Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Baciguent, Baciim, others |
AHFS/ Drugs.com | Monograph |
Pregnancy category |
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Routes of administration | Topical, intramuscular, Ophthalmic drug administration |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Identifiers | |
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CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C66H103N17O16S |
Molar mass | 1422.71 g·mol−1 |
3D model ( JSmol) | |
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(what is this?) (verify) |
Bacitracin [1] is a polypeptide antibiotic. It is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by Bacillus licheniformis bacteria, that was first isolated from the variety "Tracy I" ( ATCC 10716) in 1945. [2] These peptides disrupt gram-positive bacteria by interfering with cell wall and peptidoglycan synthesis.
Bacitracin is primarily used as a topical preparation, as it can cause kidney damage when used internally. [3] It is generally safe when used topically, but in rare cases may cause hypersensitivity, allergic or anaphylactic reactions, especially in people allergic to neomycin. [4] [5]
In 2021, it was the 300th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 400,000 prescriptions. [6] [7]
Bacitracin is used in human medicine as a polypeptide antibiotic and is "approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in chickens and turkeys," though use in animals contributes to antibiotic resistance. [8]
As bacitracin zinc salt, in combination with other topical antibiotics (usually polymyxin B and neomycin) as an ointment ("triple antibiotic ointment," with the brand name Neosporin), it is used for topical treatment of a variety of localized skin and eye infections, as well as for the prevention of wound infections. A non-ointment form of ophthalmic solution is also available for eye infections. [9]
Bacitracin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. It targets gram-positive bacteria, especially those that cause skin infections. The following represents susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms. [10]
Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, and a related molecule known as bactoprenol pyrophosphate; both of these lipids function as membrane carrier molecules that transport the building-blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane. [11]
Bacitracin was isolated by Balbina Johnson, a bacteriologist at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. [12] Its name derives from the fact that a compound produced by a microbe in young Margaret Tracy's (1936–1994) [13] leg injury showed antibacterial activity. [14]
One strain isolated from tissue debrided from a compound fracture of the tibia was particularly active. We named this growth-antagonistic strain for the patient, "Tracy I." When cell-free filtrates of broth cultures of this bacillus proved to possess strong antibiotic activity and to be non-toxic, further study seemed warranted. We have called this active principle "Bacitracin. [12]
Bacitracin was approved by the US FDA in 1948. [15]
Bacitracin is synthesised via nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which means that ribosomes are not directly involved in its synthesis. The three-enzyme operon is called BacABC, not to be confused with BacABCDE of bacilycin synthesis. [16]
Bacitracin is composed of a mixture of related compounds with varying degrees of antibacterial activity. Notable fractions include bacitracin A, A1, B, B1, B2, C, D, E, F, G, and X. [17] Bacitracin A has been found to have the most antibacterial activity. Bacitracin B1 and B2 have similar potencies and are approximately 90% as active as bacitracin A. [18]
Claims that bacitracin is a protein disulfide isomerase inhibitor are disputed by in vitro studies. [19] [20]
Clinical data | |
---|---|
Trade names | Baciguent, Baciim, others |
AHFS/ Drugs.com | Monograph |
Pregnancy category |
|
Routes of administration | Topical, intramuscular, Ophthalmic drug administration |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Identifiers | |
| |
CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C66H103N17O16S |
Molar mass | 1422.71 g·mol−1 |
3D model ( JSmol) | |
| |
| |
(what is this?) (verify) |
Bacitracin [1] is a polypeptide antibiotic. It is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by Bacillus licheniformis bacteria, that was first isolated from the variety "Tracy I" ( ATCC 10716) in 1945. [2] These peptides disrupt gram-positive bacteria by interfering with cell wall and peptidoglycan synthesis.
Bacitracin is primarily used as a topical preparation, as it can cause kidney damage when used internally. [3] It is generally safe when used topically, but in rare cases may cause hypersensitivity, allergic or anaphylactic reactions, especially in people allergic to neomycin. [4] [5]
In 2021, it was the 300th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 400,000 prescriptions. [6] [7]
Bacitracin is used in human medicine as a polypeptide antibiotic and is "approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in chickens and turkeys," though use in animals contributes to antibiotic resistance. [8]
As bacitracin zinc salt, in combination with other topical antibiotics (usually polymyxin B and neomycin) as an ointment ("triple antibiotic ointment," with the brand name Neosporin), it is used for topical treatment of a variety of localized skin and eye infections, as well as for the prevention of wound infections. A non-ointment form of ophthalmic solution is also available for eye infections. [9]
Bacitracin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. It targets gram-positive bacteria, especially those that cause skin infections. The following represents susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms. [10]
Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, and a related molecule known as bactoprenol pyrophosphate; both of these lipids function as membrane carrier molecules that transport the building-blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane. [11]
Bacitracin was isolated by Balbina Johnson, a bacteriologist at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. [12] Its name derives from the fact that a compound produced by a microbe in young Margaret Tracy's (1936–1994) [13] leg injury showed antibacterial activity. [14]
One strain isolated from tissue debrided from a compound fracture of the tibia was particularly active. We named this growth-antagonistic strain for the patient, "Tracy I." When cell-free filtrates of broth cultures of this bacillus proved to possess strong antibiotic activity and to be non-toxic, further study seemed warranted. We have called this active principle "Bacitracin. [12]
Bacitracin was approved by the US FDA in 1948. [15]
Bacitracin is synthesised via nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which means that ribosomes are not directly involved in its synthesis. The three-enzyme operon is called BacABC, not to be confused with BacABCDE of bacilycin synthesis. [16]
Bacitracin is composed of a mixture of related compounds with varying degrees of antibacterial activity. Notable fractions include bacitracin A, A1, B, B1, B2, C, D, E, F, G, and X. [17] Bacitracin A has been found to have the most antibacterial activity. Bacitracin B1 and B2 have similar potencies and are approximately 90% as active as bacitracin A. [18]
Claims that bacitracin is a protein disulfide isomerase inhibitor are disputed by in vitro studies. [19] [20]