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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents West Frisian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See West Frisian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of West Frisian.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b bak [bak], opdwaan [ˈobdvaːn] [1] bait
ɕ sjonge [ˈɕoŋə] ship, but without labialization and with stronger palatalization
d dei [dai], net dwaan [nɛd dvaːn] [1] duck
dz skodzje [ˈskɔdzjə] between buds and budge ( retracted)
f fet [fɛt] feats
ɡ gau [ɡɔu], [2] ik bin [ɪɡ bɪn] [1] goal
ɣ ploege [ˈpluːɣə], [2] sjoch ien [sjoɣ iən] [1] roughly like go, but without completely
blocking air flow on the g; Spanish amigo
h heal [hɪəl] [3] heal
j jong [joŋ] yard
k kaam [kaːm] school
l lang [laŋ] land
l̩ leppel [ˈlɛpl̩] [4] bottle
m man [mɔn], ynbine [ˈimbinə] [5] man
m̩ iepen [ˈiəpm̩] [4] rhythm
n né [nei] neck
n̩ tiden [ˈtiːdn̩] [4] suddenly
ɲ wenje [ˈvɛɲə] somewhat like canyon
ŋ sang [saŋ], ynkomme [ˈiŋkomə] [5] ring
ŋ̍ rekken [ˈrɛkŋ̍] [4] ring, but longer
p piip [piːp], kob [kop] [6] sport
r ryk [rik], [7] siede [ˈsiərə] [8] trilled R; similar to water ( American English)
r̩ eker [ˈeikr̩] [4]
s sinne [ˈsɪnə] between sip and ship ( retracted)
t tin [tɪn], jild [jɪlt], [6] op dy [op ti] [9] stop
ts tsiis [tsiːs] between cats and catch (retracted)
v iver [ˈiːvər], [10] [11] of bûter [ɔv ˈbutər], [1]
of út [ɔv yt] [1] 		very
ʋ wyn [ʋin] [10] between wine and vine
χ ljocht [ljɔχt], [11] Valkenburg [ˈfalkəbørχ] [6] loch ( Scottish English)
z lêze [ˈlɛːzə], [11] baas die [baːz di], [1]
is yn [ɪz in] [1] 		between zone and genre ( retracted)
ʑ telefyzje [teiləˈfiʑə] genre, but without labialization and with stronger palatalization
Suprasegmentals
ˈ stêd [ˈstɛːt] Primary stress, as in deer /ˈdɪər/
ˌ stedshûs [ˌstɛtsˈhuːs] Secondary stress, as in commandeer
/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
◌̃ ynfalle [ˈĩfɔlə], jûns [jũːs] nasal vowel [12]
Dialectal sounds
IPA Examples English approximation
ɑː maat [mɑːt] [13] father
ɪː beast [bɪːst] [14] kid
øː beuch [bøːχ] [15] [16] roughly like herd
œː töter [ˈtœːtər] [17]
œ skoalle [ˈskœlə] [17] roughly like hurt
ɵ [18]
ɞ [18]
ɔi laitsje [ˈlɔitsjə] [19] choice
uːi [20] to eternity
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Monophthongs
a pak [pak] up
aː faak [faːk] father
ɛ fet [fɛt] bet
ɛː bêd [bɛːt] RP air
ə de [də] [21] about
i dyk [dik] teach
iː tiid [tiːt] [22] tea
ɪ ik [ɪk] sit
ɔ top [tɔp] off
ɔː rôt [rɔːt] RP law
o op [op] for
ø nut [nøt] [21] roughly like hurt
u hoep [hup] rule
uː skoech [skuːχ] [22] [23] fool
y slute [ˈslytə] roughly like cute
yː drúf [dryːf] [23] roughly like cued
Diphthongs (falling)
ai laitsje [ˈlaitsjə] right
aːi kaai [kaːi] tie
ei reek [reik] [24] face
ɛi frij [frɛi] hey
iə bien [biən] [22] [25] RP near
ɪə read [rɪət] [25]
iu ieu [iu] hue
oə boat [boət] [25] RP moor
uə goed [ɡuət] [22] [25]
oi muoie [ˈmwoiə] choice
oːi moai [moːi] boy
ou rook [rouk] [24] goat
ɔu goud [ɡɔut]
øə gleon [ɡløən] roughly like herd
øy deun [døyn] [16] [24] roughly like a yacht
œy jui [jœy]
ui ploeije [ˈpluiə] Rapa Nui
yə flues [flyəs] [25] roughly like RP cure
Diphthongs (rising)
jɛ hjerst [jɛst] [25] yes
jɪ fjild [fjɪlt] [25] roughly like yeast
jø mjuks [mjøks] [25] roughly like Jurgen
wa toar [twar] [25] won
wo spoen [spwon] [25] water

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h The syllable-final (and also word-final) voiceless obstruents [p, t, k, f, s, χ] are voiced to [b, d, ɡ, v, z, ɣ] (note that [χ] is velar when voiced) when the next syllable (including the next word) begins with a voiced stop and, in case of the fricatives [f, s, χ], also when the next word begins with a vowel ( Tiersma (1999:24)).
  2. ^ a b [ɡ] and [ɣ] are allophones of a single phoneme /ɣ/. The plosive [ɡ] appears word-initially and syllable-initially (the latter only when stressed), whereas the fricative [ɣ] occurs elsewhere ( Hoekstra (2001:86), Sipma (1913:15, 17)).
  3. ^ In most dialects, /h/ is deleted before [j] and [w] ( Tiersma (1999:22)).
  4. ^ a b c d e The syllabic nasals [m̩, n̩, ŋ̍] are all phonemically /ən/, whereas the syllabic [l̩, r̩] are phonemically /əl, ər/. To read about their exact distribution, see e.g. Sipma (1913:36). The only sonorants that cannot be syllabic are [ʋ, j].
  5. ^ a b Apart from being the phonetic realization of the phonemes /m, ŋ/, [m, ŋ] occur as allophones of /n/ before, bilabial and velar consonants ( Tiersma (1999:24)).
  6. ^ a b c Word-final /b, d/ are realized as voiceless p, t ( van der Veen (2001:104)). Note, however, that final /b/ is rare ( Tiersma (1999:21)), and that in loanwords from Standard Dutch, final /ɣ/ can also appear, and is also devoiced and retracted to [ χ.
  7. ^ /r/ is silent before other alveolar consonants, i.e. /n, t, d, s, z, l/ ( Tiersma (1999:28–29), Keil (2003:8)). An exception to this rule are recent loanwords from Standard Dutch (e.g. sport), which may or may not be pronounced with [r] ( Tiersma (1999:29)).
  8. ^ Intervocalic ⟨d⟩, as well as the sequence ⟨rd⟩ are often rhotacized to /r/ ( Tiersma (1999:21)).
  9. ^ In various pronouns and function words, the initial /d/ becomes voiceless [t] when a voiceless obstruent ends the preceding word ( Tiersma (1999:24)).
  10. ^ a b Both [ʋ] and [v] can be regarded as allophones of a single phoneme /v/, though [v] is the most common realization. The approximant [ʋ] can appear word-initially, whereas the fricative [v] occurs elsewhere ( Keil (2003:7)).
  11. ^ a b c Among fricatives, neither the voiced /z/ nor the voiceless /χ/ can occur word-initially ( Sipma (1913:16–17)).
  12. ^ When a sequence of any vowel and /n/ occurs before any continuant besides /h/ (that is, /f, v, ʋ, s, z, r, l, j/), it is realized as a nasalized vowel. When the following consonant is /s/, such a nasalized vowel is also lengthened (but only in stressed syllables ( Hoekstra (2001:86))), so that e.g. jûns (phonemically /juns/) is pronounced [jũːs], whereas prins (phonemically /prɪns/) is pronounced [prẽːs]. One exception to this lengthening rule is that when a short vowel precedes the sequence /nst/ in the second person singular verb form (as in winsʋ [vɪ̃st]), it is kept short by most speakers ( Tiersma (1999:13)). It is unclear whether the lengthened short monophthongs /ɪ, ø/ (/o/ cannot be lengthened) are phonetically long monophthongs or diphthongs (as it is the case with the oral /eː, øː/), hence the transcription [prẽːs] rather than [prẽĩs].
  13. ^ /ɑː/ has a phonemic status in the Aastersk dialect ( van der Veen (2001:102)).
  14. ^ /ɪː/ has a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers dialect ( van der Veen (2001:102)).
  15. ^ [øː] is the Hindeloopers realization of /øː/. In other dialects, /øː/ is commonly slightly diphthongal [øy] ( van der Veen (2001:102)).
  16. ^ a b Nearly all words with /øː/ are loanwords from Standard Dutch ( Visser (1997:17)).
  17. ^ a b The open-mid front rounded vowels /œ, œː/ have a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers and Súdwesthoeksk dialects, but not in the standard language ( Hoekstra (2001:83), van der Veen (2001:102)).
  18. ^ a b [ɵ] and [ɞ] are the southwestern realizations of, respectively, /wo/ and /wa/ ( Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)).
  19. ^ [ɔi] is a dialectal realization of /ai/ ( Booij (1989:319)).
  20. ^ In some dialects, /ui/ and /uːi/ are distinct phonemes. In the standard language, however, only /ui/ appears ( Tiersma (1999:12)).
  21. ^ a b Phonetically, /ə/ and /ø/ are quite similar, but the former appears only in unstressed syllables ( Tiersma (1999:11)).
  22. ^ a b c d Some speakers merge the long vowels /iː, uː/ with the centering diphthongs /iə, uə/ ( Visser (1997:24)).
  23. ^ a b The long close rounded vowels /uː, yː/ do not appear in the dialect of Leeuwarden ( van der Veen (2001:102)).
  24. ^ a b c Even though they pattern with monophthongs, the long close-mid vowels /eː, øː, oː/ are often realized as narrow closing diphthongs (( Visser (1997:22–23), Tiersma (1999:10–11))), and that is how we transcribe them here.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The falling diphthongs [iə, ɪə, oə, uə, yə] alternate with the rising diphthongs [jɪ, jɛ, wa, wo, jø] in the phenomenon called breaking. The [yə−jø] alternation occurs only in the word pair sluere−slurkje ( Booij (1989:319)).

Bibliography

  • Booij, Geert (1989). "On the representation of diphthongs in Frisian". Journal of Linguistics. 25 (2): 319–332. doi: 10.1017/S0022226700014122. hdl: 1887/11157. JSTOR  4176008. S2CID  56105447.
  • Hoekstra, Eric (2003). "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay" (PDF). Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present. Vol. 18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 193–209. ISBN  978-90-272-1856-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Hoekstra, Jarich (2001). "12. Standard West Frisian". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.). Handbook of Frisian studies. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 83–98. ISBN  3-484-73048-X. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Hof, Jan Jelles (1933). Friesche Dialectgeographie (PDF) (in Dutch). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Keil, Benjamin (2003). "Frisian phonology" (PDF). Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Sipma, Pieter (1913). Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian. London: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications]. Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.). Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy. ISBN  90-6171-886-4.
  • van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001). "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.). Handbook of Frisian studies. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 98–116. ISBN  3-484-73048-X. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Visser, Willem (1997). The Syllable in Frisian (PDF) (PhD). Leiden: Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics. ISBN  90-5569-030-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Vissner, Willem. "The labial fricatives". Taalportaal. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

See also

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Help:IPA/West_Frisian&oldid=1190878130"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
< Help:IPA
(Redirected from H:IPA-FY)

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents West Frisian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See West Frisian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of West Frisian.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b bak [bak], opdwaan [ˈobdvaːn] [1] bait
ɕ sjonge [ˈɕoŋə] ship, but without labialization and with stronger palatalization
d dei [dai], net dwaan [nɛd dvaːn] [1] duck
dz skodzje [ˈskɔdzjə] between buds and budge ( retracted)
f fet [fɛt] feats
ɡ gau [ɡɔu], [2] ik bin [ɪɡ bɪn] [1] goal
ɣ ploege [ˈpluːɣə], [2] sjoch ien [sjoɣ iən] [1] roughly like go, but without completely
blocking air flow on the g; Spanish amigo
h heal [hɪəl] [3] heal
j jong [joŋ] yard
k kaam [kaːm] school
l lang [laŋ] land
l̩ leppel [ˈlɛpl̩] [4] bottle
m man [mɔn], ynbine [ˈimbinə] [5] man
m̩ iepen [ˈiəpm̩] [4] rhythm
n né [nei] neck
n̩ tiden [ˈtiːdn̩] [4] suddenly
ɲ wenje [ˈvɛɲə] somewhat like canyon
ŋ sang [saŋ], ynkomme [ˈiŋkomə] [5] ring
ŋ̍ rekken [ˈrɛkŋ̍] [4] ring, but longer
p piip [piːp], kob [kop] [6] sport
r ryk [rik], [7] siede [ˈsiərə] [8] trilled R; similar to water ( American English)
r̩ eker [ˈeikr̩] [4]
s sinne [ˈsɪnə] between sip and ship ( retracted)
t tin [tɪn], jild [jɪlt], [6] op dy [op ti] [9] stop
ts tsiis [tsiːs] between cats and catch (retracted)
v iver [ˈiːvər], [10] [11] of bûter [ɔv ˈbutər], [1]
of út [ɔv yt] [1] 		very
ʋ wyn [ʋin] [10] between wine and vine
χ ljocht [ljɔχt], [11] Valkenburg [ˈfalkəbørχ] [6] loch ( Scottish English)
z lêze [ˈlɛːzə], [11] baas die [baːz di], [1]
is yn [ɪz in] [1] 		between zone and genre ( retracted)
ʑ telefyzje [teiləˈfiʑə] genre, but without labialization and with stronger palatalization
Suprasegmentals
ˈ stêd [ˈstɛːt] Primary stress, as in deer /ˈdɪər/
ˌ stedshûs [ˌstɛtsˈhuːs] Secondary stress, as in commandeer
/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
◌̃ ynfalle [ˈĩfɔlə], jûns [jũːs] nasal vowel [12]
Dialectal sounds
IPA Examples English approximation
ɑː maat [mɑːt] [13] father
ɪː beast [bɪːst] [14] kid
øː beuch [bøːχ] [15] [16] roughly like herd
œː töter [ˈtœːtər] [17]
œ skoalle [ˈskœlə] [17] roughly like hurt
ɵ [18]
ɞ [18]
ɔi laitsje [ˈlɔitsjə] [19] choice
uːi [20] to eternity
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Monophthongs
a pak [pak] up
aː faak [faːk] father
ɛ fet [fɛt] bet
ɛː bêd [bɛːt] RP air
ə de [də] [21] about
i dyk [dik] teach
iː tiid [tiːt] [22] tea
ɪ ik [ɪk] sit
ɔ top [tɔp] off
ɔː rôt [rɔːt] RP law
o op [op] for
ø nut [nøt] [21] roughly like hurt
u hoep [hup] rule
uː skoech [skuːχ] [22] [23] fool
y slute [ˈslytə] roughly like cute
yː drúf [dryːf] [23] roughly like cued
Diphthongs (falling)
ai laitsje [ˈlaitsjə] right
aːi kaai [kaːi] tie
ei reek [reik] [24] face
ɛi frij [frɛi] hey
iə bien [biən] [22] [25] RP near
ɪə read [rɪət] [25]
iu ieu [iu] hue
oə boat [boət] [25] RP moor
uə goed [ɡuət] [22] [25]
oi muoie [ˈmwoiə] choice
oːi moai [moːi] boy
ou rook [rouk] [24] goat
ɔu goud [ɡɔut]
øə gleon [ɡløən] roughly like herd
øy deun [døyn] [16] [24] roughly like a yacht
œy jui [jœy]
ui ploeije [ˈpluiə] Rapa Nui
yə flues [flyəs] [25] roughly like RP cure
Diphthongs (rising)
jɛ hjerst [jɛst] [25] yes
jɪ fjild [fjɪlt] [25] roughly like yeast
jø mjuks [mjøks] [25] roughly like Jurgen
wa toar [twar] [25] won
wo spoen [spwon] [25] water

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h The syllable-final (and also word-final) voiceless obstruents [p, t, k, f, s, χ] are voiced to [b, d, ɡ, v, z, ɣ] (note that [χ] is velar when voiced) when the next syllable (including the next word) begins with a voiced stop and, in case of the fricatives [f, s, χ], also when the next word begins with a vowel ( Tiersma (1999:24)).
  2. ^ a b [ɡ] and [ɣ] are allophones of a single phoneme /ɣ/. The plosive [ɡ] appears word-initially and syllable-initially (the latter only when stressed), whereas the fricative [ɣ] occurs elsewhere ( Hoekstra (2001:86), Sipma (1913:15, 17)).
  3. ^ In most dialects, /h/ is deleted before [j] and [w] ( Tiersma (1999:22)).
  4. ^ a b c d e The syllabic nasals [m̩, n̩, ŋ̍] are all phonemically /ən/, whereas the syllabic [l̩, r̩] are phonemically /əl, ər/. To read about their exact distribution, see e.g. Sipma (1913:36). The only sonorants that cannot be syllabic are [ʋ, j].
  5. ^ a b Apart from being the phonetic realization of the phonemes /m, ŋ/, [m, ŋ] occur as allophones of /n/ before, bilabial and velar consonants ( Tiersma (1999:24)).
  6. ^ a b c Word-final /b, d/ are realized as voiceless p, t ( van der Veen (2001:104)). Note, however, that final /b/ is rare ( Tiersma (1999:21)), and that in loanwords from Standard Dutch, final /ɣ/ can also appear, and is also devoiced and retracted to [ χ.
  7. ^ /r/ is silent before other alveolar consonants, i.e. /n, t, d, s, z, l/ ( Tiersma (1999:28–29), Keil (2003:8)). An exception to this rule are recent loanwords from Standard Dutch (e.g. sport), which may or may not be pronounced with [r] ( Tiersma (1999:29)).
  8. ^ Intervocalic ⟨d⟩, as well as the sequence ⟨rd⟩ are often rhotacized to /r/ ( Tiersma (1999:21)).
  9. ^ In various pronouns and function words, the initial /d/ becomes voiceless [t] when a voiceless obstruent ends the preceding word ( Tiersma (1999:24)).
  10. ^ a b Both [ʋ] and [v] can be regarded as allophones of a single phoneme /v/, though [v] is the most common realization. The approximant [ʋ] can appear word-initially, whereas the fricative [v] occurs elsewhere ( Keil (2003:7)).
  11. ^ a b c Among fricatives, neither the voiced /z/ nor the voiceless /χ/ can occur word-initially ( Sipma (1913:16–17)).
  12. ^ When a sequence of any vowel and /n/ occurs before any continuant besides /h/ (that is, /f, v, ʋ, s, z, r, l, j/), it is realized as a nasalized vowel. When the following consonant is /s/, such a nasalized vowel is also lengthened (but only in stressed syllables ( Hoekstra (2001:86))), so that e.g. jûns (phonemically /juns/) is pronounced [jũːs], whereas prins (phonemically /prɪns/) is pronounced [prẽːs]. One exception to this lengthening rule is that when a short vowel precedes the sequence /nst/ in the second person singular verb form (as in winsʋ [vɪ̃st]), it is kept short by most speakers ( Tiersma (1999:13)). It is unclear whether the lengthened short monophthongs /ɪ, ø/ (/o/ cannot be lengthened) are phonetically long monophthongs or diphthongs (as it is the case with the oral /eː, øː/), hence the transcription [prẽːs] rather than [prẽĩs].
  13. ^ /ɑː/ has a phonemic status in the Aastersk dialect ( van der Veen (2001:102)).
  14. ^ /ɪː/ has a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers dialect ( van der Veen (2001:102)).
  15. ^ [øː] is the Hindeloopers realization of /øː/. In other dialects, /øː/ is commonly slightly diphthongal [øy] ( van der Veen (2001:102)).
  16. ^ a b Nearly all words with /øː/ are loanwords from Standard Dutch ( Visser (1997:17)).
  17. ^ a b The open-mid front rounded vowels /œ, œː/ have a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers and Súdwesthoeksk dialects, but not in the standard language ( Hoekstra (2001:83), van der Veen (2001:102)).
  18. ^ a b [ɵ] and [ɞ] are the southwestern realizations of, respectively, /wo/ and /wa/ ( Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)).
  19. ^ [ɔi] is a dialectal realization of /ai/ ( Booij (1989:319)).
  20. ^ In some dialects, /ui/ and /uːi/ are distinct phonemes. In the standard language, however, only /ui/ appears ( Tiersma (1999:12)).
  21. ^ a b Phonetically, /ə/ and /ø/ are quite similar, but the former appears only in unstressed syllables ( Tiersma (1999:11)).
  22. ^ a b c d Some speakers merge the long vowels /iː, uː/ with the centering diphthongs /iə, uə/ ( Visser (1997:24)).
  23. ^ a b The long close rounded vowels /uː, yː/ do not appear in the dialect of Leeuwarden ( van der Veen (2001:102)).
  24. ^ a b c Even though they pattern with monophthongs, the long close-mid vowels /eː, øː, oː/ are often realized as narrow closing diphthongs (( Visser (1997:22–23), Tiersma (1999:10–11))), and that is how we transcribe them here.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The falling diphthongs [iə, ɪə, oə, uə, yə] alternate with the rising diphthongs [jɪ, jɛ, wa, wo, jø] in the phenomenon called breaking. The [yə−jø] alternation occurs only in the word pair sluere−slurkje ( Booij (1989:319)).

Bibliography

  • Booij, Geert (1989). "On the representation of diphthongs in Frisian". Journal of Linguistics. 25 (2): 319–332. doi: 10.1017/S0022226700014122. hdl: 1887/11157. JSTOR  4176008. S2CID  56105447.
  • Hoekstra, Eric (2003). "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay" (PDF). Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present. Vol. 18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 193–209. ISBN  978-90-272-1856-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Hoekstra, Jarich (2001). "12. Standard West Frisian". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.). Handbook of Frisian studies. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 83–98. ISBN  3-484-73048-X. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Hof, Jan Jelles (1933). Friesche Dialectgeographie (PDF) (in Dutch). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Keil, Benjamin (2003). "Frisian phonology" (PDF). Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Sipma, Pieter (1913). Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian. London: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications]. Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.). Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy. ISBN  90-6171-886-4.
  • van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001). "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects". In Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.). Handbook of Frisian studies. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH. pp. 98–116. ISBN  3-484-73048-X. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Visser, Willem (1997). The Syllable in Frisian (PDF) (PhD). Leiden: Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics. ISBN  90-5569-030-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  • Vissner, Willem. "The labial fricatives". Taalportaal. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

See also

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