March 17 – Leaders of the
Amboise conspiracy, including Godefroy de Barry, seigneur de La Renaudie, make an unsuccessful attempt to storm the château of
Amboise, where the young French king and queen are residing.[3] La Renaudie is subsequently caught and executed, along with over 1,000 of his followers.[4]
July 6 – The
Treaty of Edinburgh is signed between England, France and Scotland, ending the
Siege of Leith. The French withdraw from Scotland, largely ending the Auld Alliance between the two countries, and also ending the wars between England and its northern neighbour.[8]
October 4 – Queen Elizabeth of England notifies the official treasurers and Lords Mayor throughout the kingdom that the existing coins will be replaced and that those in circulation are to be devalued, to be stricken with a special mark to indicate lesser worth. Treasurers are all instructed to send the coins withdrawn from circulation to be sent to the Royal Mint to be melted down for the new coins.[13]
October 19 – The siege of Castle Semple ends after 31 days when the defenders wave the white flag of surrender.[14]
November 8 –
Eloy Mestrelle is given authority to commence the production of the new English coinage on machines he has brought over from France for the purpose of mass production.[15]
March 23 –
Lope de Aguirre, a
Basque Spanish conquistador, begins a rebellion against the Spanish Crown in an attempt to take over most of Spanish South America.[25]
April 14 – The citizens of
Nuremberg see what appears to be
an aerial battle, followed by the appearance of a large black triangular object and a large crash (with smoke) outside the city. A news notice (an early form of newspaper) is printed on April 14, describing the event.[27]
April 19 – The
Edict of 19 April, confirming the recent recommendation by the
Estates General, is promulgated by the regency council for King
Charles IX of France in an attempt to prevent a civil war between the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Huguenot citizens of France[28]
June 25 –
Francis Coxe, an English astrologer, is pilloried at
Cheapside in London, and makes a public confession of his involvement in "sinistral and divelysh artes".[31]
William Baldwin's Beware the Cat (written early
1553), an early example of extended fiction (specifically
horror fiction) in English, is published anonymously in
London. This edition appears to have been suppressed, and no copies survive.[39]
Between 1561 and
1670, 3,229 alleged witches are executed in southwestern
Germany, most by burning.
March 24 – Portuguese Navy Captain Álvaro de Carvalho reaches Mazagan in Morocco with a relief force that includes 600 well-equipped troops.1562 – O Triunfo Português no Grande Cerco a Mazagão in Barlavento Another force of 1,565 volunteers arrives on March 26 from
Lisbon.[42]
May 5 – Prince Abdullah of Morocco withdraws his troops after seeing no way to overcome Portuguese defenses at Marzagan.[46]
May 28 – The
Siege of Rouen as
Claude, Duke of Aumale, leads 3,000 French government troops against the Huguenot fortress at
Rouen. The siege lasts for five months. He orders a retreat in June but returns on 29 July with a larger force and heavier artillery.[47]
June 10 – English Catholic printer
Thomas Somerset is jailed at
Fleet Prison "for translating an oratyon out of Frenche, made by the Cardinall of Lorraine, and putting the same without authority in prynte." On June 27, he is summoned before the Lords of the Council for a parole hearing, but is turned down because "he seamed to go about to justifye his cause" and returned to Fleet, "there to remaine until he shall have better considered of himself." He remains imprisoned for more than 19 years before finally being released on February 28, 1582.[48]
June 17 Full moon of Waso 924 ME– King
King Bayinnaung of Burma establishes an army garrison at
Dawei in preparation for an attack against the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya.[50]
August 3 – A severe hailstorm causes serious damage in the German town of
Wiesensteig, and leads a few days later to the demand of Mayor Ulrich von Helfenstein for the arrest of several women on
charges of practicing witchcraft. Six of the women are executed the first of 63 women and men put to death after being convicted of practicing sorcery.[51]
August 24 – In the French city of
Bar-sur-Seine, at least
300 Huguenots are massacred by Catholic soldiers after their success in reconquering the citadel there. The killing occurs nine days after the burning alive of 94 Huguenots at
Lauzerte.
October 19 –
La Herradura naval disaster: Twenty-five ships sink in a storm off of the coast of Spain in the bay of
La Herradura, where 28 ships had been anchored to weather the elements. At least 3,000 people are killed, and perhaps as many as 5,000, while another 2,000 survivors, mostly slaves on the galleys, are able to escape to shore.[54][55]
October – Privateer
John Hawkins undertakes the first of several
slave trading voyages, attacking Portuguese
slave ships off the West African coast and forcibly transporting the enslaved Africans onboard to
Spanish colonies in the Americas to sell. Hawkins arrives at the island of
Hispaniola in the
Spanish West Indies, where he illicitly sells the enslaved Africans to local colonists, as his presence is technically in violation of Spanish law.[56]
December 19 –
Battle of Dreux: Huguenot and Catholic forces fight a bloody battle, narrowly won by the Catholic side. The official leaders of both armies are captured in the battle.[58]
The
Pünte at Wiltshausen, a small, hand-operated ferry, which becomes a historic monument in the late 20th century, is first recorded.
The Portuguese army is defeated at the
Battle of Mulleriyawa, Sri Lanka, at the hand of the Sitawaka army commanded by Prince Tikiri Bandara (King Rajasinghe), leaving 1600 dead. This is considered the worst defeat the Portuguese have suffered up to this time.
An arsenal in Paris explodes. As recorded by
Ambroise Paré in The Workes of Ambrose Parey: "In the yeare of our Lord 1562, a quantity of this pouder [gunpowder] which was not very great, taking fire by accident in the Arcenall of Paris, caused such a tempest that the whole city shook, but it quite overturned many of the neighboring houses, and shook off the tiles and broke the windows of those which were further away; and to conclude, like a storm of lightning, it laid many here and there for dead, some lost their sight, others their hearing, and others their limbs were torn apart as if they had been rent with wild horses" (p.415).
April 10 – Royal assent is given by Queen Elizabeth of England to parliamentary approval of multiple laws, including the
Highways Act 1562 (requiring all householders in a parish to provide six days labor per year on building highways); the
Poor Act 1562 (providing for fines for persons who refuse to contribute to a fund for relief of the poor); the
Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 (making refusal to swear allegiance to the monarch punishable as treason); and the
Witchcraft Act 1562 (limiting the death penalty for witchcraft to cases where a defendant caused another person's death)
April 23 – The cornerstone is laid for the construction of
El Escorial, the royal palace for the monarch of Spain.[69] Construction will not be finished for 21 more years, with completion on September 13, 1584.
May 5 (3rd day of 4th month,
Eiroku 6) – The Battle of Yudokoru takes place in Japan at the
Inaba Province (now the eastern
Tottori Prefecture) as Takanobu Takeda defeats the shogun Toyokazu Yamana
November 9 – The Army of Sweden, under the command of King
King Erik XIV, suffers a severe defeat in the
Battle of Mared against the Army of Denmark, commanded by
King Frederik II.[76] In the battle, near what is now the city of
Oskarström in Sweden, the Swedes suffer at least 2,500 casualties. The Swedish Army is able to retreat and rebuild, but the Danes plunder the village of
Övraby, which is never rebuilt.
December 4 – The
Council of Trent (which had opened on
December 13,
1545) officially closes.[77] It reaffirms all major
Roman Catholic doctrines, and declares the
Deuterocanonical books of the
Old Testament to be
canonical, along with the rest of the
Bible. Chapter 1, Session 24, promulgates the decree Tametsi, stipulating that for a marriage to be valid, consent (the essence of marriage) as expressed in the vows has to be given publicly before witnesses, one of whom has to be the parish priest.
February 7 (11th waning of Tabodwe 925 ME) –
Burmese–Siamese War: Invaders from Burma overcome the seaside defenses of the Siamese capital at
Ayutthava, capturing the batteries of cannons and a set of ships sent by
Portugal to help defend the kingdom.[79]
April 20 – French explorer
René Goulaine de Laudonnière and a group of 300 Huguenot Protestants depart from
Le Havre on three ships (L'Élisabeth , Le Faucon and Le Breton) to colonize what is now the U.S. state of Florida.[82]
May 31 – The
Swedish warship Mars, flagship of the Swedish Navy, catches fire while fighting against the navy of Denmark in the
battle of Öland off of the coast of the island of the same name in the
Baltic Sea, and sinks along with its crew of 350 sailors and 450 soldiers it had been transporting. The wreckage of the ship will go undiscovered for 447 years until being found on August 19, 2011.[83]
June 22 –
French settlers abandon
Charlesfort, the first French attempt at colonizing what is now the United States, and, with the help of a relief force commanded by René Goulaine, establish
Fort Caroline in
Florida, near what is now the city of
Jacksonville.[84]
July–September
July 2 In India, the Mughal Emperor Akbar departs from the capital,
Agra (now located in the state of
Uttar Pradesh on the pretext of hunting elephants, in order to conceal his true purpose of punishing the rebel governor of Malwa, Abdullah Khan Ubzeg.[85]
August 6 – In India
Akbar, ruler of the
Mughal Empire, defeats the rebellious governor of Malwa, Abdullah Khan Uzbeg. The defeat comes the day after the Imperial Army's arrival at
Indore, now in the Indian state of
Madhya Pradesh.
August 14 – Sweden's Army fights
a second naval battle at Öland against Denmark and captures three Danish Navy ships (Böse Lejonet, Morian, and David) and 600 men.
October 10 –
Lucrezia Di Siena, the first well-known female actress in Europe, begins her career by signing a contract with the Commedia dell'arte theatre company in Rome.
October 23 – King
Bayinnaung of Burma leads 64,000 men, 3,600 horses and 330 elephants on an invasion of the
Lan Na kingdom (now part of
Laos.[89]
October 30 – The Duchy of
Savoy signs the Treaty of Lausanne with the Swiss
canton of Bern and relinquishes all claims to the canton of
Vaud.
November 25 – When four divisions of the Burmese Army arrive at
Lamphun, 12.5 miles (20.1 km) from
Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai's defenses flee the city.[89] Bayinnaung spares the life of King Mekuti of Lan Na, and then spends next four months administering the annexed territory.
December 3 –
Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of all the Russias, sends his government a letter of abdication, ostensibly because of embezzlement and treason by the aristocracy and the clergy.[92] Ivan leaves
Moscow and moves to the city of
Alexandrovskaya Sloboda, taking with him the relics of the palace and most of his royal court, until being persuaded to return in February on the promise that he will have absolute power.
December 7 – King
Charles IX of France agrees to the terms of a treaty with the cantons of Switzerland, agreeing for French payment of debts owed to the Swiss for loans made to Charles's father,
King Henri II.[93]
Date unknown
The first recorded report is made of a "
rat king".[94]
August 31 –
Chaseabout Raid: Moray and at least 1,000 of his rebels arrive in
Edinburgh for a confrontation with the Scottish crown. After cannon fire from Edinburgh Castle, the rebels retreat toward England to seek help. The rebellion is ended by the end of September.
February 24 – In one of the first gun assassinations in Japanese (if not world) history,
Mimura Iechika, the
daimyō (warlord) of the
Bitchū Province, is shot dead by two brothers (Endo Matajiro and Yoshijiro), sent by his rival
Ukita Naoie.
Charles IX, King of France, completes his
grand tour of his kingdom, returning to
Paris a little more than 27 months and 2,500 miles (4,000 km) after his departure on January 24, 1564.[127]
May 25 – King Philip II of Spain issues
laws against the remaining Spanish Muslims, including a ban against use of the
Arabic language, wearing of traditional Arab or Muslim clothing, a requirement that doors in their homes and buildings be kept open every Friday and on Muslim feast days (in order to verify that Muslim rituals are not observed), and that the tearing down of public and private bathhouses (to prevent purification rites).[129]
May 30 – The Augsburg Imperial Coin Edict issues from the Holy Roman Empire, authorizing a new coin, the thaler. The new unit of money, the
Reichsthaler, follows standards providing that the weight should be based on one-ninth of a
Cologne mark of silver (the "
9 Thaler standard") with each minted coin to weigh 29.23 grams and to contain 25.96 grams of silver.[130] The word thaler, an abbreviation for the "Joachimsthaler" minted from the silver mines at
Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov in the Czech Repbulic), is
anglicized to
dollar, the name of currencies in many English-speaking nations.
July 22 –
Pope Pius V issues an edict to expel most prostitutes from Rome, and the
Papal States.[132] The edict is soon reversed because of the loss of revenue from the taxation of houses of prostitution.[133]
July 25 – Feodor Stefanovich Kolychov is consecrated as the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church as
Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow with the approval of the Tsar Ivan the Terrible,[134] but soon defies the Tsar. Philip will be deposed in 16 months later and put to death on December 23, 1568.
August 10 – The Beeldenstorm, also called the "Iconoclastic Fury", begins as Protestant
Calvinists engage in widespread destruction of religious art in the what are now the Netherlands and Belgium.[138]
September 8 – The
siege of Szigetvár ends in a fierce battle with the annihilation of 2,300 Hungarian and Croatian defenders, including their general,
Nikola Šubić Zrinski, annihilated by an army of 90,000 soldiers of the
Ottoman Empire, under
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha.[141][142] Before charging out with his remaining 600 troops, General Zrinski orders the gates to the fortress to be opened and fires a large cannon, loaded with broken iron, killing hundreds of Ottoman attackers as they enter.[143] As a final measure, according to one source, Zrinski orders a long fuse to be lit to the fortress
gunpowder magazine and the powder explodes while thousands of Ottomans are inside.[143]
October–December
October 2 –
Richard Onslow is elected as the Speaker of the English House of Commons by a vote of 82 to 70.
October 8 –
Catherine of the Austrian Habsburgs, Queen of consort of Poland since 1553 as wife of
Sigismund II Augustus, leaves Poland to return to Austria after the failure of her marriage. She never comes back to Poland, though she remains the official queen consort until her death in 1572.[144]
October 28 – In
Kneiphof, a city in the
Duchy of Prussia (now Ostrov Immanuinga Kanta in Russia),
Albert, Duke of Prussia has three of the town's five councilors beheaded on charges of causing political and religious disputes with the other Prussian states.
Johann Funck, Matthias Horst, and Hans Schnell are executed in the town's marketplace, while
Paul Skalich and Johann Steinbach are able to flee the country.[146]
November 5 – Queen Elizabeth I of England addresses the English Parliament and champions
English nationalism, asking "Was I not born in this realm? Were my parents born in any foreign country? Is there any cause I should alienate myself from being careful over this country? Is not my kingdom here?"[147]
November 23 – By decree of King
Philip II of Spain, the content of gold in the Spanish
gold escudo, is raised from 350 maravedis (equivalent to 338
centigrams) of gold to 400 (386 cg) and equivalent to 16 silver reales.[148]
April 9 – In
India, the
Battle of Thanesar is fought in what is now the Indian state of
Haryana. The Mughal Emperor Akbar, with 300 men, wins a victory over more than 7,000 warriors of the
Sanyasi Hindu sect. Akbar's army has two cannons, 400 rifles and 75 elephants.
April 12 – The
Earl of Bothwell is acquitted on charges of murder in the February 10 killing of
Lord Darnley, the husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Upon acquittal he makes plans to become Mary's new husband.
April 20 – The
Ainslie Tavern Bond is signed by a group of Scottish clerics and nobles recommends Bothwell as an appropriate husband for Queen Mary and approves his acquittal after trial for the murder of her previous husband.[152]
April 24 – Bothwell takes Mary prisoner at his castle at Dunbar after preventing her from traveling from her palace to
Edinburgh, then rapes her.
May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Earl of Bothwell, under duress. [153]
November 10 –
Battle of Saint-Denis:
Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists, falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.[154]
December 4 –
Antão de Noronha,
Viceroy of
Portuguese India (now the Indian state of
Goa) issues decrees prohibiting the public performance of
Hindu rituals for marriages, cremations, and sacred thread wearing. Other rules require all natives 15 or older to attend
Christian religious services, upon penalty of punishment.[155]
December 12 – The Scottish Parliament votes to approve the
Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567, an act regarding the abdication of Mary Queen of Scots in favor of her son
James VI and the coronation of James, and confirms James as the legal ruler.[156] Mary's half brother,
James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, is appointed as the regent to rule on behalf of the 18-month-old King of Scotland. In that Moray is absent from Scotland at the time, the Parliament appoints a committee of seven deputy regents to rule on behalf of Moray's power to rule on behalf of King James.
Although sparse maritime trade existed since its founding, the
Ming dynasty government of China officially revokes the haijin maritime trade ban, reinstating foreign trade with all countries except Japan.[158]
June 1 – A mass execution is carried out in the Spanish Netherlands at
Sablon, near
Brussels, as 18 persons who signed the
Compromise of Nobles on April 5, 1566, are beheaded.[173]
August 18 – The
Third War of Religion begins in France, after an unsuccessful attempt by the Royalists to capture
Condé and Coligny, the Huguenot leaders.
December 24 – The
Morisco Revolt against King Philip II of Spain begins as
Aben Humeya (formerly Fernando de Válor) is proclaimed as King of the Granadan rebels.
January 11 — The first recorded
lottery in
England begins and continues, nonstop, at the west door of
St Paul's Cathedral for almost five months.[184] Each share costs ten
shillings, and proceeds are used to repair harbours, and for other public works.
March 13 –
Battle of Jarnac: Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the
Prince of Condé, who is captured and murdered. A substantial proportion of the Huguenot army manages to escape, under
Gaspard de Coligny.[186]
May 6 – England's St. Paul Cathedral lottery ends with the selection of a winner.[184]
May 8 – King
Bayinnaung of Burma puts down the revolt by Setthathirath of
Lan Xang (now Laos), and ending Lan Xang's attempt to rescue Thailand's Ayutthaya Kingdom from conquest.[187]
May 31 – Kasim Pasha of the Ottoman Empire begins the Ottoman attempt to conquer Astrakhan with tens of thousands of troops and a plan to build a canal between the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea to send Ottoman ships on the conquest.[188] The attempt to build a canal proves to be unfeasible.
July 24 – Huguenot forces under Gaspard II de Coligny and 15-year-old Prince
Henry of Navarre begin the
siege of Poitiers, a Roman Catholic stronghold. The siege fails and the Huguenots depart on September 7.
August 24 –
Battle of Orthez: Huguenot forces under
Gabriel, comte de Montgomery defeat Royalist forces under General Terride, in French Navarre. Catholics surrender under the condition that their lives will be spared. Huguenots agree, but then massacre the Catholics anyway.[191]
September 7 – A Royalist army under the
Duc d'Anjou and Marshal Tavannes forces Coligny to abandon the siege of Poitiers.[192]
November 11 — Danish General
Daniel Rantzau arrives at the Swedish held Varberg castle at
Halland and orders his artillery to shell the castle with cannon fire. The Swedish defenders fire back with their own artillery and Rantzau's head is taken off by a cannonball on the first day.
November 14 — The siege of Varberg Castle by Denmark ends after three days of shelling the Swedish defenders.[197]
December 2 — The Catholic army of the Duc d'Anjou inflicts another defeat on the Huguenots of Coligny, successfully besieging
Saint-Jean-d'Angély.[199]
The trade compact of
1536 is renewed, exempting French merchants from
Ottoman law, and allowing them to travel, buy and sell throughout the
sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.
^John Stow, The Chronicles of England from Brute unto this Present Year of 1580 (Henry Bynneman for Ralph Newbury, Cum Privilegio, London 1580),
p. 1115 (Umich/eebo).
^William M. Metcalfe (1905). A History of the County of Renfrew from the Earliest Times. Alexander Gardener. p. 213.
^Symonds, H. (1916). "The mint of Queen Elizabeth and those who worked there". Spink and Son's Numismatic Circular. 16: 61–105.
^.Roelker, Nancy (1996). One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. University of California Press. p. 251.
ISBN0520086260.
^A. R. MacDonald, 'The Triumph of Protestantism: the burgh council of Edinburgh and the entry of Mary Queen of Scots', Innes Review, 48:1 (Spring 1997), pp. 73-82.
^"Maybole" in Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography, Statistical, Biographical and Historical · Volume 5, ed. by Francis H. Groome (T. C. Jack, 1884) p.15
^Ken Yagita, Kitakyushu Sengoku History (Imai Shoten, 1999) p.67
^Thornton, John (2006): "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", page 447. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47.
^Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen, With Some Account of the First Intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by Way of the Caspian Sea, ed. by E. Delmar Morgan and C. H. Coote · Volume 1 (Burt Franklin, Publisher, 1886)("the 15. day of March, the yeere aforesaid, I dined againe in his maiesties presence in company of an Ambassador of Persia and others... I departed from the citie of Mosco the 27 day of Aprill 1562, downe by the great river of Volga, in company of the said Ambassador of Persia." p.124
^Midelfort, Erik (1972). Witch hunting in southwestern Germany, 1562-1684; the social and intellectual foundations. Stanford University Press. p. 88.
ISBN9780804708050.
^von Adelung, Friedrich (1846). Kritisch-literärische Übersicht der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700, deren Berichte bekannt sind (Critical-literary overview of known reports of travelers in Russia up to 1700) (in German). Saint Petersburg: Eggers. p. 231.
^Vignola. Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture, translated with an introduction by Branko Mitrovic. New York: Acanthus Press, 1999). p. 17.
ISBN0-926494-16-3.
^Collenette, V. G. (1963).
Elizabeth College. The Guernsey Press Co. p. 1. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
^Lavery, Jason (25 October 2021). "Germany's Northern Challenge: The Holy Roman Empire and the Scandinavian Struggle for the Baltic 1563-1576".
Germany's Northern Challenge. Brill. pp. 14–16.
ISBN978-90-04-47570-0. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
^Lizanne Henderson, Witchcraft and Folk Belief in the Age of Enlightenment: Scotland, 1670-1740 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016) p.329
^HALSTEAD, MURAT (1898).
THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES. Our Possessions Publishing Company. p. 269. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible, First Tsar of Russia (Yale University Press, 2005) pp. 176–178
^James Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II (Chicago University Press, 1909) pp.241-242
^Hart, Martin (1982) [c. 1973]. Rats. Allison & Busby. p. 66.
ISBN0-85031-297-3.
^
abPap, Norbert (21 January 2019). "The Pilgrimage Town (Türbe Kasabası) of Sultan Süleyman at Szigetvár".
The Battle for Central Europe. Brill. pp. 539–552.
ISBN978-90-04-39623-4. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^"SELİM II". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^Manuel García Puron, México y sus gobernantes (in Spanish)(Joaquín Porrua Publishing, 1984)
^"Funck, Johann", by Paul Tsackert in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, ed. by Samuel Macauley Jackson (Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1909) pp.410-411
^Elizabeth I: Collected Works, ed. by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose, (University of Chicago Press, 2002), p.95
^"El Marviedi— Su Grandeza y Decadencia", in Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos (March–April, 1905) p.218
^Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots,ed. by Agnes Strickland (Henry Colburn, 1848) p.37
^L. Carington Goodrich and Fang Chaoying, Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 (Columbia University Press, 1976)
^Antonio Jose Saraiva, The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–347
^The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 2007, ed. by K.M. Brown, et al. (St Andrews University, 2007)
^Clark, Roger H.; Pause, Michael (2012). Precedents in architecture : analytic diagrams, formative ideas, and partis (4th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.
ISBN9780470946749.
^Bertrand, Romain (2011). L'Histoire à parts égales. Paris: Seuil. p. 66.
ISBN978-2-02-105017-2.
^Montserrat, Jiménez Sureda (10 September 2021).
Manual d'història de la dona (in Catalan). Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. p. 319.
ISBN978-84-490-9422-4. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
^Mercieca, Simon; Cassar, Frans X. (2015).
Besieged : Malta 1565. Malta Libraries and Heritage Malta Publication. pp. 39–46.
ISBN978-99932-57-31-8. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
^"Jacques Buus". www.mgg-online.com. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
^O'Malley, Charles Donald (1955).
Jacopo Aconcio (in Italian). Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. p. 51. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^Živojin Boškov (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.). Jugoslovenski književni leksikon [Yugoslav Literary Lexicon] (in Serbo-Croatian).
Novi Sad (
SAP Vojvodina,
SR Serbia):
Matica srpska. p. 106.
^Bibliography of the History of Medicine. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. 1964. p. 12. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^Kutter, Markus (1955).
Celio Secondo Curione (in German). Helbing & Lichtenhahn. p. 9. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
^Roig, Adrien (1983).
O teatro clássico em Portugal no século XVI (in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, Ministério da Educação. p. 39. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
March 17 – Leaders of the
Amboise conspiracy, including Godefroy de Barry, seigneur de La Renaudie, make an unsuccessful attempt to storm the château of
Amboise, where the young French king and queen are residing.[3] La Renaudie is subsequently caught and executed, along with over 1,000 of his followers.[4]
July 6 – The
Treaty of Edinburgh is signed between England, France and Scotland, ending the
Siege of Leith. The French withdraw from Scotland, largely ending the Auld Alliance between the two countries, and also ending the wars between England and its northern neighbour.[8]
October 4 – Queen Elizabeth of England notifies the official treasurers and Lords Mayor throughout the kingdom that the existing coins will be replaced and that those in circulation are to be devalued, to be stricken with a special mark to indicate lesser worth. Treasurers are all instructed to send the coins withdrawn from circulation to be sent to the Royal Mint to be melted down for the new coins.[13]
October 19 – The siege of Castle Semple ends after 31 days when the defenders wave the white flag of surrender.[14]
November 8 –
Eloy Mestrelle is given authority to commence the production of the new English coinage on machines he has brought over from France for the purpose of mass production.[15]
March 23 –
Lope de Aguirre, a
Basque Spanish conquistador, begins a rebellion against the Spanish Crown in an attempt to take over most of Spanish South America.[25]
April 14 – The citizens of
Nuremberg see what appears to be
an aerial battle, followed by the appearance of a large black triangular object and a large crash (with smoke) outside the city. A news notice (an early form of newspaper) is printed on April 14, describing the event.[27]
April 19 – The
Edict of 19 April, confirming the recent recommendation by the
Estates General, is promulgated by the regency council for King
Charles IX of France in an attempt to prevent a civil war between the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Huguenot citizens of France[28]
June 25 –
Francis Coxe, an English astrologer, is pilloried at
Cheapside in London, and makes a public confession of his involvement in "sinistral and divelysh artes".[31]
William Baldwin's Beware the Cat (written early
1553), an early example of extended fiction (specifically
horror fiction) in English, is published anonymously in
London. This edition appears to have been suppressed, and no copies survive.[39]
Between 1561 and
1670, 3,229 alleged witches are executed in southwestern
Germany, most by burning.
March 24 – Portuguese Navy Captain Álvaro de Carvalho reaches Mazagan in Morocco with a relief force that includes 600 well-equipped troops.1562 – O Triunfo Português no Grande Cerco a Mazagão in Barlavento Another force of 1,565 volunteers arrives on March 26 from
Lisbon.[42]
May 5 – Prince Abdullah of Morocco withdraws his troops after seeing no way to overcome Portuguese defenses at Marzagan.[46]
May 28 – The
Siege of Rouen as
Claude, Duke of Aumale, leads 3,000 French government troops against the Huguenot fortress at
Rouen. The siege lasts for five months. He orders a retreat in June but returns on 29 July with a larger force and heavier artillery.[47]
June 10 – English Catholic printer
Thomas Somerset is jailed at
Fleet Prison "for translating an oratyon out of Frenche, made by the Cardinall of Lorraine, and putting the same without authority in prynte." On June 27, he is summoned before the Lords of the Council for a parole hearing, but is turned down because "he seamed to go about to justifye his cause" and returned to Fleet, "there to remaine until he shall have better considered of himself." He remains imprisoned for more than 19 years before finally being released on February 28, 1582.[48]
June 17 Full moon of Waso 924 ME– King
King Bayinnaung of Burma establishes an army garrison at
Dawei in preparation for an attack against the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya.[50]
August 3 – A severe hailstorm causes serious damage in the German town of
Wiesensteig, and leads a few days later to the demand of Mayor Ulrich von Helfenstein for the arrest of several women on
charges of practicing witchcraft. Six of the women are executed the first of 63 women and men put to death after being convicted of practicing sorcery.[51]
August 24 – In the French city of
Bar-sur-Seine, at least
300 Huguenots are massacred by Catholic soldiers after their success in reconquering the citadel there. The killing occurs nine days after the burning alive of 94 Huguenots at
Lauzerte.
October 19 –
La Herradura naval disaster: Twenty-five ships sink in a storm off of the coast of Spain in the bay of
La Herradura, where 28 ships had been anchored to weather the elements. At least 3,000 people are killed, and perhaps as many as 5,000, while another 2,000 survivors, mostly slaves on the galleys, are able to escape to shore.[54][55]
October – Privateer
John Hawkins undertakes the first of several
slave trading voyages, attacking Portuguese
slave ships off the West African coast and forcibly transporting the enslaved Africans onboard to
Spanish colonies in the Americas to sell. Hawkins arrives at the island of
Hispaniola in the
Spanish West Indies, where he illicitly sells the enslaved Africans to local colonists, as his presence is technically in violation of Spanish law.[56]
December 19 –
Battle of Dreux: Huguenot and Catholic forces fight a bloody battle, narrowly won by the Catholic side. The official leaders of both armies are captured in the battle.[58]
The
Pünte at Wiltshausen, a small, hand-operated ferry, which becomes a historic monument in the late 20th century, is first recorded.
The Portuguese army is defeated at the
Battle of Mulleriyawa, Sri Lanka, at the hand of the Sitawaka army commanded by Prince Tikiri Bandara (King Rajasinghe), leaving 1600 dead. This is considered the worst defeat the Portuguese have suffered up to this time.
An arsenal in Paris explodes. As recorded by
Ambroise Paré in The Workes of Ambrose Parey: "In the yeare of our Lord 1562, a quantity of this pouder [gunpowder] which was not very great, taking fire by accident in the Arcenall of Paris, caused such a tempest that the whole city shook, but it quite overturned many of the neighboring houses, and shook off the tiles and broke the windows of those which were further away; and to conclude, like a storm of lightning, it laid many here and there for dead, some lost their sight, others their hearing, and others their limbs were torn apart as if they had been rent with wild horses" (p.415).
April 10 – Royal assent is given by Queen Elizabeth of England to parliamentary approval of multiple laws, including the
Highways Act 1562 (requiring all householders in a parish to provide six days labor per year on building highways); the
Poor Act 1562 (providing for fines for persons who refuse to contribute to a fund for relief of the poor); the
Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 (making refusal to swear allegiance to the monarch punishable as treason); and the
Witchcraft Act 1562 (limiting the death penalty for witchcraft to cases where a defendant caused another person's death)
April 23 – The cornerstone is laid for the construction of
El Escorial, the royal palace for the monarch of Spain.[69] Construction will not be finished for 21 more years, with completion on September 13, 1584.
May 5 (3rd day of 4th month,
Eiroku 6) – The Battle of Yudokoru takes place in Japan at the
Inaba Province (now the eastern
Tottori Prefecture) as Takanobu Takeda defeats the shogun Toyokazu Yamana
November 9 – The Army of Sweden, under the command of King
King Erik XIV, suffers a severe defeat in the
Battle of Mared against the Army of Denmark, commanded by
King Frederik II.[76] In the battle, near what is now the city of
Oskarström in Sweden, the Swedes suffer at least 2,500 casualties. The Swedish Army is able to retreat and rebuild, but the Danes plunder the village of
Övraby, which is never rebuilt.
December 4 – The
Council of Trent (which had opened on
December 13,
1545) officially closes.[77] It reaffirms all major
Roman Catholic doctrines, and declares the
Deuterocanonical books of the
Old Testament to be
canonical, along with the rest of the
Bible. Chapter 1, Session 24, promulgates the decree Tametsi, stipulating that for a marriage to be valid, consent (the essence of marriage) as expressed in the vows has to be given publicly before witnesses, one of whom has to be the parish priest.
February 7 (11th waning of Tabodwe 925 ME) –
Burmese–Siamese War: Invaders from Burma overcome the seaside defenses of the Siamese capital at
Ayutthava, capturing the batteries of cannons and a set of ships sent by
Portugal to help defend the kingdom.[79]
April 20 – French explorer
René Goulaine de Laudonnière and a group of 300 Huguenot Protestants depart from
Le Havre on three ships (L'Élisabeth , Le Faucon and Le Breton) to colonize what is now the U.S. state of Florida.[82]
May 31 – The
Swedish warship Mars, flagship of the Swedish Navy, catches fire while fighting against the navy of Denmark in the
battle of Öland off of the coast of the island of the same name in the
Baltic Sea, and sinks along with its crew of 350 sailors and 450 soldiers it had been transporting. The wreckage of the ship will go undiscovered for 447 years until being found on August 19, 2011.[83]
June 22 –
French settlers abandon
Charlesfort, the first French attempt at colonizing what is now the United States, and, with the help of a relief force commanded by René Goulaine, establish
Fort Caroline in
Florida, near what is now the city of
Jacksonville.[84]
July–September
July 2 In India, the Mughal Emperor Akbar departs from the capital,
Agra (now located in the state of
Uttar Pradesh on the pretext of hunting elephants, in order to conceal his true purpose of punishing the rebel governor of Malwa, Abdullah Khan Ubzeg.[85]
August 6 – In India
Akbar, ruler of the
Mughal Empire, defeats the rebellious governor of Malwa, Abdullah Khan Uzbeg. The defeat comes the day after the Imperial Army's arrival at
Indore, now in the Indian state of
Madhya Pradesh.
August 14 – Sweden's Army fights
a second naval battle at Öland against Denmark and captures three Danish Navy ships (Böse Lejonet, Morian, and David) and 600 men.
October 10 –
Lucrezia Di Siena, the first well-known female actress in Europe, begins her career by signing a contract with the Commedia dell'arte theatre company in Rome.
October 23 – King
Bayinnaung of Burma leads 64,000 men, 3,600 horses and 330 elephants on an invasion of the
Lan Na kingdom (now part of
Laos.[89]
October 30 – The Duchy of
Savoy signs the Treaty of Lausanne with the Swiss
canton of Bern and relinquishes all claims to the canton of
Vaud.
November 25 – When four divisions of the Burmese Army arrive at
Lamphun, 12.5 miles (20.1 km) from
Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai's defenses flee the city.[89] Bayinnaung spares the life of King Mekuti of Lan Na, and then spends next four months administering the annexed territory.
December 3 –
Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of all the Russias, sends his government a letter of abdication, ostensibly because of embezzlement and treason by the aristocracy and the clergy.[92] Ivan leaves
Moscow and moves to the city of
Alexandrovskaya Sloboda, taking with him the relics of the palace and most of his royal court, until being persuaded to return in February on the promise that he will have absolute power.
December 7 – King
Charles IX of France agrees to the terms of a treaty with the cantons of Switzerland, agreeing for French payment of debts owed to the Swiss for loans made to Charles's father,
King Henri II.[93]
Date unknown
The first recorded report is made of a "
rat king".[94]
August 31 –
Chaseabout Raid: Moray and at least 1,000 of his rebels arrive in
Edinburgh for a confrontation with the Scottish crown. After cannon fire from Edinburgh Castle, the rebels retreat toward England to seek help. The rebellion is ended by the end of September.
February 24 – In one of the first gun assassinations in Japanese (if not world) history,
Mimura Iechika, the
daimyō (warlord) of the
Bitchū Province, is shot dead by two brothers (Endo Matajiro and Yoshijiro), sent by his rival
Ukita Naoie.
Charles IX, King of France, completes his
grand tour of his kingdom, returning to
Paris a little more than 27 months and 2,500 miles (4,000 km) after his departure on January 24, 1564.[127]
May 25 – King Philip II of Spain issues
laws against the remaining Spanish Muslims, including a ban against use of the
Arabic language, wearing of traditional Arab or Muslim clothing, a requirement that doors in their homes and buildings be kept open every Friday and on Muslim feast days (in order to verify that Muslim rituals are not observed), and that the tearing down of public and private bathhouses (to prevent purification rites).[129]
May 30 – The Augsburg Imperial Coin Edict issues from the Holy Roman Empire, authorizing a new coin, the thaler. The new unit of money, the
Reichsthaler, follows standards providing that the weight should be based on one-ninth of a
Cologne mark of silver (the "
9 Thaler standard") with each minted coin to weigh 29.23 grams and to contain 25.96 grams of silver.[130] The word thaler, an abbreviation for the "Joachimsthaler" minted from the silver mines at
Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov in the Czech Repbulic), is
anglicized to
dollar, the name of currencies in many English-speaking nations.
July 22 –
Pope Pius V issues an edict to expel most prostitutes from Rome, and the
Papal States.[132] The edict is soon reversed because of the loss of revenue from the taxation of houses of prostitution.[133]
July 25 – Feodor Stefanovich Kolychov is consecrated as the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church as
Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow with the approval of the Tsar Ivan the Terrible,[134] but soon defies the Tsar. Philip will be deposed in 16 months later and put to death on December 23, 1568.
August 10 – The Beeldenstorm, also called the "Iconoclastic Fury", begins as Protestant
Calvinists engage in widespread destruction of religious art in the what are now the Netherlands and Belgium.[138]
September 8 – The
siege of Szigetvár ends in a fierce battle with the annihilation of 2,300 Hungarian and Croatian defenders, including their general,
Nikola Šubić Zrinski, annihilated by an army of 90,000 soldiers of the
Ottoman Empire, under
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha.[141][142] Before charging out with his remaining 600 troops, General Zrinski orders the gates to the fortress to be opened and fires a large cannon, loaded with broken iron, killing hundreds of Ottoman attackers as they enter.[143] As a final measure, according to one source, Zrinski orders a long fuse to be lit to the fortress
gunpowder magazine and the powder explodes while thousands of Ottomans are inside.[143]
October–December
October 2 –
Richard Onslow is elected as the Speaker of the English House of Commons by a vote of 82 to 70.
October 8 –
Catherine of the Austrian Habsburgs, Queen of consort of Poland since 1553 as wife of
Sigismund II Augustus, leaves Poland to return to Austria after the failure of her marriage. She never comes back to Poland, though she remains the official queen consort until her death in 1572.[144]
October 28 – In
Kneiphof, a city in the
Duchy of Prussia (now Ostrov Immanuinga Kanta in Russia),
Albert, Duke of Prussia has three of the town's five councilors beheaded on charges of causing political and religious disputes with the other Prussian states.
Johann Funck, Matthias Horst, and Hans Schnell are executed in the town's marketplace, while
Paul Skalich and Johann Steinbach are able to flee the country.[146]
November 5 – Queen Elizabeth I of England addresses the English Parliament and champions
English nationalism, asking "Was I not born in this realm? Were my parents born in any foreign country? Is there any cause I should alienate myself from being careful over this country? Is not my kingdom here?"[147]
November 23 – By decree of King
Philip II of Spain, the content of gold in the Spanish
gold escudo, is raised from 350 maravedis (equivalent to 338
centigrams) of gold to 400 (386 cg) and equivalent to 16 silver reales.[148]
April 9 – In
India, the
Battle of Thanesar is fought in what is now the Indian state of
Haryana. The Mughal Emperor Akbar, with 300 men, wins a victory over more than 7,000 warriors of the
Sanyasi Hindu sect. Akbar's army has two cannons, 400 rifles and 75 elephants.
April 12 – The
Earl of Bothwell is acquitted on charges of murder in the February 10 killing of
Lord Darnley, the husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Upon acquittal he makes plans to become Mary's new husband.
April 20 – The
Ainslie Tavern Bond is signed by a group of Scottish clerics and nobles recommends Bothwell as an appropriate husband for Queen Mary and approves his acquittal after trial for the murder of her previous husband.[152]
April 24 – Bothwell takes Mary prisoner at his castle at Dunbar after preventing her from traveling from her palace to
Edinburgh, then rapes her.
May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Earl of Bothwell, under duress. [153]
November 10 –
Battle of Saint-Denis:
Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists, falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.[154]
December 4 –
Antão de Noronha,
Viceroy of
Portuguese India (now the Indian state of
Goa) issues decrees prohibiting the public performance of
Hindu rituals for marriages, cremations, and sacred thread wearing. Other rules require all natives 15 or older to attend
Christian religious services, upon penalty of punishment.[155]
December 12 – The Scottish Parliament votes to approve the
Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567, an act regarding the abdication of Mary Queen of Scots in favor of her son
James VI and the coronation of James, and confirms James as the legal ruler.[156] Mary's half brother,
James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, is appointed as the regent to rule on behalf of the 18-month-old King of Scotland. In that Moray is absent from Scotland at the time, the Parliament appoints a committee of seven deputy regents to rule on behalf of Moray's power to rule on behalf of King James.
Although sparse maritime trade existed since its founding, the
Ming dynasty government of China officially revokes the haijin maritime trade ban, reinstating foreign trade with all countries except Japan.[158]
June 1 – A mass execution is carried out in the Spanish Netherlands at
Sablon, near
Brussels, as 18 persons who signed the
Compromise of Nobles on April 5, 1566, are beheaded.[173]
August 18 – The
Third War of Religion begins in France, after an unsuccessful attempt by the Royalists to capture
Condé and Coligny, the Huguenot leaders.
December 24 – The
Morisco Revolt against King Philip II of Spain begins as
Aben Humeya (formerly Fernando de Válor) is proclaimed as King of the Granadan rebels.
January 11 — The first recorded
lottery in
England begins and continues, nonstop, at the west door of
St Paul's Cathedral for almost five months.[184] Each share costs ten
shillings, and proceeds are used to repair harbours, and for other public works.
March 13 –
Battle of Jarnac: Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the
Prince of Condé, who is captured and murdered. A substantial proportion of the Huguenot army manages to escape, under
Gaspard de Coligny.[186]
May 6 – England's St. Paul Cathedral lottery ends with the selection of a winner.[184]
May 8 – King
Bayinnaung of Burma puts down the revolt by Setthathirath of
Lan Xang (now Laos), and ending Lan Xang's attempt to rescue Thailand's Ayutthaya Kingdom from conquest.[187]
May 31 – Kasim Pasha of the Ottoman Empire begins the Ottoman attempt to conquer Astrakhan with tens of thousands of troops and a plan to build a canal between the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea to send Ottoman ships on the conquest.[188] The attempt to build a canal proves to be unfeasible.
July 24 – Huguenot forces under Gaspard II de Coligny and 15-year-old Prince
Henry of Navarre begin the
siege of Poitiers, a Roman Catholic stronghold. The siege fails and the Huguenots depart on September 7.
August 24 –
Battle of Orthez: Huguenot forces under
Gabriel, comte de Montgomery defeat Royalist forces under General Terride, in French Navarre. Catholics surrender under the condition that their lives will be spared. Huguenots agree, but then massacre the Catholics anyway.[191]
September 7 – A Royalist army under the
Duc d'Anjou and Marshal Tavannes forces Coligny to abandon the siege of Poitiers.[192]
November 11 — Danish General
Daniel Rantzau arrives at the Swedish held Varberg castle at
Halland and orders his artillery to shell the castle with cannon fire. The Swedish defenders fire back with their own artillery and Rantzau's head is taken off by a cannonball on the first day.
November 14 — The siege of Varberg Castle by Denmark ends after three days of shelling the Swedish defenders.[197]
December 2 — The Catholic army of the Duc d'Anjou inflicts another defeat on the Huguenots of Coligny, successfully besieging
Saint-Jean-d'Angély.[199]
The trade compact of
1536 is renewed, exempting French merchants from
Ottoman law, and allowing them to travel, buy and sell throughout the
sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.
^John Stow, The Chronicles of England from Brute unto this Present Year of 1580 (Henry Bynneman for Ralph Newbury, Cum Privilegio, London 1580),
p. 1115 (Umich/eebo).
^William M. Metcalfe (1905). A History of the County of Renfrew from the Earliest Times. Alexander Gardener. p. 213.
^Symonds, H. (1916). "The mint of Queen Elizabeth and those who worked there". Spink and Son's Numismatic Circular. 16: 61–105.
^.Roelker, Nancy (1996). One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. University of California Press. p. 251.
ISBN0520086260.
^A. R. MacDonald, 'The Triumph of Protestantism: the burgh council of Edinburgh and the entry of Mary Queen of Scots', Innes Review, 48:1 (Spring 1997), pp. 73-82.
^"Maybole" in Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography, Statistical, Biographical and Historical · Volume 5, ed. by Francis H. Groome (T. C. Jack, 1884) p.15
^Ken Yagita, Kitakyushu Sengoku History (Imai Shoten, 1999) p.67
^Thornton, John (2006): "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", page 447. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47.
^Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen, With Some Account of the First Intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by Way of the Caspian Sea, ed. by E. Delmar Morgan and C. H. Coote · Volume 1 (Burt Franklin, Publisher, 1886)("the 15. day of March, the yeere aforesaid, I dined againe in his maiesties presence in company of an Ambassador of Persia and others... I departed from the citie of Mosco the 27 day of Aprill 1562, downe by the great river of Volga, in company of the said Ambassador of Persia." p.124
^Midelfort, Erik (1972). Witch hunting in southwestern Germany, 1562-1684; the social and intellectual foundations. Stanford University Press. p. 88.
ISBN9780804708050.
^von Adelung, Friedrich (1846). Kritisch-literärische Übersicht der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700, deren Berichte bekannt sind (Critical-literary overview of known reports of travelers in Russia up to 1700) (in German). Saint Petersburg: Eggers. p. 231.
^Vignola. Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture, translated with an introduction by Branko Mitrovic. New York: Acanthus Press, 1999). p. 17.
ISBN0-926494-16-3.
^Collenette, V. G. (1963).
Elizabeth College. The Guernsey Press Co. p. 1. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
^Lavery, Jason (25 October 2021). "Germany's Northern Challenge: The Holy Roman Empire and the Scandinavian Struggle for the Baltic 1563-1576".
Germany's Northern Challenge. Brill. pp. 14–16.
ISBN978-90-04-47570-0. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
^Lizanne Henderson, Witchcraft and Folk Belief in the Age of Enlightenment: Scotland, 1670-1740 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016) p.329
^HALSTEAD, MURAT (1898).
THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES. Our Possessions Publishing Company. p. 269. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible, First Tsar of Russia (Yale University Press, 2005) pp. 176–178
^James Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II (Chicago University Press, 1909) pp.241-242
^Hart, Martin (1982) [c. 1973]. Rats. Allison & Busby. p. 66.
ISBN0-85031-297-3.
^
abPap, Norbert (21 January 2019). "The Pilgrimage Town (Türbe Kasabası) of Sultan Süleyman at Szigetvár".
The Battle for Central Europe. Brill. pp. 539–552.
ISBN978-90-04-39623-4. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^"SELİM II". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^Manuel García Puron, México y sus gobernantes (in Spanish)(Joaquín Porrua Publishing, 1984)
^"Funck, Johann", by Paul Tsackert in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, ed. by Samuel Macauley Jackson (Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1909) pp.410-411
^Elizabeth I: Collected Works, ed. by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose, (University of Chicago Press, 2002), p.95
^"El Marviedi— Su Grandeza y Decadencia", in Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos (March–April, 1905) p.218
^Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots,ed. by Agnes Strickland (Henry Colburn, 1848) p.37
^L. Carington Goodrich and Fang Chaoying, Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 (Columbia University Press, 1976)
^Antonio Jose Saraiva, The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–347
^The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 2007, ed. by K.M. Brown, et al. (St Andrews University, 2007)
^Clark, Roger H.; Pause, Michael (2012). Precedents in architecture : analytic diagrams, formative ideas, and partis (4th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.
ISBN9780470946749.
^Bertrand, Romain (2011). L'Histoire à parts égales. Paris: Seuil. p. 66.
ISBN978-2-02-105017-2.
^Montserrat, Jiménez Sureda (10 September 2021).
Manual d'història de la dona (in Catalan). Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. p. 319.
ISBN978-84-490-9422-4. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
^Mercieca, Simon; Cassar, Frans X. (2015).
Besieged : Malta 1565. Malta Libraries and Heritage Malta Publication. pp. 39–46.
ISBN978-99932-57-31-8. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
^"Jacques Buus". www.mgg-online.com. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
^O'Malley, Charles Donald (1955).
Jacopo Aconcio (in Italian). Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. p. 51. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^Živojin Boškov (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.). Jugoslovenski književni leksikon [Yugoslav Literary Lexicon] (in Serbo-Croatian).
Novi Sad (
SAP Vojvodina,
SR Serbia):
Matica srpska. p. 106.
^Bibliography of the History of Medicine. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. 1964. p. 12. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^Kutter, Markus (1955).
Celio Secondo Curione (in German). Helbing & Lichtenhahn. p. 9. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
^Roig, Adrien (1983).
O teatro clássico em Portugal no século XVI (in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, Ministério da Educação. p. 39. Retrieved 22 December 2023.