII in 1509.[9]
May 29 – Traveling eastward from Brazil, Cabral and his fleet run into a storm off of the coast of Africa near the
Cape of Good Hope and lose four of their 13 ships.[10] Navigator
Bartolomeu Dias is among the persons killed.
September 13 – Pedro Cabral's fleet of nine ships arrives in India, more than six months after departing from Portugal, and lands at the port of
Calicut, which had been visited two years earlier by
Vasco da Gama.[18]
September 15 –
Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colon) is placed under arrest, along with his two brothers, Bartolome and Diego, after appearing before
Francisco de Bobadilla, who had replaced him as the
Spanish Governor of the New World. ("El 15 de septiemre Bobadilla presenta sus credenciales a Colon... Colon habia ejectuado a varios espanoles cargo de gran peso contra el, asi que al fin Bobadilla resolvio enviarlos presos a Espana para que alla se les juzgase."— "On the 15th of September of 1500, Bobadilla presented his credential to Columbus. Columbus had executed several Spaniards charged with great weight against him, so Bobadilla finally decided to send them prisoners to Spain so that they could be tried there.") [19]
September 23 – Bobadilla hears testimony from 22 witnesses and concludes that the Columbus brothers intended to overthrow him; he has them placed in manacles and chains for deportation to Spain. ("La pesquisa de Bobadilla contra Colon habia comenzado el 23-IX-1500."— "Bobadilla's investigation against Colon had begun on 23 September 1500.") [20]
October–December
October 1 – Christopher Columbus and his brothers, arrested and in chains, are deported from
Santo Domingo to Spain. [21]
October 22 –
Nasir-ud-Din Shah overthrows the government of his father,
Ghiyath Shah, ruler of the
Malwa Sultanate (located in much of what is now the Indian state of
Andhra Pradesh) for the last 31 years. [22] Upon becoming the new Sultan, Nasir has his brother Ala-ud-Din executed, along with Ala-ud-din's children. Ghiyasuddin is poisoned the following February.
November 25 – Christopher Columbus and his brothers arrive in Spain at Seville "after one of the longest Atlantic crossings in the Columbian years" (six weeks) and released on their own recognizance. [21]
December 17 – All charges against the Columbus brothers for malfeasance in governing Hispanola are dismissed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. [19]
Europe's population is estimated at 56.7 million people (Spielvogel). The world's population is estimated to be between 425 million and 540 million.[26]
Although other reports exist, it is thought that the last
wolf in England was killed this year, making the species extinct in that country.[28] The wolf is thought to have been killed in
Allithwaite, in
Cumbria. However, reports of wolf sightings and laws concerning wolf bounties existed in rural areas of
the north until the 18th century.
A group of
Māori migrated east from the
New Zealand mainland to the
Chatham Islands, developing a distinct pacificist culture known as the
Moriori (approx date)
February 1 – The Duchy of Bavaria-Dachau, created in Germany in 1467 after
Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria was granted his own state following his resignation from the throne of the Duchy of
Bavaria-Munich, reverts to Bavaria-Munich's control upon Sigismund's death.
March 4 –
Minkhaung II becomes the sole
King of Burma upon the death of his son
Thihathura II, with whom he was co-ruler for 15 years. Minkhaung's reign ends five weeks later when he dies on April 7.
July 21 – Portuguese explorer
Pedro Álvares Cabral and his surviving crew return to
Lisbon at the end of a 15-month expedition to India, with only seven of their original fleet of 13 ships. The cargo from India, however, returns a profit to the Portuguese crown of nine times its investment.[34]
September 3 – On complaints from
Christopher Columbus, who had been replaced as
Viceroy of the New World and arrested in 1500 by
Francisco de Bobadilla,
Queen Isabella of Spain orders that Bobadilla be recalled from
Santo Domingo. Declining to allow Columbus to resume his brutal rule of the New World, the Queen appoints a friend,
Nicolás de Ovando, as the new Viceroy. Although Bobadilla receives news of his firing several weeks later, he declines to step aside. Ovando will assemble a fleet of 30 ships and depart Spain on February 13 for Santo Domingo.
September 27 – Queen Isabella orders New World Governor Bobadilla to return the assets confiscated from Christopher Columbus and the two other Columbus brothers.[35]
Spanish princess
Catherine of Aragon arrives in
England and arrives at
Plymouth. Although she will later become the wife of King Henry VIII in 1509, she initially arrives to marry Henry's older brother, Prince Arthur.
November 12 –
Sten Sture the Elder is elected Regent of Sweden for the second time, becoming the Scandinavian nation's chief executive after King Hans of Denmark is deposed. No replacement of the monarchy is planned by the rebel Swedish nobles.
April 2 –
Arthur, Prince of Wales, the 15-year-old Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester, heir to the English throne as eldest son of
King Henry VII, dies of a long illness less than five months marrying
Catherine of Aragon. Arthur's 10-year-old brother,
Henry, Duke of York, becomes the new heir to the throne and will later succeed his father as King Henry VIII.[40]
April 14 – The formal coronation of
Ivan the Great as
Grand Prince of Moscow (encompassing most of the
Russian people's territory) to reflect that he is the nation's sole ruler. Ivan had been co-ruler of Moscow from 1449 to 1462, ruler from 1462 to 1471 and 1490 to 1498, and co-ruler with his eldest son (Ivan the Young, 1471-1490) and his grandson, Dmitry Ivanovich from 1498 onward.
May 26 – Columbus and his men complete the rescue of stranded Portuguese soldiers in
Morocco, then depart
Asilah for a crossing of the Atlantic in 20 days.[43]
June 29 – Columbus and his crew attempt to land at
Santo Domingo in order to avoid being caught in a
hurricane, despite being ordered not to return to
Hispaniola.
Nicolás de Ovando, the Spanish Viceroy, refuses to let Columbus sail into harbor and does not believe the warnings of the hurricane, which strikes two days later.
July–September
July 1 – A
powerful hurricane sweeps through the Caribbean Sea near
Puerto Rico and the island of
Hispaniola, two days after
Christopher Columbus was denied permission to land at
Santo Domingo. An estimated 500 people are killed when the winds wreck 20 of the 31 ships brought from Spain by the new Viceroy,
Nicolás de Ovando, including Ovando's flagship, El Dorado. Former Viceroy
Francisco de Bobadilla and administrator
Francisco Roldán are among the people killed.[43] A ship provided by Bobadilla for Columbus to transport the gold owed to him, the Aguja, is one of the 11 to survive the hurricane and accusations are made that Columbus magically invoked the storm as an act of vengeance.[45]
July 28 – At
Augsburg,
Maximilian I, Germany's
King of the Romans signs a treaty with representatives of King Henry VII of England, agreeing not to provide assistance to English rebels.
July 30 – The first encounter between Europeans and the
Maya people of Central America takes place when the Columbus brothers anchor at
Guanaja, one of the
Bay Islands off of the coast of what is now the nation of
Honduras. An unfortunate group of
Mayan traders happens to arrive at Guanaja at the same time, and its cargo is looted by Bartolomeo Columbus and his crew.[46]
December 31 –
Cesare Borgia (son of
Pope Alexander VI) occupies
Urbino, where he imprisons two potentially treacherous allies, Vitellozzo and Oliveretto; he executes them the next morning.
June 21 –
Murad, the last Sultan of
Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern
Turkey fights the Safavid King of Persia,
Ismail I in a battle near the city of
Hamadan, and suffers 10,000 casualties, including his commander Güzel Ahmad.[60]
June 25 – After his ships are damaged in a storm,
Christopher Columbus and his 230 men are forced to beach at the island of
Jamaica (at what is now
Saint Ann Parish) and remain stranded there for the next six months. [62]
August 18 –
Pope Alexander VI dies after a reign of 11 years, and the largest gathering of cardinals up to that time— 21 from Italy, 11 from Spain and 7 from France— is called to Rome for
a papal conclave, to start in September.
August 20 – A previous treaty between
Vladislaus II of Hungary and
Bayezid II, which was finalized on June 11th, goes into effect.[68] The treaty suppresses warfare along the Hungarian-Ottoman border.
Stephen III of Moldavia is also included in this treaty, but it perserves his nation's independence on the condition Moldavia pays an annual tribute to the
Ottoman Empire.
September 22 – Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, Archbishop of Siena, is elected as the new Pope after the voting cardinals cannot decide between Georges d'Amboise of France or Giuliano della Rovere of Italy. Piccolomini takes the name of
Pope Pius III but will reign for only 26 days. [69]
November 1 – Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, Bishop of Ostia, is elected the 216th Roman Catholic Pontiff
at the end of the year's second papal conclave and takes the papal name
Pope Julius II.[71]: 210 Della Rovere had received 15 of 32 votes in the
September voting for a plurality, but still short of a majority.[72]: 89 Julius II reigns for a little more than nine years until his death his death in 1513.[72]: 91
November 29 – Pope Julius II, formerly Giuliano della Rovere, adds four new people to the College of Cardinals, including two members of his family,
Clemente della Rovere and
Galeotto della Rovere.[71]: 219 By the time of his death, Julius will have added 27 cardinals to the Roman Catholic Church, five of them from the della Rovere family.[74]
March 16 – In what is now India's Kerala state, a second invasion of the Portuguese-supported Kingdom of Cochin by the Zamorin of Calicut takes place, beginning a war that lasts until July 3.[82]
June 17 –
Rao Bika Rathore, ruler of the Kingdom of
Bikaner in India, dies after a reign of 32 years. For a brief time Bika is succeeded by his elder son Nara, but Nara quickly dies and Nara is succeeded by his brother
Lunkaran.[85]
June 28 – After being marooned in Jamaica for six months,
Christopher Columbus and his men are rescued by a Spanish ship.[86]
July 3 – The
siege of Cochin in
India by the invading forces of Calicut ends as the Portuguese and Cochin defenders defeat the invaders. Calicut loses 5,000 dead in battle and another 13,000 to disease, while Cochin and Portugal sustain minimal losses.
July 7 – At the age of 16,
Lê Túc Tông becomes the new Emperor of Vietnam (Dai Viet) after the death of his father,
Lê Hiến Tông, but serves for only six months before dying.[84]
July 20 –
Pope Julius II issues an order reforming the official coinage of the Papal States, raising the silver content of the
carlino coin to four grams.[88] In that the Pope was formerly Giuliano della Rovere, the new coin is called the
giulio in his honor and features the coat of arms of the della Rovere family.
In
Florence,
Leonardo da Vinci and
Niccolò Machiavelli become involved in a scheme to divert the
Arno River, cutting the water supply to
Pisa to force its surrender: Colombino, the project foreman, fails to follow da Vinci's design, and the project is a major failure.[103]
January 14 –
Pope Julius II issues the papal bull Cum tam divino, decreeing a reform in the Roman Catholic Church to prohibit
simony, the buying and selling of church offices ranging from bishops to the pope himself.[108]
January 23 –
Lunkaran begins his reign as the
Rao of the Indian kingdom of
Bikaner in what is now the Rajasthan state of India.[109]
January 24 – Under the terms of the
Treaty of Tordesillas,
Pope Julius II sets the line of demarcation in the New World between Spain's and Portugal's territory as a line of
longitude 370
leagues west of the
Cape Verde islands.[110] The ambiguous definition of the measure of a league places the line between 42°30' W to 49°45' W.[111]
March 31 – King
Alexander Jagiellon of Poland agrees to support the Act of Nihil novi, prohibiting the king to issue laws without consent of the nobles represented by their parliament, the Sejm.[114] The official title is "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu", Latin for "Nothing new without common consent."
April–June
April 3 – Italian explorer
Sebastiano Caboto is granted a lifetime annuity of £10 per year by England's King Henry VII for services "in and aboute the fyndynge of the new founde landes" in North America.[115]
The
Kalmar Bloodbath, a mass execution of participants in the Swedish Uprising against
King Hans of Denmark (who also rules Norway and Sweden) takes place in the Swedish city of
Kalmar after a judgment of treason is pronounced against the mayor, city officials and other leaders. [122][123]
Martin Luther, aged 22, vows to become a monk in a moment of terror, as a result of a close lightning strike during a thunderstorm, near the village of Stotternheim.[124]
July 24 – Travelling to
India, a group of Portuguese explorers led by Francisco de Almeida, with 22 ships and 1,500 men, sack the city-state of
Kilwa in
East Africa, killing the Emir Abraham for failing to pay tribute. Almeida installs Mohammed Ankoni as the new ruler. [126]
Francisco de Almeida arrives in the
Anjediva Islands to begin construction on the first of four fortresses he needed to construct for his appointment as viceroy.[127]
November 15 – Portuguese explorer
Lourenço de Almeida and his fleet encounter a storm and are driven to the island of
Sri Lanka and travels to
Colombo. The King of Kotte, Dharma Parakramabahu IX, allows Almeida to build a trade station and a
Roman Catholic chapel. [133]
The
Pomander Watch of 1505, the earliest known
pocket watch, is made by
Peter Henlein in Germany at
Nuremberg. After an absence of 480 years, the watch will be rediscovered at a flea market in
London; an inscription on the watch, "MDVPHN", will be interpreted in 2014 as meaning a rendition of the year (MDV, 1505 in Roman numerals); the inventor (PH for Peter Henlein) and the place of manufacture (N for Nuremberg). [136][137]
Portuguese merchants establish factories and fortresses on the east coast of Africa in
Kilwa,
Sofala, and
Malindi.[138]
February 15 –
Iye Roy Mackay, Chief of Scotland's
Clan Mackay, records his 1504 grant of six lands in what is now the County
Sutherland, and starts a feud with Euphemia II, Countess of Ross.
March 16 –
Battle of Cannanore: Portugal's fleet (commanded by Lourenço de Almeida) defeats the fleet of the Zamorin of Calicut, with hundreds of vessels involved; 3,000 Muslim troops are killed.
May 28 – Emperor
Moctezuma II of Mexico's Aztec Empire subdues a rebellion in Zozollan, east of Achiutia, then kills the prisoners of war as a sacrifice to the gods.
July 12 –
Philip the Fair, Duke of Burgundy, becomes the ruler of the Spanish Kingdom of Castile with his insane wife
Joanna, but reigns for only two months before dying of typhoid.
September 25 –
Philip I, the first Spanish Habsburg King of Castile, dies suddenly from typhoid.
October–December
October 6 – In
Córdoba, in the Spanish kingdom of
Andalusia, members of the nobility and the general public revolt against the Spanish inquisitor
Diego Rodriguez de Lucero and General Inquisitor
Diego de Deza. The mob liberates the people incarcerated at the Córdoba prison.
October 7 – Pope Julius II issues a bull excommunicating
Giovanni II Bentivoglio from the Roman Catholic Church, who had dominated the Italian city state of
Bologna.
February 9 – The crew of the Portuguese ship Cirne, commanded by
Diogo Fernandes Pereira, become the first Europeans to sight the Indian ocean island of
Réunion, and name it Santa Apolonia.[145]
March 1 – Eleven months after the
Lisbon Massacre,
King Manuel I of
Portugal issues an edict permitting the cristãos-novos ("New Christians", Portuguese Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity) to freely emigrate from the kingdom.[146]
March 11 – Italian mercenary leader and former prince
Cesare Borgia, later cited by
Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince as an example of "conquest by fortune",[147] completes his conquest of the Spanish city of
Viana by driving out the defenders of the castle of
the Count of Lerín, but makes the mistake of pursuing the fleeing enemy by himself. He is killed the next day by his captors.[148][149]
April 10 – Installed by the Revolutionary Council,
Paolo da Novi becomes the first
Doge of the Republic of Genoa in almost 19 years, after the office had been made vacant in 1488 by the conqueror
Francesco Sforza.[152] He reigns for only 18 days before fleeing from office by French occupation forces on April 28, and the dogeship will remain vacant again for five years.[153]
In India, in what is now the state of Kerala, troops from the Kingdom of
Cannanore begin
a four-month siege of the Portuguese garrison at the
Fort of Saint Angelo. Despite being outnumbered, the 150 defenders of the fort hold out for four months against 60,000 attackers until rescue arrives four months later.
June 4 – Having been denied recognition by Pope Julius II as King of Naples, King
Ferdinand II of Aragon departs from Naples to return to his home in Spain.[156]
June 28 – King
Ferdinand II of Aragon is welcomed by King
Louis XII of France at the Italian city of
Savona in a spectacular ceremony,[157] and the two monarchs begin a series of meetings on the division of the Italian kingdoms between France and Spain.[158]
July—September
July 3 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon and King Louis XII of France complete their six-day summit at Savona.[158]
August 10 –
Afonso de Albuquerque departs with six ships from the Yemeni island of
Socotra to begin pillaging towns along the way to conquering the Persian Gulf port of Hormuz.
September 15 –
King James IV grants a patent for the first printing press in
Scotland, to Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar "to furnis and bring hame ane prent, with all stuff belangand tharto, and expert men to use the samyne, for imprenting within our Realme of the bukis of our Lawis, actis of parliament, croniclis, mess bukis, and portuus efter the use of our Realme, with addicions and legendis of Scottis sanctis, now gaderit to be ekit tharto, and al utheris bukis that salbe sene necessar, and to sel the sammyn for competent pricis."[160]
November 24 – Portuguese Admiral
Tristao da Cunha, with 12 ships, attacks a fleet of 13 Muslim merchant ships leaving the Indian port of
Ponnani, and is confronted by the forces of Kutti Ali. The Portuguese win the battle.
June 6 – Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I signs a humiliating armistice with the Republic of Venice, which for the moment stops any of his further plans for Italy.[186]
July–September
July 23 – Upon the death of his father, King Oxlahuh-Tz'i, Hun-Iqʼ becomes one of the two kings of
Guatemala's
KaqchikelMaya civilization. Hun-Iqʼ reigns jointly with King Kablahuh-Tihax until the latter's death on February 4. [187]
July 27 – The process of removing the former layers of paint on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel is completed, and
Michelangelo begins the next phase of marking the surface for painting.[188]
September 27 – A violent storm ravages the Dutch coast, killing potentially thousands of people.[204]
October–December
October 2 – The siege of Padua ends with Venetian victory, causing the retreat of HRE and French forces back to
Tyrol and
Milan. The Venetians soon recapture the city of
Vicenza. [205]
November 10 –
Uriel von Gemmingen is assigned to secure others' opinions before continuing the Jewish book purge started on August 19th.[216]
December 1 – Prince Le Oanh is installed as the new
Emperor of Vietnam by a coup d'etat against his cousin, Emperor
Le Uy Muc, and is enthroned at the age of 14 as Emperor
Le Tuong Duc. Uy Muc is granted his request to be allowed to commit suicide rather than to be executed.
^Tom Smith, Discovery of the Americas, 1492-1800 (Facts On File, Inc., 2009) p.35
^Herbermann, Charles George (1909).
The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. Robert Appleton Company. p. 457. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^Dodwell, H. H. (1929).
Cambridge History Of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
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abRaúl Aguilar Rodas, Cristobal Colón: realidad y ficción tras 500 años de su muerte, 1506-2006 ("Christopher Columbus: Reality and fiction, 500 years after his death") (Paniberica, 2006) p. 95
^José María Vallejo García-Hevia, Estudios de institucions Hispano-Indianas ("Studies of Hispanic and Indian Institutions")(Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2015) p. 167
^
abHelen Nader, The Book of Privileges Issued to Christopher Columbus by King Fernando and Queen Isabel, 1492-1502 (Wipf & Stock, 2004) p.54
^John Andrew Allan and Henry Herbert Dodwell, The Cambridge Shorter History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936) p. 307
^George Goodwin, Fatal Rivalry: Floodin, 1513 (W. W. Norton, 2013) p. 39
^"Potresi na zagrebačkom području" ("Earthquakes in Zagreb Area"), by Veselin Simović, Građevinar, journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers (2000) pp. 637–645
^Alison Weir, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (Grove Press, 2007) p. 37
^"The Dynastic Crisis 1497-1502", by J. L. I. Fennell, in The Slavonic and East European Review (December 1960) pp. 8-9
^The traditional May 21 date is the
Protestant feast day for Saint
Helena (empress), and would not have been marked this day by the Portuguese, because they were members of the
Catholic Church, and also because the island was discovered before the
Reformation started. The discovery date is quoted as 3 May during the 16th/17th centuries, corresponding to the Catholic Feast day of the
True Cross, a date that is closely linked to the name of Saint Helena. Bruce, Ian (2015).
"St Helena Day"(PDF). Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena (44): 32–46.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
^
abcdLawrence Bergreen, Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504 (Penguin Group, 2011) pp.298-299
^Schulenburg, A. H. (Spring 2002). "The discovery of St Helena: the search continues". Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena. 24: 13–19.
^Leite, Duarte (1960). História dos Descobrimentos. Vol. II. Lisbon: Edições Cosmos. p. 206.
^da Montalboddo, Fracanzio (1507). Paesi Nuovamente Retovati & Nuovo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Fiorentino Intitulato. Venice.
^Ring, Morgan (25 April 2017).
So High a Blood: The Story of Margaret Douglas, the Tudor That Time Forgot. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
ISBN978-1-63286-607-3. Retrieved 19 June 2023. On 8 August 1503, Margaret was led to the abbey church of Holyrood, a Gothic monastery that James had transformed into a palace. Sitting at the base of Arthur's seat, Holyrood offered Margaret new apartments, extensive gardens and respite from the noise of the city. There, she and James were married and Margaret was crowned.
^Frieda, Leonie (2013). The deadly sisterhood : a story of women, power and intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427-1527 (Paperback ed.). London: Phoenix. pp. 275–276.
ISBN978-0-7538-2844-1.
^C. F. Wegener, Årsberetninger fra Det Kongelige Geheimearchiv indeholdende Bidrag til Dansk Historie af utrykte Kilder [Annual Reports from the Royal Archive Containing Contributions to Danish History from Published Sources] (Rigsarkivet, 1870) p.323 (quoting Arild Hvitfeldt, Codex af Aelnoth, pp. 1053-1056)
^G. Volm. Sylvander, Kalmar Slotts och Stads Historia [History of Kalmar Castle and City] (Tryckt Hos Otto Westin, 1865) p. 422
^"Colombo (Sri Lanka)", in International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania, ed. by Paul E. Schellinger and Robert M. Salkin (Taylor & Francis, 2012) p. 199
^Prawdin, Michael (1939).
The mad queen of spain. Translated by Paul, Eden; Paul, Cedar. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^Bluntschli, Johann (1847).
Geschichte der Republik Zürich (in German). Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Schulthess. p. 172. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
^
abPatrick Williams, Katharine of Aragon: The Tragic Story of Henry VIII's First Unfortunate Wife (Amberley Publishing, 2013)
^John S. C. Abbott, The Romance of Spanish History (Harper & Brothers, 1869) p.286
^
ab"Cambray (League)", in The Manual of Dates: a Dictionary of Reference to All the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records, ed. by George H. Townsend (Routledge, Warne & Routledge, 1862) p.171
^Sahagún, Bernardino de; Sahagún), Bernardino (de; Guerra, José Servando Teresa de Mier Noriega y (1829).
Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espanã (in Spanish). Impr. del ciudadano A. Valdés. p. 347. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
^Rimvydas Petrauskas and Jūratė Kiaupienė, Lietuvos istorija. Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė (The History of Lithuania, New Horizons: Dynasty, Unification, State) (Baltos Lankos, 2009), p. 466
^Classen, Johannes (1859).
Jacob Micyllus (in German). Verlag f. Kunst u. Wissenschaft. p. 1. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^Burgo, Jaime ignacio del (21 January 2018).
"Bajo el chantaje de la Justicia Francesa". Navarra en la Historia (in Spanish). Editorial Almuzara.
ISBN978-84-17229-92-4. Retrieved 20 June 2023. On April 25, 1503, the infant Enrique was born in Sangüesa, who carried the title of Prince of Viana until the death of Queen Catalina (1517).
^Monod, Gabriel; Bémont, Charles; Charléty, Sébastien; Renouvin, Pierre (1901).
Revue historique (in French). Vol. 77. Librairie G. Bailleère. p. 249. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward A.; Pallen, Conde B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (1910).
The Catholic Encyclopedia: Gregory-Infallibility. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 473. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^Sakcinski, Ivan Kukuljević (1886).
Glasoviti hrvati prošlih vjekova (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matice hrvatske. p. 43. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^Jacobs, Henry Eyster; Schmauk, Theodore Emanuel (1898).
The Lutheran Church Review. Vol. 17. Alumni Association of the Lutheran Theological Seminary. p. 689. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^Liliencron, Rochus Freiherr von; Wegele, Franz X. von; Bettelheim, Anton (1893).
Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. p. 339. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
^Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward Aloysius; Pallen, Condé Bénoist; Shahan, Thomas Joseph; Wynne, John Joseph; MacErlean, Andrew Alphonsus (1909).
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^Damkaer, David M. (2002). The Copepodologist's Cabinet: a biographical and bibliographical history, Volume 1. American Philosophical Society. p. 15.
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^Blanch Sánchez, Antonio (2018).
"Inés Suárez. A favor o en contra". España y América. Cultura y colonización: V Centenario del nacimiento de Pedro Cieza de León, cronista de Indias (1518-1554). XIX Jornadas de Historia en Llerena, 2018, ISBN 978-84-09-09652-7, págs. 195-206. Sociedad Extremeña de Historia: 195–206.
ISBN9788409096527. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^Haarmann, Torsten (2014). Das Haus Waldeck und Pyrmont. Mehr als 900 Jahre Gesamtgeschichte mit Stammfolge. Deutsche Fürstenhäuser (in German). Vol. Heft 35. Werl: Börde-Verlag. p. 48.
ISBN978-3-981-4458-2-4.
^Wouter J. Hanegraaff and Ruud M. Bouthoorn, Lodovico Lazzarelli (1447-1500): The Hermetic Writings and Related Documents, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Tempe 2005.
^Ciurlok, Jerzy (20 March 2020).
Ich książęce wysokości. Część górnośląska (in Polish). Silesia Progress.
ISBN978-83-936190-4-7. Retrieved 18 June 2023. Prince Wiktoryn did not move to either the Ziębice-Oleśnica or Kłodzko estates of the Podiebrady family, although he was entitled to titles related to them. He died on September 30, 1500 in Cieszyn, but was buried in Kłodzko in the family crypts.
^Leicestershire Architectural and Archaeological Society (1874).
Transactions. p. 214.
Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
^Frieda, Leonie (2013). The deadly sisterhood : a story of women, power and intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427-1527 (Paperback ed.). London: Phoenix. pp. 153, 266.
ISBN978-0-7538-2844-1.
^Воробьев, Александр (15 May 2022).
Великий князь Иван III Васильевич. ИД «Комсомольская правда».
ISBN978-5-04-049358-6. Retrieved 29 June 2023. On October 27, 1505, Ivan Vasilievich passed away, having been on the throne for a little over 43 years. At the time of his death, he was 65 years old - an extremely respectable age for an era when the average life expectancy was almost half that.
^Burkhalter, A. Louis; Romain Goldron (1968).
Music of the Renaissance. H. S. Stuttman Company. p. 87.
March 11 – The Parliament of Bohemia adopts a new constitution that limits the power of
King Vladislav II and subsequent Bohemian monarchs. Miroslav Buchvaldek, Československé dějiny v datech ("Czechoslovak History and Data") (Svoboda, 1987)
March 24 – The day after departing the Cape Verde Islands with the rest of Cabral's fleet,
Vasco de Ataíde and his 150 crewmates die when their ship goes down in a storm.[6]
May 1 –
Pêro Vaz de Caminha finishes writing his chronicle of the Portuguese discovery of Brazil while accompanying Cabral.[8]
May 3 – Cabral and his fleet depart from Brazil and sail eastward toward Africa, resuming their journey to India.
May 5 – Representatives of the English and Spanish royal families sign a treaty at
Canterbury for the marriage of 13-year-old
Arthur, Prince of Wales (son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York) to 14-year-old Princess
Catherine of Aragon. Arthur's marriage to Catherine takes place the next year, but Arthur dies five months later; she marries Arthur's younger brother Henry VIII in 1509.[9]
May 29 – Traveling eastward from Brazil, Cabral and his fleet run into a storm off of the coast of Africa near the
Cape of Good Hope and lose four of their 13 ships.[10] Navigator
Bartolomeu Dias is among the persons killed.
September 13 – Pedro Cabral's fleet of nine ships arrives in India, more than six months after departing from Portugal, and lands at the port of
Calicut, which had been visited two years earlier by
Vasco da Gama.[18]
September 15 –
Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colon) is placed under arrest, along with his two brothers, Bartolome and Diego, after appearing before
Francisco de Bobadilla, who had replaced him as the
Spanish Governor of the New World. ("El 15 de septiemre Bobadilla presenta sus credenciales a Colon... Colon habia ejectuado a varios espanoles cargo de gran peso contra el, asi que al fin Bobadilla resolvio enviarlos presos a Espana para que alla se les juzgase."— "On the 15th of September of 1500, Bobadilla presented his credential to Columbus. Columbus had executed several Spaniards charged with great weight against him, so Bobadilla finally decided to send them prisoners to Spain so that they could be tried there.") [19]
September 23 – Bobadilla hears testimony from 22 witnesses and concludes that the Columbus brothers intended to overthrow him; he has them placed in manacles and chains for deportation to Spain. ("La pesquisa de Bobadilla contra Colon habia comenzado el 23-IX-1500."— "Bobadilla's investigation against Colon had begun on 23 September 1500.") [20]
October–December
October 1 – Christopher Columbus and his brothers, arrested and in chains, are deported from
Santo Domingo to Spain. [21]
October 22 –
Nasir-ud-Din Shah overthrows the government of his father,
Ghiyath Shah, ruler of the
Malwa Sultanate (located in much of what is now the Indian state of
Andhra Pradesh) for the last 31 years. [22] Upon becoming the new Sultan, Nasir has his brother Ala-ud-Din executed, along with Ala-ud-din's children. Ghiyasuddin is poisoned the following February.
November 25 – Christopher Columbus and his brothers arrive in Spain at Seville "after one of the longest Atlantic crossings in the Columbian years" (six weeks) and released on their own recognizance. [21]
December 17 – All charges against the Columbus brothers for malfeasance in governing Hispanola are dismissed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. [19]
Europe's population is estimated at 56.7 million people (Spielvogel). The world's population is estimated to be between 425 million and 540 million.[26]
Although other reports exist, it is thought that the last
wolf in England was killed this year, making the species extinct in that country.[28] The wolf is thought to have been killed in
Allithwaite, in
Cumbria. However, reports of wolf sightings and laws concerning wolf bounties existed in rural areas of
the north until the 18th century.
A group of
Māori migrated east from the
New Zealand mainland to the
Chatham Islands, developing a distinct pacificist culture known as the
Moriori (approx date)
February 1 – The Duchy of Bavaria-Dachau, created in Germany in 1467 after
Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria was granted his own state following his resignation from the throne of the Duchy of
Bavaria-Munich, reverts to Bavaria-Munich's control upon Sigismund's death.
March 4 –
Minkhaung II becomes the sole
King of Burma upon the death of his son
Thihathura II, with whom he was co-ruler for 15 years. Minkhaung's reign ends five weeks later when he dies on April 7.
July 21 – Portuguese explorer
Pedro Álvares Cabral and his surviving crew return to
Lisbon at the end of a 15-month expedition to India, with only seven of their original fleet of 13 ships. The cargo from India, however, returns a profit to the Portuguese crown of nine times its investment.[34]
September 3 – On complaints from
Christopher Columbus, who had been replaced as
Viceroy of the New World and arrested in 1500 by
Francisco de Bobadilla,
Queen Isabella of Spain orders that Bobadilla be recalled from
Santo Domingo. Declining to allow Columbus to resume his brutal rule of the New World, the Queen appoints a friend,
Nicolás de Ovando, as the new Viceroy. Although Bobadilla receives news of his firing several weeks later, he declines to step aside. Ovando will assemble a fleet of 30 ships and depart Spain on February 13 for Santo Domingo.
September 27 – Queen Isabella orders New World Governor Bobadilla to return the assets confiscated from Christopher Columbus and the two other Columbus brothers.[35]
Spanish princess
Catherine of Aragon arrives in
England and arrives at
Plymouth. Although she will later become the wife of King Henry VIII in 1509, she initially arrives to marry Henry's older brother, Prince Arthur.
November 12 –
Sten Sture the Elder is elected Regent of Sweden for the second time, becoming the Scandinavian nation's chief executive after King Hans of Denmark is deposed. No replacement of the monarchy is planned by the rebel Swedish nobles.
April 2 –
Arthur, Prince of Wales, the 15-year-old Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester, heir to the English throne as eldest son of
King Henry VII, dies of a long illness less than five months marrying
Catherine of Aragon. Arthur's 10-year-old brother,
Henry, Duke of York, becomes the new heir to the throne and will later succeed his father as King Henry VIII.[40]
April 14 – The formal coronation of
Ivan the Great as
Grand Prince of Moscow (encompassing most of the
Russian people's territory) to reflect that he is the nation's sole ruler. Ivan had been co-ruler of Moscow from 1449 to 1462, ruler from 1462 to 1471 and 1490 to 1498, and co-ruler with his eldest son (Ivan the Young, 1471-1490) and his grandson, Dmitry Ivanovich from 1498 onward.
May 26 – Columbus and his men complete the rescue of stranded Portuguese soldiers in
Morocco, then depart
Asilah for a crossing of the Atlantic in 20 days.[43]
June 29 – Columbus and his crew attempt to land at
Santo Domingo in order to avoid being caught in a
hurricane, despite being ordered not to return to
Hispaniola.
Nicolás de Ovando, the Spanish Viceroy, refuses to let Columbus sail into harbor and does not believe the warnings of the hurricane, which strikes two days later.
July–September
July 1 – A
powerful hurricane sweeps through the Caribbean Sea near
Puerto Rico and the island of
Hispaniola, two days after
Christopher Columbus was denied permission to land at
Santo Domingo. An estimated 500 people are killed when the winds wreck 20 of the 31 ships brought from Spain by the new Viceroy,
Nicolás de Ovando, including Ovando's flagship, El Dorado. Former Viceroy
Francisco de Bobadilla and administrator
Francisco Roldán are among the people killed.[43] A ship provided by Bobadilla for Columbus to transport the gold owed to him, the Aguja, is one of the 11 to survive the hurricane and accusations are made that Columbus magically invoked the storm as an act of vengeance.[45]
July 28 – At
Augsburg,
Maximilian I, Germany's
King of the Romans signs a treaty with representatives of King Henry VII of England, agreeing not to provide assistance to English rebels.
July 30 – The first encounter between Europeans and the
Maya people of Central America takes place when the Columbus brothers anchor at
Guanaja, one of the
Bay Islands off of the coast of what is now the nation of
Honduras. An unfortunate group of
Mayan traders happens to arrive at Guanaja at the same time, and its cargo is looted by Bartolomeo Columbus and his crew.[46]
December 31 –
Cesare Borgia (son of
Pope Alexander VI) occupies
Urbino, where he imprisons two potentially treacherous allies, Vitellozzo and Oliveretto; he executes them the next morning.
June 21 –
Murad, the last Sultan of
Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern
Turkey fights the Safavid King of Persia,
Ismail I in a battle near the city of
Hamadan, and suffers 10,000 casualties, including his commander Güzel Ahmad.[60]
June 25 – After his ships are damaged in a storm,
Christopher Columbus and his 230 men are forced to beach at the island of
Jamaica (at what is now
Saint Ann Parish) and remain stranded there for the next six months. [62]
August 18 –
Pope Alexander VI dies after a reign of 11 years, and the largest gathering of cardinals up to that time— 21 from Italy, 11 from Spain and 7 from France— is called to Rome for
a papal conclave, to start in September.
August 20 – A previous treaty between
Vladislaus II of Hungary and
Bayezid II, which was finalized on June 11th, goes into effect.[68] The treaty suppresses warfare along the Hungarian-Ottoman border.
Stephen III of Moldavia is also included in this treaty, but it perserves his nation's independence on the condition Moldavia pays an annual tribute to the
Ottoman Empire.
September 22 – Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, Archbishop of Siena, is elected as the new Pope after the voting cardinals cannot decide between Georges d'Amboise of France or Giuliano della Rovere of Italy. Piccolomini takes the name of
Pope Pius III but will reign for only 26 days. [69]
November 1 – Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, Bishop of Ostia, is elected the 216th Roman Catholic Pontiff
at the end of the year's second papal conclave and takes the papal name
Pope Julius II.[71]: 210 Della Rovere had received 15 of 32 votes in the
September voting for a plurality, but still short of a majority.[72]: 89 Julius II reigns for a little more than nine years until his death his death in 1513.[72]: 91
November 29 – Pope Julius II, formerly Giuliano della Rovere, adds four new people to the College of Cardinals, including two members of his family,
Clemente della Rovere and
Galeotto della Rovere.[71]: 219 By the time of his death, Julius will have added 27 cardinals to the Roman Catholic Church, five of them from the della Rovere family.[74]
March 16 – In what is now India's Kerala state, a second invasion of the Portuguese-supported Kingdom of Cochin by the Zamorin of Calicut takes place, beginning a war that lasts until July 3.[82]
June 17 –
Rao Bika Rathore, ruler of the Kingdom of
Bikaner in India, dies after a reign of 32 years. For a brief time Bika is succeeded by his elder son Nara, but Nara quickly dies and Nara is succeeded by his brother
Lunkaran.[85]
June 28 – After being marooned in Jamaica for six months,
Christopher Columbus and his men are rescued by a Spanish ship.[86]
July 3 – The
siege of Cochin in
India by the invading forces of Calicut ends as the Portuguese and Cochin defenders defeat the invaders. Calicut loses 5,000 dead in battle and another 13,000 to disease, while Cochin and Portugal sustain minimal losses.
July 7 – At the age of 16,
Lê Túc Tông becomes the new Emperor of Vietnam (Dai Viet) after the death of his father,
Lê Hiến Tông, but serves for only six months before dying.[84]
July 20 –
Pope Julius II issues an order reforming the official coinage of the Papal States, raising the silver content of the
carlino coin to four grams.[88] In that the Pope was formerly Giuliano della Rovere, the new coin is called the
giulio in his honor and features the coat of arms of the della Rovere family.
In
Florence,
Leonardo da Vinci and
Niccolò Machiavelli become involved in a scheme to divert the
Arno River, cutting the water supply to
Pisa to force its surrender: Colombino, the project foreman, fails to follow da Vinci's design, and the project is a major failure.[103]
January 14 –
Pope Julius II issues the papal bull Cum tam divino, decreeing a reform in the Roman Catholic Church to prohibit
simony, the buying and selling of church offices ranging from bishops to the pope himself.[108]
January 23 –
Lunkaran begins his reign as the
Rao of the Indian kingdom of
Bikaner in what is now the Rajasthan state of India.[109]
January 24 – Under the terms of the
Treaty of Tordesillas,
Pope Julius II sets the line of demarcation in the New World between Spain's and Portugal's territory as a line of
longitude 370
leagues west of the
Cape Verde islands.[110] The ambiguous definition of the measure of a league places the line between 42°30' W to 49°45' W.[111]
March 31 – King
Alexander Jagiellon of Poland agrees to support the Act of Nihil novi, prohibiting the king to issue laws without consent of the nobles represented by their parliament, the Sejm.[114] The official title is "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu", Latin for "Nothing new without common consent."
April–June
April 3 – Italian explorer
Sebastiano Caboto is granted a lifetime annuity of £10 per year by England's King Henry VII for services "in and aboute the fyndynge of the new founde landes" in North America.[115]
The
Kalmar Bloodbath, a mass execution of participants in the Swedish Uprising against
King Hans of Denmark (who also rules Norway and Sweden) takes place in the Swedish city of
Kalmar after a judgment of treason is pronounced against the mayor, city officials and other leaders. [122][123]
Martin Luther, aged 22, vows to become a monk in a moment of terror, as a result of a close lightning strike during a thunderstorm, near the village of Stotternheim.[124]
July 24 – Travelling to
India, a group of Portuguese explorers led by Francisco de Almeida, with 22 ships and 1,500 men, sack the city-state of
Kilwa in
East Africa, killing the Emir Abraham for failing to pay tribute. Almeida installs Mohammed Ankoni as the new ruler. [126]
Francisco de Almeida arrives in the
Anjediva Islands to begin construction on the first of four fortresses he needed to construct for his appointment as viceroy.[127]
November 15 – Portuguese explorer
Lourenço de Almeida and his fleet encounter a storm and are driven to the island of
Sri Lanka and travels to
Colombo. The King of Kotte, Dharma Parakramabahu IX, allows Almeida to build a trade station and a
Roman Catholic chapel. [133]
The
Pomander Watch of 1505, the earliest known
pocket watch, is made by
Peter Henlein in Germany at
Nuremberg. After an absence of 480 years, the watch will be rediscovered at a flea market in
London; an inscription on the watch, "MDVPHN", will be interpreted in 2014 as meaning a rendition of the year (MDV, 1505 in Roman numerals); the inventor (PH for Peter Henlein) and the place of manufacture (N for Nuremberg). [136][137]
Portuguese merchants establish factories and fortresses on the east coast of Africa in
Kilwa,
Sofala, and
Malindi.[138]
February 15 –
Iye Roy Mackay, Chief of Scotland's
Clan Mackay, records his 1504 grant of six lands in what is now the County
Sutherland, and starts a feud with Euphemia II, Countess of Ross.
March 16 –
Battle of Cannanore: Portugal's fleet (commanded by Lourenço de Almeida) defeats the fleet of the Zamorin of Calicut, with hundreds of vessels involved; 3,000 Muslim troops are killed.
May 28 – Emperor
Moctezuma II of Mexico's Aztec Empire subdues a rebellion in Zozollan, east of Achiutia, then kills the prisoners of war as a sacrifice to the gods.
July 12 –
Philip the Fair, Duke of Burgundy, becomes the ruler of the Spanish Kingdom of Castile with his insane wife
Joanna, but reigns for only two months before dying of typhoid.
September 25 –
Philip I, the first Spanish Habsburg King of Castile, dies suddenly from typhoid.
October–December
October 6 – In
Córdoba, in the Spanish kingdom of
Andalusia, members of the nobility and the general public revolt against the Spanish inquisitor
Diego Rodriguez de Lucero and General Inquisitor
Diego de Deza. The mob liberates the people incarcerated at the Córdoba prison.
October 7 – Pope Julius II issues a bull excommunicating
Giovanni II Bentivoglio from the Roman Catholic Church, who had dominated the Italian city state of
Bologna.
February 9 – The crew of the Portuguese ship Cirne, commanded by
Diogo Fernandes Pereira, become the first Europeans to sight the Indian ocean island of
Réunion, and name it Santa Apolonia.[145]
March 1 – Eleven months after the
Lisbon Massacre,
King Manuel I of
Portugal issues an edict permitting the cristãos-novos ("New Christians", Portuguese Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity) to freely emigrate from the kingdom.[146]
March 11 – Italian mercenary leader and former prince
Cesare Borgia, later cited by
Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince as an example of "conquest by fortune",[147] completes his conquest of the Spanish city of
Viana by driving out the defenders of the castle of
the Count of Lerín, but makes the mistake of pursuing the fleeing enemy by himself. He is killed the next day by his captors.[148][149]
April 10 – Installed by the Revolutionary Council,
Paolo da Novi becomes the first
Doge of the Republic of Genoa in almost 19 years, after the office had been made vacant in 1488 by the conqueror
Francesco Sforza.[152] He reigns for only 18 days before fleeing from office by French occupation forces on April 28, and the dogeship will remain vacant again for five years.[153]
In India, in what is now the state of Kerala, troops from the Kingdom of
Cannanore begin
a four-month siege of the Portuguese garrison at the
Fort of Saint Angelo. Despite being outnumbered, the 150 defenders of the fort hold out for four months against 60,000 attackers until rescue arrives four months later.
June 4 – Having been denied recognition by Pope Julius II as King of Naples, King
Ferdinand II of Aragon departs from Naples to return to his home in Spain.[156]
June 28 – King
Ferdinand II of Aragon is welcomed by King
Louis XII of France at the Italian city of
Savona in a spectacular ceremony,[157] and the two monarchs begin a series of meetings on the division of the Italian kingdoms between France and Spain.[158]
July—September
July 3 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon and King Louis XII of France complete their six-day summit at Savona.[158]
August 10 –
Afonso de Albuquerque departs with six ships from the Yemeni island of
Socotra to begin pillaging towns along the way to conquering the Persian Gulf port of Hormuz.
September 15 –
King James IV grants a patent for the first printing press in
Scotland, to Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar "to furnis and bring hame ane prent, with all stuff belangand tharto, and expert men to use the samyne, for imprenting within our Realme of the bukis of our Lawis, actis of parliament, croniclis, mess bukis, and portuus efter the use of our Realme, with addicions and legendis of Scottis sanctis, now gaderit to be ekit tharto, and al utheris bukis that salbe sene necessar, and to sel the sammyn for competent pricis."[160]
November 24 – Portuguese Admiral
Tristao da Cunha, with 12 ships, attacks a fleet of 13 Muslim merchant ships leaving the Indian port of
Ponnani, and is confronted by the forces of Kutti Ali. The Portuguese win the battle.
June 6 – Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I signs a humiliating armistice with the Republic of Venice, which for the moment stops any of his further plans for Italy.[186]
July–September
July 23 – Upon the death of his father, King Oxlahuh-Tz'i, Hun-Iqʼ becomes one of the two kings of
Guatemala's
KaqchikelMaya civilization. Hun-Iqʼ reigns jointly with King Kablahuh-Tihax until the latter's death on February 4. [187]
July 27 – The process of removing the former layers of paint on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel is completed, and
Michelangelo begins the next phase of marking the surface for painting.[188]
September 27 – A violent storm ravages the Dutch coast, killing potentially thousands of people.[204]
October–December
October 2 – The siege of Padua ends with Venetian victory, causing the retreat of HRE and French forces back to
Tyrol and
Milan. The Venetians soon recapture the city of
Vicenza. [205]
November 10 –
Uriel von Gemmingen is assigned to secure others' opinions before continuing the Jewish book purge started on August 19th.[216]
December 1 – Prince Le Oanh is installed as the new
Emperor of Vietnam by a coup d'etat against his cousin, Emperor
Le Uy Muc, and is enthroned at the age of 14 as Emperor
Le Tuong Duc. Uy Muc is granted his request to be allowed to commit suicide rather than to be executed.
^Tom Smith, Discovery of the Americas, 1492-1800 (Facts On File, Inc., 2009) p.35
^Herbermann, Charles George (1909).
The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. Robert Appleton Company. p. 457. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^Dodwell, H. H. (1929).
Cambridge History Of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
^
abRaúl Aguilar Rodas, Cristobal Colón: realidad y ficción tras 500 años de su muerte, 1506-2006 ("Christopher Columbus: Reality and fiction, 500 years after his death") (Paniberica, 2006) p. 95
^José María Vallejo García-Hevia, Estudios de institucions Hispano-Indianas ("Studies of Hispanic and Indian Institutions")(Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2015) p. 167
^
abHelen Nader, The Book of Privileges Issued to Christopher Columbus by King Fernando and Queen Isabel, 1492-1502 (Wipf & Stock, 2004) p.54
^John Andrew Allan and Henry Herbert Dodwell, The Cambridge Shorter History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936) p. 307
^George Goodwin, Fatal Rivalry: Floodin, 1513 (W. W. Norton, 2013) p. 39
^"Potresi na zagrebačkom području" ("Earthquakes in Zagreb Area"), by Veselin Simović, Građevinar, journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers (2000) pp. 637–645
^Alison Weir, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (Grove Press, 2007) p. 37
^"The Dynastic Crisis 1497-1502", by J. L. I. Fennell, in The Slavonic and East European Review (December 1960) pp. 8-9
^The traditional May 21 date is the
Protestant feast day for Saint
Helena (empress), and would not have been marked this day by the Portuguese, because they were members of the
Catholic Church, and also because the island was discovered before the
Reformation started. The discovery date is quoted as 3 May during the 16th/17th centuries, corresponding to the Catholic Feast day of the
True Cross, a date that is closely linked to the name of Saint Helena. Bruce, Ian (2015).
"St Helena Day"(PDF). Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena (44): 32–46.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
^
abcdLawrence Bergreen, Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504 (Penguin Group, 2011) pp.298-299
^Schulenburg, A. H. (Spring 2002). "The discovery of St Helena: the search continues". Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena. 24: 13–19.
^Leite, Duarte (1960). História dos Descobrimentos. Vol. II. Lisbon: Edições Cosmos. p. 206.
^da Montalboddo, Fracanzio (1507). Paesi Nuovamente Retovati & Nuovo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Fiorentino Intitulato. Venice.
^Ring, Morgan (25 April 2017).
So High a Blood: The Story of Margaret Douglas, the Tudor That Time Forgot. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
ISBN978-1-63286-607-3. Retrieved 19 June 2023. On 8 August 1503, Margaret was led to the abbey church of Holyrood, a Gothic monastery that James had transformed into a palace. Sitting at the base of Arthur's seat, Holyrood offered Margaret new apartments, extensive gardens and respite from the noise of the city. There, she and James were married and Margaret was crowned.
^Frieda, Leonie (2013). The deadly sisterhood : a story of women, power and intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427-1527 (Paperback ed.). London: Phoenix. pp. 275–276.
ISBN978-0-7538-2844-1.
^C. F. Wegener, Årsberetninger fra Det Kongelige Geheimearchiv indeholdende Bidrag til Dansk Historie af utrykte Kilder [Annual Reports from the Royal Archive Containing Contributions to Danish History from Published Sources] (Rigsarkivet, 1870) p.323 (quoting Arild Hvitfeldt, Codex af Aelnoth, pp. 1053-1056)
^G. Volm. Sylvander, Kalmar Slotts och Stads Historia [History of Kalmar Castle and City] (Tryckt Hos Otto Westin, 1865) p. 422
^"Colombo (Sri Lanka)", in International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania, ed. by Paul E. Schellinger and Robert M. Salkin (Taylor & Francis, 2012) p. 199
^Prawdin, Michael (1939).
The mad queen of spain. Translated by Paul, Eden; Paul, Cedar. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^Bluntschli, Johann (1847).
Geschichte der Republik Zürich (in German). Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Schulthess. p. 172. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
^
abPatrick Williams, Katharine of Aragon: The Tragic Story of Henry VIII's First Unfortunate Wife (Amberley Publishing, 2013)
^John S. C. Abbott, The Romance of Spanish History (Harper & Brothers, 1869) p.286
^
ab"Cambray (League)", in The Manual of Dates: a Dictionary of Reference to All the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records, ed. by George H. Townsend (Routledge, Warne & Routledge, 1862) p.171
^Sahagún, Bernardino de; Sahagún), Bernardino (de; Guerra, José Servando Teresa de Mier Noriega y (1829).
Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espanã (in Spanish). Impr. del ciudadano A. Valdés. p. 347. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
^Rimvydas Petrauskas and Jūratė Kiaupienė, Lietuvos istorija. Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė (The History of Lithuania, New Horizons: Dynasty, Unification, State) (Baltos Lankos, 2009), p. 466
^Classen, Johannes (1859).
Jacob Micyllus (in German). Verlag f. Kunst u. Wissenschaft. p. 1. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^Burgo, Jaime ignacio del (21 January 2018).
"Bajo el chantaje de la Justicia Francesa". Navarra en la Historia (in Spanish). Editorial Almuzara.
ISBN978-84-17229-92-4. Retrieved 20 June 2023. On April 25, 1503, the infant Enrique was born in Sangüesa, who carried the title of Prince of Viana until the death of Queen Catalina (1517).
^Monod, Gabriel; Bémont, Charles; Charléty, Sébastien; Renouvin, Pierre (1901).
Revue historique (in French). Vol. 77. Librairie G. Bailleère. p. 249. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward A.; Pallen, Conde B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (1910).
The Catholic Encyclopedia: Gregory-Infallibility. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 473. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^Sakcinski, Ivan Kukuljević (1886).
Glasoviti hrvati prošlih vjekova (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matice hrvatske. p. 43. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^Jacobs, Henry Eyster; Schmauk, Theodore Emanuel (1898).
The Lutheran Church Review. Vol. 17. Alumni Association of the Lutheran Theological Seminary. p. 689. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^Liliencron, Rochus Freiherr von; Wegele, Franz X. von; Bettelheim, Anton (1893).
Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. p. 339. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
^Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward Aloysius; Pallen, Condé Bénoist; Shahan, Thomas Joseph; Wynne, John Joseph; MacErlean, Andrew Alphonsus (1909).
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