Close central rounded vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
ハ | |||
IPA Number | 318 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʉ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0289 | ||
X-SAMPA | } | ||
Braille |
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IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel,
[1] is a type of
vowel sound used in some spoken
languages. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ハ⟩, and the equivalent
X-SAMPA symbol is }
. The sound is also commonly referred to by the name of
its symbol, "barred u".
The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare labialized post-palatal approximant [蘯]. [2]
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).
Some languages feature the near-close central rounded vowel (ハ歌⟩, ⟨ハ肝⟩ and ⟨ハ肝⟩, but ⟨ノオフ⟩ is also a possible transcription. The symbol ⟨盞ソ⟩, a conflation of ⟨ハ⟩ and ⟨ハ⟩, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨盞ソ⟩ represents free variation between /ハ/ and /ノ/.
), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨The close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ハ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ フォ⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ハ歌ォ⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ハ果キ⟩ or ⟨ノィハキ⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angami | Khonoma [3] | su | [sハ架ヲ] | 'deep' | Allophone of /u/ after /s/. [3] |
Armenian | Some Eastern dialects [4] | ユオユクヨユイ/yowト。 | [jハ果‐ | 'oil' | Allophone of /u/ after /j/. |
Berber | Ayt Seghrouchen [5] | 箏坂オ坂エー箏「箒ウ箒ウ箏凪オ/llayggur | [lヒ静ヲjヒ伊。ヒ戚暇セ] | 'he goes' | Allophone of /u/ after velar consonants. |
Dutch | Standard Northern [6] | nu | [nハ云 | 'now' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩; also described as close front [ y] [7] and near-close front [ yヒ]. [8] See Dutch phonology |
Randstad [9] | hut | [ノヲノオフ掖] | 'hut' | Found in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Lower [ ノオ] in Standard Dutch. [9] See Dutch phonology | |
English | Australian [10] | goose | [ノ。ハ架尽] | 'goose' | See Australian English phonology |
New Zealand [11] | See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
Modern Received Pronunciation [12] | Realized as back [ uヒ] in the conservative variety. [12] | ||||
Scouse [13] | May (less commonly) be fully front [ yヒ] instead. [13] | ||||
South African [14] | Realized as back [ uヒ] in the conservative variety and in many Black and Indian varieties. [14] See South African English phonology | ||||
General American [15] | [ノ。ハ鋭] | Can be back [ u] instead. [15] | |||
Estuary [16] | foot | [fハ歌槎杯] | 'foot' | The exact height, backness and roundedness is variable. [16] | |
Cockney [17] | good | [ノ。ハ肝d] | 'good' | Only in some words, particularly good, otherwise realized as near-back [ ハ]. [17] | |
Rural white Southern American [18] | Can be front [ ハ] instead. [18] | ||||
Southeastern English [19] | May be unrounded [ ノェフ] instead; [19] it corresponds to [ ハ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
Ulster [20] | Short allophone of /u/. [20] | ||||
Shetland [21] | strut | [stノケハ肝t] | 'strut' | Can be [ ノ販] or [ ハ] instead. [21] | |
German | Upper Saxon [22] | Buden | [ヒbフ・ハ架薪フ・nフゥ] | 'booths' | The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect. |
Hausa [23] | [ example needed] | Allophone of /u/. [23] | |||
Ibibio | Dialect of the Uruan area and Uyo [24] | fuuk | [fハ歌¬洩] | 'cover many things/times' | Allophone of /u/ between consonants. [24] |
Some dialects [24] | [ example needed] | Phonemic; contrasts with /u/. [24] | |||
Irish | Munster [25] | ciテコin | [cハ架刃ハイ] | 'quiet' | Allophone of /u/ between slender consonants. [25] See Irish phonology |
Ulster [26] | テコllaテュ | [ヒ位歌徑フェヒi] | 'apples' | Often only weakly rounded; [26] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨u⟩. | |
Irula [27] | [mハ架針] | "to surround" | Has other centralized vowels. | ||
Kurdish | Southern [28] | mテシテァig | [mハ架斥tヘ。ハλッノ。] | 'dust' | See Kurdish phonology |
Limburgish | Some dialects [29] [30] | bruudsje | [ヒbハフ斂液ハλ兢 | 'breadroll' | Close [ハ云 [29] or near-close [ハ歌枉, [30] depending on the dialect. Close front [ y] in other dialects. [31] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is close. |
Lテシsu [32] | [lハ架・zハ架・ヒァ] | 'Lテシsu' | |||
Russian [33] | ミコムムミクミケ/kyuriy/kjurij | [ヒkハイハ詠ハイノェj] | 'curium' | Allophone of /u/ between palatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed. [33] See Russian phonology | |
Scots [34] | buit | [bハ液] | 'boot' | May be more front [ ハ] instead. [34] | |
Scottish Gaelic | older Lewis speakers [35] | co-dhiテケ | [kハーノ藩jハ架疹 | 'anyway' | Normal allophone of [ uヒ]. Fronted as [ yヒ] among younger speakers. |
Wester Ross [36] | Normal allophone of [ uヒ]. | ||||
Swedish | Bohuslテ、n [37] | yla | [ツイハ蚊カサヒ人テ、] | 'howl' | A fricated vowel that corresponds to [ yフォヒ] in Central Standard Swedish. [37] See Swedish phonology |
Nテ、rke [37] | |||||
Tamil [38] | 牋オ牋セ牋イ牘 | [vテ、ヒ人ハ云 | 'tail' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be unrounded [ ノィ] instead. [38] See Tamil phonology |
Close central compressed vowel | |
---|---|
テソ | |
ノィヘ。ホイフ | |
ノィ盞 |
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel [y], which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ノィヘ。ホイフ⟩ (simultaneous [ノィ] and labial compression) and ⟨ノィ盞⟩ ([ノィ] modified with labial compression [39]).
This vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ハ⟩. It occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel. It also occurs in Japanese as an allophone. Medumba has a compressed central vowel [ノィ盞拆 where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together. [40]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Japanese | Some younger speakers [41] | 遨コ豌 / kナォki | [kテソヒ震i] | 'air' | Near-back [ uフ] for other speakers. [41] |
Standard Tokyo pronunciation | 蟇ソ蜿ク / sushi | [sテソノ品] | 'sushi' | Allophone of /u/ after /s, z, t/ and palatalized consonants. [42] See Japanese phonology | |
Norwegian | Urban East [43] [44] | hus | [hテソヒ尽] | 'house' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ハ架⟩. Also described as front [ yヒ]. [45] See Norwegian phonology |
Swedish | Some dialects | ful | [fテソヒ人] | 'ugly' | More front [ yヒ ~ ハ祥 in Central Standard Swedish; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ハ架⟩. See Swedish phonology |
Close central rounded vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
ハ | |||
IPA Number | 318 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʉ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0289 | ||
X-SAMPA | } | ||
Braille |
![]() ![]() | ||
|
IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel,
[1] is a type of
vowel sound used in some spoken
languages. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ハ⟩, and the equivalent
X-SAMPA symbol is }
. The sound is also commonly referred to by the name of
its symbol, "barred u".
The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare labialized post-palatal approximant [蘯]. [2]
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).
Some languages feature the near-close central rounded vowel (ハ歌⟩, ⟨ハ肝⟩ and ⟨ハ肝⟩, but ⟨ノオフ⟩ is also a possible transcription. The symbol ⟨盞ソ⟩, a conflation of ⟨ハ⟩ and ⟨ハ⟩, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨盞ソ⟩ represents free variation between /ハ/ and /ノ/.
), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨The close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ハ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ フォ⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ハ歌ォ⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ハ果キ⟩ or ⟨ノィハキ⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angami | Khonoma [3] | su | [sハ架ヲ] | 'deep' | Allophone of /u/ after /s/. [3] |
Armenian | Some Eastern dialects [4] | ユオユクヨユイ/yowト。 | [jハ果‐ | 'oil' | Allophone of /u/ after /j/. |
Berber | Ayt Seghrouchen [5] | 箏坂オ坂エー箏「箒ウ箒ウ箏凪オ/llayggur | [lヒ静ヲjヒ伊。ヒ戚暇セ] | 'he goes' | Allophone of /u/ after velar consonants. |
Dutch | Standard Northern [6] | nu | [nハ云 | 'now' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩; also described as close front [ y] [7] and near-close front [ yヒ]. [8] See Dutch phonology |
Randstad [9] | hut | [ノヲノオフ掖] | 'hut' | Found in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Lower [ ノオ] in Standard Dutch. [9] See Dutch phonology | |
English | Australian [10] | goose | [ノ。ハ架尽] | 'goose' | See Australian English phonology |
New Zealand [11] | See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
Modern Received Pronunciation [12] | Realized as back [ uヒ] in the conservative variety. [12] | ||||
Scouse [13] | May (less commonly) be fully front [ yヒ] instead. [13] | ||||
South African [14] | Realized as back [ uヒ] in the conservative variety and in many Black and Indian varieties. [14] See South African English phonology | ||||
General American [15] | [ノ。ハ鋭] | Can be back [ u] instead. [15] | |||
Estuary [16] | foot | [fハ歌槎杯] | 'foot' | The exact height, backness and roundedness is variable. [16] | |
Cockney [17] | good | [ノ。ハ肝d] | 'good' | Only in some words, particularly good, otherwise realized as near-back [ ハ]. [17] | |
Rural white Southern American [18] | Can be front [ ハ] instead. [18] | ||||
Southeastern English [19] | May be unrounded [ ノェフ] instead; [19] it corresponds to [ ハ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
Ulster [20] | Short allophone of /u/. [20] | ||||
Shetland [21] | strut | [stノケハ肝t] | 'strut' | Can be [ ノ販] or [ ハ] instead. [21] | |
German | Upper Saxon [22] | Buden | [ヒbフ・ハ架薪フ・nフゥ] | 'booths' | The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect. |
Hausa [23] | [ example needed] | Allophone of /u/. [23] | |||
Ibibio | Dialect of the Uruan area and Uyo [24] | fuuk | [fハ歌¬洩] | 'cover many things/times' | Allophone of /u/ between consonants. [24] |
Some dialects [24] | [ example needed] | Phonemic; contrasts with /u/. [24] | |||
Irish | Munster [25] | ciテコin | [cハ架刃ハイ] | 'quiet' | Allophone of /u/ between slender consonants. [25] See Irish phonology |
Ulster [26] | テコllaテュ | [ヒ位歌徑フェヒi] | 'apples' | Often only weakly rounded; [26] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨u⟩. | |
Irula [27] | [mハ架針] | "to surround" | Has other centralized vowels. | ||
Kurdish | Southern [28] | mテシテァig | [mハ架斥tヘ。ハλッノ。] | 'dust' | See Kurdish phonology |
Limburgish | Some dialects [29] [30] | bruudsje | [ヒbハフ斂液ハλ兢 | 'breadroll' | Close [ハ云 [29] or near-close [ハ歌枉, [30] depending on the dialect. Close front [ y] in other dialects. [31] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is close. |
Lテシsu [32] | [lハ架・zハ架・ヒァ] | 'Lテシsu' | |||
Russian [33] | ミコムムミクミケ/kyuriy/kjurij | [ヒkハイハ詠ハイノェj] | 'curium' | Allophone of /u/ between palatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed. [33] See Russian phonology | |
Scots [34] | buit | [bハ液] | 'boot' | May be more front [ ハ] instead. [34] | |
Scottish Gaelic | older Lewis speakers [35] | co-dhiテケ | [kハーノ藩jハ架疹 | 'anyway' | Normal allophone of [ uヒ]. Fronted as [ yヒ] among younger speakers. |
Wester Ross [36] | Normal allophone of [ uヒ]. | ||||
Swedish | Bohuslテ、n [37] | yla | [ツイハ蚊カサヒ人テ、] | 'howl' | A fricated vowel that corresponds to [ yフォヒ] in Central Standard Swedish. [37] See Swedish phonology |
Nテ、rke [37] | |||||
Tamil [38] | 牋オ牋セ牋イ牘 | [vテ、ヒ人ハ云 | 'tail' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be unrounded [ ノィ] instead. [38] See Tamil phonology |
Close central compressed vowel | |
---|---|
テソ | |
ノィヘ。ホイフ | |
ノィ盞 |
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel [y], which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ノィヘ。ホイフ⟩ (simultaneous [ノィ] and labial compression) and ⟨ノィ盞⟩ ([ノィ] modified with labial compression [39]).
This vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ハ⟩. It occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel. It also occurs in Japanese as an allophone. Medumba has a compressed central vowel [ノィ盞拆 where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together. [40]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Japanese | Some younger speakers [41] | 遨コ豌 / kナォki | [kテソヒ震i] | 'air' | Near-back [ uフ] for other speakers. [41] |
Standard Tokyo pronunciation | 蟇ソ蜿ク / sushi | [sテソノ品] | 'sushi' | Allophone of /u/ after /s, z, t/ and palatalized consonants. [42] See Japanese phonology | |
Norwegian | Urban East [43] [44] | hus | [hテソヒ尽] | 'house' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ハ架⟩. Also described as front [ yヒ]. [45] See Norwegian phonology |
Swedish | Some dialects | ful | [fテソヒ人] | 'ugly' | More front [ yヒ ~ ハ祥 in Central Standard Swedish; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ハ架⟩. See Swedish phonology |