It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Malay in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing
consensus on the
talk page first.
Primary stress Placed before the stressed syllable[12]
Notes
^
abcdef/p/, /t/, /k/ are
unaspirated, as in the
Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are
unreleased[p̚,t̪̚,ʔ̚], with final k being a
glottal stop. /b,d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, [p̚,t̚]. There is no
liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
^
abcdeThe fricatives [f,z,ʃ,x] are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as [
v; otherwise it is [
f. The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
^
abcThe glottal stop [
ʔ is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in
hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs) and rakyat (alternative word of 'people' or 'society'). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
^In traditional Malay areas, the
rhotic consonant/r/ is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, [
ɣ or [
ʁ, and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap [
ɾ or trill [
r. Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced [krəˈtas] or [kərəˈtas].
^
abIn Malaysian, word-final /a/ is often reduced to [
ə.
^
abcd[e,o] are
allophones of /i,u/ in native words in closed final syllables, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loanwords. The diphthongs /ai,au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into [e,o], respectively, especially in
Java.
^The Malay/Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
^
abcd/e,i,o,u/ in
Indonesian language have
laxallophones[ɛ,ɪ,ɔ,ʊ] in
closed final syllables, except that tense [i,u] occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax [ɛ,ɔ] also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
^The Malay /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
^
abcdeThe pronunciation with the lax allophone [ɪ] or [ʊ] only occurs in Indonesian.
^Stress generally falls on the
penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa [
ə, stress shifts to the
antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Malay in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing
consensus on the
talk page first.
Primary stress Placed before the stressed syllable[12]
Notes
^
abcdef/p/, /t/, /k/ are
unaspirated, as in the
Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are
unreleased[p̚,t̪̚,ʔ̚], with final k being a
glottal stop. /b,d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, [p̚,t̚]. There is no
liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
^
abcdeThe fricatives [f,z,ʃ,x] are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as [
v; otherwise it is [
f. The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
^
abcThe glottal stop [
ʔ is an allophone of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in
hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs) and rakyat (alternative word of 'people' or 'society'). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
^In traditional Malay areas, the
rhotic consonant/r/ is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, [
ɣ or [
ʁ, and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap [
ɾ or trill [
r. Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced [krəˈtas] or [kərəˈtas].
^
abIn Malaysian, word-final /a/ is often reduced to [
ə.
^
abcd[e,o] are
allophones of /i,u/ in native words in closed final syllables, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loanwords. The diphthongs /ai,au/, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into [e,o], respectively, especially in
Java.
^The Malay/Indonesian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
^
abcd/e,i,o,u/ in
Indonesian language have
laxallophones[ɛ,ɪ,ɔ,ʊ] in
closed final syllables, except that tense [i,u] occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax [ɛ,ɔ] also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
^The Malay /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of sole (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
^
abcdeThe pronunciation with the lax allophone [ɪ] or [ʊ] only occurs in Indonesian.
^Stress generally falls on the
penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa [
ə, stress shifts to the
antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.