ZIP Codes were introduced in the United States, as the U.S. Department of the Post Office kicked off a massive advertising campaign that included the cartoon character "
Mr. ZIP", and the mailing that day of more than 72,000,000 postcards to every mailing address in the United States, in order to inform the addressees of their new five digit postal code.[1] Postal zones had been used since 1943 in large cities, but the ZIP code was nationwide. Use became mandatory in 1967 for bulk mailers.[2]
The crash of a
Varig DC-3 airliner in
Brazil's
Rio Grande do Sul state killed 15 of the 18 people on board.[3] The flight was approaching the airport at
Passo Fundo on the second-leg of a scheduled trip from
Porto Alegre when it impacted trees.[4]
Died:Abdullah bin Khalifa, 53, Sultan of Zanzibar since 1960, died two days after undergoing emergency surgery.[6] He was succeeded by his son,
Jamshid bin Abdullah, the last to hold the title.
In a speech while visiting
East Berlin, Soviet Premier
Nikita Khrushchev endorsed the idea for the first time of a treaty to ban atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.[7][8] Khrushchev criticized the idea of sending inspectors to verify compliance, but said that "Since the Western powers obstruct the conclusion of an agreement banning all nuclear tests, the Soviet Government expresses its willingness to conclude an agreement banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water."[9]
Mohawk Airlines Flight 121, a
Martin 4-0-4, crashed on takeoff at
Rochester, New York, in the United States, killing 7 of the 43 people on board and injuring all 36 survivors.[10] The plane was flying to
White Plains, New York and, according to a witness "just as the craft began roaring down the runway for a take-off torrents of rain and hail pummeled it."[11]
Baseball pitchers
Juan Marichal of the
San Francisco Giants, and
Warren Spahn of the
Milwaukee Braves faced off against each other in a National League baseball game that one author would later call "the greatest game ever pitched".[12] Tied 0–0 after nine innings, the game was won in the 16th by the Giants on a home run by
Willie Mays.[13]
Died:Alicia Patterson, 56, American editor and publisher who founded the newspaper Newsday in 1940 for New York's Long Island; of complications following surgery for an ulcer[16][17]
The
Constitution of Austria was amended to ease the 1919 act that had declared that "In the interest of the security of the Republic the former holders of the Crown and other members of the
House of Habsburg-Lothringen are banished from the country", providing an exception for descendants of the former monarchs if they elected to "expressly renounce their membership of this House".[20]
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation began the first phase of Spacecraft Systems Tests (SST) on the instrumentation pallets to be installed in
Gemini spacecraft No. 1.[21] The first engineering prototype Gemini
inertial guidance system computer underwent integration and compatibility testing with a complete guidance and control system at McDonnell. All
spacecraft wiring was found to be compatible with the computer, and the component operated with complete accuracy.[21]
A delegation from the
People's Republic of China, led by Prime Minister
Zhou Enlai, departed from
Beijing on a train bound for Moscow, to attend talks in an effort to repair the poor relations between the Chinese Communists and
Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[22] The talks, intended to mend the
Sino-Soviet split, would break down on July 14 when the Soviets published a rebuttal to Chinese charges that the Soviets had departed from the Communist ideology.[23]
The U.S. Senate set a new record for briefest session by meeting at 9:00 a.m., and then adjourning three seconds later. There were only two Senators present for the meeting. The previous record for brevity had been a five-second meeting on September 4, 1951.[24]
The sale of
liquor, by the drink, was legal in the U.S. state of
Iowa for the first time in more than 40 years, with "a restaurant in the lakes resort area in northwest Iowa" becoming the site of the first legal drink.[25]
Italian Prime Minister
Giovanni Leone received a vote of confidence in the Italian Senate, 133–110.[26]
The
Roman Catholic Church relaxed the ban on
cremation as a
funeral practice, when
Pope Paul VI issued the Instruction that "the burning of the body, after all, has no effect on the soul, nor does it inhibit Almighty God from re-establishing the body", although the decision would not be revealed until May 2, 1964.[27]
Elections were held in Jordan for the 80 seats in the Chamber of Deputies of the National Assembly. All of the candidates were independent, in that political parties were banned at the time, and the results, as with most of the elections in Jordan to that time, were "poorly documented" and not officially published.[28]
Blood Feast first premiered at the Bellevue Drive-In in Bellevue,
Illinois (now
Peoria).[29] Composed, shot, and directed by
Herschell Gordon Lewis, the film is considered to be the first
Splatter film, a sub-genre of horror noted for its graphic depictions of on-screen gore.[30]
The
Vanoise National Park, located in the department of
Savoie in the French Alps, was designated France's first National Park.[31]
In the first round of
Argentina's presidential election, Dr.
Arturo Illia won a 25 percent plurality of the popular votes (2,441,064) and 169 of the 476 Electoral College votes, seventy short of a majority. Another physician, Dr.
Oscar Alende, finished with 16.4%, and former General
Pedro Aramburu was third. On July 31, electors for several of the other parties would vote for Illia, giving him 270 electoral votes.[33] Dr. Illia's
Radical Civic Union (UCR) Party (UCR) won only 72 of the 192 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and Illia did not try to forge a coalition with the other parties.[34]
Seven people, including four children, were killed, and 17 injured, when a pilotless
FJ-4 Fury jet fighter crashed into gatherers at a family reunion at the Green Hills Day Camp in
Willow Grove, Pennsylvania. The pilot had ejected after plane malfunctioned while he was attempting to land at the nearby Willow Grove Naval Air Station, and the jet crashed into a baseball field, killing one man, then skidded into a bathhouse where 50 people had been swimming or standing around the pool.[35]
Died:Frank P. Lahm, 85, U.S. aviation pioneer who became, in 1909, the first military aviator after being selected by the U.S. Army to receive instruction on the
Wright Flyer by
Wilbur Wright.
McDonnell warned Gemini Project Office that the capacity of the
Gemini Guidance Computer was in danger of being exceeded. The original function of the computer had been limited to providing
rendezvous and
reentry guidance. Other functions were subsequently added, and the computer's spare capacity no longer appeared adequate to handle all of them. McDonnell requested an immediate review of computer requirements. In the meantime, it advised
International Business Machines to delete one of the added functions, orbital navigation, from computers for
spacecraft Nos. 2 and 3.[21]
The British comic strip Fred Basset was introduced, starting with its first appearance in the Daily Mail.[37] Created by Scottish cartoonist
Alex Graham, the strip, about the adventures of a
basset hound, is syndicated worldwide.
Three crewmen of the British cargo ship Patrician were killed after it collided with the U.S. ship Santa Emilia and sank off
Gibraltar. Thirty-four of the 37 crew were rescued by Santa Emilia.[38]
Members of the 1963 American Everest Expedition team were awarded the
Hubbard Medal by U.S. President
John F. Kennedy for their achievement.[39]
Gemini
astronaut candidates began testing of the "
human centrifuge" equipped to simulate the command pilot's position in the spacecraft. The testing was for evaluation of pilot controls and displays required for launch and reentry of a Gemini mission, along with the seat and
pressure suit operation under
acceleration, and the restraint system. The participating astronauts were generally satisfied but recommended minor changes.[21]
The
G2C Gemini pressure suit made by
David Clark Company proved unsatisfactory because the torso could be stretched out of shape and a visor guard had made the helmet too large to wear during use of the escape hatch.[21]
The brief partnership of "Rodgers and Lerner" was dissolved, and production of the first Rodgers-Lerner musical, I Picked a Daisy, was halted permanently. Composer
Richard Rodgers had successfully collaborated with lyricist
Lorenz Hart (Babes in Arms), and then with lyricist
Oscar Hammerstein II (The Sound of Music), while lyricist
Alan Jay Lerner had a successful team with composer
Frederick Loewe (My Fair Lady). The two were unable to work together successfully beyond "half a dozen" songs for Daisy.[42]
The all-white
University of South Carolina was ordered to admit its first African-American student, Henri Monteith, by order of U.S. District Judge J. Robert Martin. On the same day, Judge Martin ordered the desegregation of all 26 of South Carolina's state parks.[43]
A military coup ousted
Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, President of Ecuador, who was succeeded by naval commander
Ramón Castro Jijón. After surrendering the presidential palace, Arosemena was placed on an Ecuadorian Air Force plane and flown to Panama.[45] The "final straw" for the coup leaders had been a state dinner the night before, "when the obviously inebriated president made disparaging remarks about the United States" while talking to the American ambassador.[46]
The sinking of the Argentine ferry Ciudad de Asunción killed 53 of the 420 people on board after the boat caught fire and went down in the
River Plate between
Buenos Aires in Argentina and
Montevideo in Uruguay.[47][48]
The first
"Gambit" military reconnaissance satellite was launched from
Vandenberg Air Force Base in California at 1:44 p.m., and the film recovered proved it to be a major advancement in observation. The new system had "exceptional pointing accuracy" in aiming its cameras, and the pictures obtained had a resolution of 3.5 feet (1.1 m).[53]
The Congress of the Philippines approved a land reform program that had been proposed by President
Diosdado Macapagal. Among other things, the law outlawed
sharecropping and provided for a means of large estates to be gradually turned over to the people who farmed them.[54]
The
Pulau Senang prison riot took place at the experimental offshore penal colony in Singapore. Superintendent Daniel Dutton and several prison officers were murdered by inmates and the prison was burned to the ground.[55]
Pauline Reade, 16, was abducted and murdered by
Myra Hindley and
Ian Brady in
Manchester, England, in the first of the "
Moors murders". Reade's remains would not be discovered until July 1, 1987.[56]
In the Soviet Union, 33 of the 35 persons on
Aeroflot Flight 012 were killed when the plane crashed as it was approaching a landing at the Irkutsk Airport in Siberia. The Tupolev Tu-104 had departed
Beijing in
China, bound for
Moscow, with one scheduled stop in Irkutsk.[57][58]
The Legislative Assembly of the
Cook Islands voted unanimously to reject an offer by New Zealand to be granted independence, and chose instead to become a self-governing Associated State with its residents to remain New Zealand citizens.[59]
Bob Charles defeated
Phil Rodgers in a 36-hole playoff to win the
British Open. Charles became the first left-handed golfer to win one of golf's major championships.
U.S. Undersecretary of State
W. Averell Harriman arrived in Moscow in order to negotiate the nuclear test ban treaty, and brought with him three tons of American telephone and telex equipment to set up the
Moscow–Washington hotline agreed upon by the Americans and Soviets on
June 20.[61]
The Kingdom of
Tonga issued the first round
postage stamps in history.[62] The stamps (which were also the first to be made of
gold foil rather than paper)[63] were designed to commemorate the first gold coins in Polynesia.
At
Seattle, five men began a 30-day engineering test of
life support systems for a crewed space station in
The Boeing Company space chamber. Designed and built for NASA's Office of Advanced Research and Technology, the chamber was first in the U.S. to include all life-support equipment for a multi-person, long-duration space mission (including environmental control, waste disposal, and crew hygiene and food techniques). In addition to the life support equipment, a number of crew tests simulated specific problems of
spaceflight. Five days into the 30-day test, however, the simulated mission was halted because of a faulty reactor tank.[44]
The
Peerage Act 1963 was approved by the
House of Lords, 105 to 25.[64] The change of rules, which received royal assent on July 31, cleared the way for hereditary peers within the House of Lords to disclaim their peerages in order to be allowed to run for and take a seat in the elected House of Commons.
Tony Benn, who lost his seat in Commons in 1960 when he inherited the title of Viscount Stansgate and automatically became a member of the House of Lords, disqualified himself under the new law and successfully ran for office under in a by-election.
Born:
Srečko Katanec, Slovenian soccer football midfielder with 31 games for the Yugoslav national team, later manager who coached the national teams of five different countries (Slovenia, Macedonia, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq and Uzbekistan); in
Ljubljana,
SR Slovenia,
Yugoslavia
For the first time in history, a U.S. federal court issued ordered a change in the size of the legislature of a U.S. state, decreasing the number of seats in the
Oklahoma House of Representatives from 120 to 100. The court also ordered a reapportionment of both the House and the state Senate on a strict population basis. The decision was the first to rely on the U.S. Supreme Court case of Baker v. Carr, decided on March 26, 1962, holding that federal courts could review state legislative apportionment.[65]
Colonel
Jassem Alwan of the Syrian army, backed by financing from President
Gamal Abdel Nasser of
Egypt, led an attempt to overthrow the government of
Syria in order to establish a pro-Nasser government that would reunite with the United Arab Republic. The coup attempt came only 30 minutes after President
Lu'ay al-Atassi had departed from
Damascus on an invitation from President Nasser for a meeting in Egypt.[67] After Alwan seized the Damascus radio station and the Syrian Army headquarters, Interior Minister
Amin al-Hafiz, "sub-machinegun in hand", directed the
Ba'ath Party National Guard on a counterattack and regained control. Hundreds of people were killed in the battle; Alwan was able to escape, but 27 officers who had participated in the coup were executed by firing squad, marking an end of "the time-honoured tradition whereby losers were banished to embassies abroad".[68] President Atassi would resign on July 27 in protest over the brutal treatment of the coup leaders.
A 25-pound (11 kg) bomb was dropped on downtown San Francisco, inadvertently, by a
U.S. Navy Reserve pilot on a routine exercise flight. The unarmed bomb fell at the intersection of Market Street and Front Street, bounced over the eight-story tall IBM building and damaged another building three blocks away, but nobody was injured.[70]
An
artificial heart pump was placed inside a human being for the first time, at the Methodist Hospital in
Houston, Texas University of Houston by a team led by Dr.
Michael E. DeBakey. The unidentified patient survived for four days before dying of complications from pneumonia.[71]
American
test pilotJoseph A. Walker, flying the
X-15, reached an altitude of 65.8 miles (105.9 km), achieving a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards (which define outer space as beginning 100 kilometres (62 mi) above the Earth).[72]
For the first time since June 30, 1954, a
total solar eclipse was visible from North America and was "the most scientifically observed eclipse in history" up to that time. A chartered DC-8 jet airplane flew a group of astronomers along the path of the eclipse so that the totality could be observed for 44 seconds longer than for people on the ground.[73] The point of greatest eclipse was in Canada's Northwest Territory, near its border with Alberta.
The sinking of the British ore carrier freighter Tritonica killed 33 of its 42-member crew after it collided with another British ship, the Roonagh Head, and went down within four minutes in the
St Lawrence River in Canada near
Petite-Rivière-Saint-François,
Quebec. Most of the Tritonica crew had been sleeping when the ships collided at 3:00 in the morning and were unable to escape in time.[75][76][77]
An attempt to reconcile the differences between the Soviet Communist Party and the Chinese Communist Party ended in failure, after more than a week of conferences in Moscow.[78]
Su Mac Lad won the
International Trot harness racing event on
Long Island, bringing his career winnings to $687,549, the most of any pacer or trotter as of that date.[79]
Jack Nicklaus, 23, described in The New York Times as "a young man who has achieved more in 13 months than most golfers do in a life-time", won the
Professional Golf Association championship.[80] In the 72-hole tournament, held in
Dallas and one of the professional golf major competitions, Nicklaus had a score of 279, two strokes ahead of runner-up
Dave Ragan, who finished at 281. Nicklaus had won the
1962 U.S. Open on June 17, 1962, in only his 17th game on the PGA Tour, and the
1963 Masters Tournament on April 7.
Died:Ray Platte, 37, American stock car driver; of a skull fracture sustained the previous day during a 100-lap NASCAR race at the
speedway in
South Boston, Virginia
World heavyweight boxing champion
Sonny Liston retained his title in a rematch fight against former champion
Floyd Patterson, whom he had defeated ten months earlier, on
September 20, 1962. In the first bout, he knocked out Patterson in the first round in two minutes, six seconds. In the rematch at
Las Vegas, Liston took four seconds longer.[82]
Please Please Me became the first record album by
The Beatles to be released in the United States. Vee Jay Records deleted two of the songs that had appeared on the British version introduced on
March 22, including the
title song.[83]
Sarawak was granted conditional independence from the
British Empire pending the establishment of the Federation of
Malaysia.
A modified prototype
Super Frelon helicopter broke the
FAI absolute helicopter world speed record, attaining a maximum speed of 217.7 mph (350.4 km/h) during the flight.[87]
Died:Vasile Luca, 65, former Romanian Vice-Premier who had been imprisoned since 1952 following his purge from the
Romanian Communist Party Politburo.
U.S. President
John F. Kennedy hosted a group of American high school students who were part of the
Boys Nation event sponsored by the
American Legion, including 16-year-old
Bill Clinton, who would become the 42nd U.S. President in 1993. Clinton would later use a film clip of him shaking hands with Kennedy as part of his 1992 campaign.[88]
Born:Karl Malone, American NBA basketball forward, nicknamed "The Mailman" for his reliable delivery of scores, NBA Most Valuable Player 1997 and 1999; in
Summerfield, Louisiana
Died: U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander
Hal Russell Crandall, 34, one of 12 finalists for the selection of NASA Astronaut Group 1 (the first U.S. astronauts, known as the "
Mercury Seven"), was killed in the crash of his
F-8 Crusader into
Subic Bay in the
Philippines.[89] In 1959, Crandall had been one of the 32 finalists for the Mercury program,[90] and remained after the group had been reduced to 27 and then 12 before seven were selected by NASA.
Representatives of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union initialed the
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the first agreement ever for the banning of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater. Soviet Foreign Minister
Andrei Gromyko, U.S. Undersecretary of State
W. Averell Harriman, and the British Minister of Science,
Lord Hailsham, gave their tentative approval at the Spiridonovka Palace in Moscow, in advance of the formal signing.[91]
NASA launched
Syncom 2, the world's first
geostationary (
synchronous)
satellite. Synchronization would be achieved eight days later, on August 3, with Syncom 2 reaching a point 22,500 miles (36,200 km) above Brazil, and then moving at 6,880 miles per hour (11,070 km/h) in order to keep pace with the Earth's equatorial rotational movement of 1,040 miles per hour (1,670 km/h).[93]
Syria's
Lu'ay al-Atassi, whom rebels loyal to the United Arab Republic had attempted to overthrow on July 18, resigned as both the Chairman of the Syrian Revolutionary Council, equivalent to the president of the Middle Eastern republic and as Commander in Chief of the Syrian Army, and was replaced in both jobs by the Deputy Premier, Major General
Amin al-Hafiz, who was also Minister of Defense and Minister of the Interior.[95] Although no explanation was given at the time for Atassi's sudden departure, a later account said that he quit because of Hafiz's order of execution of 27 of the rebels by firing squad.[68] brutal treatment of the coup leaders.
Fernando Belaúnde Terry was inaugurated as
President of Peru. The former architect succeeded General
Francisco Morales Bermúdez, who transferred power to the civilian government after elections were held. Belaúnde would be overthrown in a military coup on October 3, 1968, but would be elected President again in 1980, serving until 1985.[101]
Three days after the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was initialed in Moscow, the Soviet Defense Minister, Marshal
Rodion Malinovsky, published an announcement in Red Star and in Pravda, indicating the military's opposition to Premier Khrushchev's treaty with the "imperialist camp".[102]
George F. Kennan resigned as United States Ambassador to Yugoslavia because of the worsening state of relations between the two countries.[103]
The Los Angeles Herald-Examiner published its copyrighted story, "Black Muslim Founder Exposed as a White", that
W. D. Fard, who had started the black nationalist organization in 1930, had actually been a white man named Wallace Dodd. The Herald-Examiner story included photographs supplied by the FBI, but Fard's successors at the
Nation of Islam denied the story as a hoax.[104]
West Indies defeated England in the 4th Test (cricket) by 221 runs, at Headingley, Leeds.[105]
Maxime A. Faget, Engineering and Development Director for MSC's Space Vehicle Design Branch, enlisted
North American Aviation to study modifications to the basic
Apollo spacecraft that would extend its capabilities to function in orbit for a mission of up to 100 days— more than three months— without resupply. Faget's objective was a space laboratory for a three-person crew, with an orbital altitude of from 160 kilometres (99 mi) to 480 kilometres (300 mi), and of low enough weight to be launched on a
Saturn IB rocket. Two separate vehicles were under consideration, an
Apollo command module and a command module and separate mission module to be used as living quarters.[44] The longest of the Apollo missions would be the final one,
Apollo 17, which would last for a little more than 12 and one-half days.
The Soviet newspaper Izvestia, and
Radio Moscow, reported that
Kim Philby, a
double agent who had been spying for the Soviets while employed by Britain's
MI5 spy agency, had been given asylum in Moscow. Philby had disappeared on
January 23.[106]
The
Peerage Act 1963 received royal assent in the United Kingdom, opening membership in the
House of Lords to women, and to more than the 16 members of the
peerage of Scotland. In addition, the Act allowed an hereditary peer to disclaim his automatic membership among the Lords, which would clear the way for
Alec Douglas-Home to become a member of the
House of Commons, then Prime Minister.[64]
United Nations Security Council Resolution 180 was adopted, calling upon Portugal to recognize the right of the peoples of its colonial empire to self-determination and independence.[108] The United Kingdom, the United States and France, three of the five permanent members of the Council, abstained.[109]
Dr.
Arturo Illia was formally elected as
President of Argentina by that nation's electoral college, receiving 261 of the 576 votes. Minutes later, former President
Arturo Frondizi was released by the military government that had deposed him on
March 29, 1962. Dr. Illia would be inaugurated on October 12.[110]
The
Tupamaros (officially, the Movimiento de Liberacion Nacional or MLN), a terrorist organization seeking to overthrow the government of
Uruguay and to rid the South American nation of American and Brazilian businesses, carried out their first attack, striking at a gun club in Montevideo.[111]
Electronic-Electrical Interference (EEI) Tests of Gemini launch vehicle (GLV) 1 began in the vertical test facility at
Martin-Baltimore, to uncover any interference between GLV electrical and electronic systems.[21]
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 420–421.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^"Zanzibar Sultan Dies In Surgery", UPI report in Santa Maria (CA) Times, July 1, 1963, p. 9
^James G. Blight, The Shattered Crystal Ball: Fear and Learning in the Cuban Missile Crisis (Rowman & Littlefield, 1992) p144
^"Khrushchev Links 2 Treaty Drives", by Arthur J. Olsen, The New York Times, July 3, 1963, p. 1
^"Excerpts From Khrushchev's Berlin Call for Two Agreements", The New York Times, July 3, 1963, p. 4
^"7 Killed In Plane Crash", Miami News, July 3, 1963, p4A
^"Plane Crashes; 7 Die, 36 Hurt", Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1963, p. 1
^Jim Kaplan, The Greatest Game Ever Pitched: Juan Marichal, Warren Spahn, and the Pitching Duel of the Century (Triumph Books, 2013)
^Warren N. Wilbert, What Makes an Elite Pitcher?: Young, Mathewson, Johnson, Alexander, Grove, Spahn, Seaver, Clemens, and Maddux (McFarland, 2003) p233
^Robert A. Potash, The Army & Politics in Argentina, 1962–1973: From Frondizi's Fall to the Peronist Restoration (Stanford University Press, 1969) p116
^Paul H. Lewis, Guerrillas and Generals: The 'Dirty War' in Argentina (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002) p10
^"JET FALLS IN BOYS' CAMP, 7 DIE", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 8, 1963, p1
^"Police in Saigon Jostle Newsmen— U.S. Reporter Is Felled at Buddhist Demonstration Pushing Begins U.S. Complains to Saigon", by David Halberstam, The New York Times, July 8, 1963, p. 3
^"Lisa Rinna". Bravo TV Official Site. October 31, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^Perry, Robert L. (2012). History of Satellite Reconnaissance: The Perry Gambit & Hexagon Histories. Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance. pp. 35, 61.
^"Filipinos OK Land Reform". Miami News. July 13, 1963. p. 2.
^"Navy Plane Drops Bomb On 'Frisco". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 20, 1963. p. 2.
^Gilmore, C. P. (December 1965). "Booster pump gives new life to failing hearts". Popular Science. p. 51.
^"X-15 Flown 67 Miles Up". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 20, 1963. p. 1.
^"Watch Eyes— Not Eclipse!". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 20, 1963. p. 1.
^Wortley, B. A., ed. (1974). "The position of overseas associated states in the E.E.C.". The Law of the Common Market.
Manchester University Press. pp. 205–206.
^"14 Seamen Killed And 19 Missing As Freighter Sinks In St. Lawrence— Goes Down 'Like A Stone' After Crash". Montreal Star. July 20, 1963. p. 1.
^"British Ship Sinks in Eight Minutes". The Times. No. 55759. London. 22 July 1963. col B, p. 8.
^"Inquiry Into St. Lawrence Collision". The Times. No. 55872. London. 30 November 1963. col A, p. 7.
^"Chinese Depart; Feud Lingers". Miami News. July 21, 1963. p. 1.
^Leide, Henry (2007). NS-Verbrecher und Staatssicherheit: Die Geheime Vergangenheitspolitik Der DDR [Nazi Criminals and State Security: The GDR's Secret Politics of the Past] (in German) (3rd ed.).
Göttingen:
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 82.
ISBN9783647350189.
^"Analysis of Algorithms (AOFA), Part I: 1993–1998 ('Dagstuhl Period'), by
Wojciech Szpankowski, in Current Trends in Theoretical Computer Science Algorithms and Complexity (World Scientific, 2004) p39
^"Deaths Elsewhere", Akron (O.) Beacon Journal, July 29, 1963, p. 23 ("Garrett A. Morgan, 86, inventor of a gas mask and a traffic light, at Cleveland")
ZIP Codes were introduced in the United States, as the U.S. Department of the Post Office kicked off a massive advertising campaign that included the cartoon character "
Mr. ZIP", and the mailing that day of more than 72,000,000 postcards to every mailing address in the United States, in order to inform the addressees of their new five digit postal code.[1] Postal zones had been used since 1943 in large cities, but the ZIP code was nationwide. Use became mandatory in 1967 for bulk mailers.[2]
The crash of a
Varig DC-3 airliner in
Brazil's
Rio Grande do Sul state killed 15 of the 18 people on board.[3] The flight was approaching the airport at
Passo Fundo on the second-leg of a scheduled trip from
Porto Alegre when it impacted trees.[4]
Died:Abdullah bin Khalifa, 53, Sultan of Zanzibar since 1960, died two days after undergoing emergency surgery.[6] He was succeeded by his son,
Jamshid bin Abdullah, the last to hold the title.
In a speech while visiting
East Berlin, Soviet Premier
Nikita Khrushchev endorsed the idea for the first time of a treaty to ban atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.[7][8] Khrushchev criticized the idea of sending inspectors to verify compliance, but said that "Since the Western powers obstruct the conclusion of an agreement banning all nuclear tests, the Soviet Government expresses its willingness to conclude an agreement banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water."[9]
Mohawk Airlines Flight 121, a
Martin 4-0-4, crashed on takeoff at
Rochester, New York, in the United States, killing 7 of the 43 people on board and injuring all 36 survivors.[10] The plane was flying to
White Plains, New York and, according to a witness "just as the craft began roaring down the runway for a take-off torrents of rain and hail pummeled it."[11]
Baseball pitchers
Juan Marichal of the
San Francisco Giants, and
Warren Spahn of the
Milwaukee Braves faced off against each other in a National League baseball game that one author would later call "the greatest game ever pitched".[12] Tied 0–0 after nine innings, the game was won in the 16th by the Giants on a home run by
Willie Mays.[13]
Died:Alicia Patterson, 56, American editor and publisher who founded the newspaper Newsday in 1940 for New York's Long Island; of complications following surgery for an ulcer[16][17]
The
Constitution of Austria was amended to ease the 1919 act that had declared that "In the interest of the security of the Republic the former holders of the Crown and other members of the
House of Habsburg-Lothringen are banished from the country", providing an exception for descendants of the former monarchs if they elected to "expressly renounce their membership of this House".[20]
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation began the first phase of Spacecraft Systems Tests (SST) on the instrumentation pallets to be installed in
Gemini spacecraft No. 1.[21] The first engineering prototype Gemini
inertial guidance system computer underwent integration and compatibility testing with a complete guidance and control system at McDonnell. All
spacecraft wiring was found to be compatible with the computer, and the component operated with complete accuracy.[21]
A delegation from the
People's Republic of China, led by Prime Minister
Zhou Enlai, departed from
Beijing on a train bound for Moscow, to attend talks in an effort to repair the poor relations between the Chinese Communists and
Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[22] The talks, intended to mend the
Sino-Soviet split, would break down on July 14 when the Soviets published a rebuttal to Chinese charges that the Soviets had departed from the Communist ideology.[23]
The U.S. Senate set a new record for briefest session by meeting at 9:00 a.m., and then adjourning three seconds later. There were only two Senators present for the meeting. The previous record for brevity had been a five-second meeting on September 4, 1951.[24]
The sale of
liquor, by the drink, was legal in the U.S. state of
Iowa for the first time in more than 40 years, with "a restaurant in the lakes resort area in northwest Iowa" becoming the site of the first legal drink.[25]
Italian Prime Minister
Giovanni Leone received a vote of confidence in the Italian Senate, 133–110.[26]
The
Roman Catholic Church relaxed the ban on
cremation as a
funeral practice, when
Pope Paul VI issued the Instruction that "the burning of the body, after all, has no effect on the soul, nor does it inhibit Almighty God from re-establishing the body", although the decision would not be revealed until May 2, 1964.[27]
Elections were held in Jordan for the 80 seats in the Chamber of Deputies of the National Assembly. All of the candidates were independent, in that political parties were banned at the time, and the results, as with most of the elections in Jordan to that time, were "poorly documented" and not officially published.[28]
Blood Feast first premiered at the Bellevue Drive-In in Bellevue,
Illinois (now
Peoria).[29] Composed, shot, and directed by
Herschell Gordon Lewis, the film is considered to be the first
Splatter film, a sub-genre of horror noted for its graphic depictions of on-screen gore.[30]
The
Vanoise National Park, located in the department of
Savoie in the French Alps, was designated France's first National Park.[31]
In the first round of
Argentina's presidential election, Dr.
Arturo Illia won a 25 percent plurality of the popular votes (2,441,064) and 169 of the 476 Electoral College votes, seventy short of a majority. Another physician, Dr.
Oscar Alende, finished with 16.4%, and former General
Pedro Aramburu was third. On July 31, electors for several of the other parties would vote for Illia, giving him 270 electoral votes.[33] Dr. Illia's
Radical Civic Union (UCR) Party (UCR) won only 72 of the 192 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and Illia did not try to forge a coalition with the other parties.[34]
Seven people, including four children, were killed, and 17 injured, when a pilotless
FJ-4 Fury jet fighter crashed into gatherers at a family reunion at the Green Hills Day Camp in
Willow Grove, Pennsylvania. The pilot had ejected after plane malfunctioned while he was attempting to land at the nearby Willow Grove Naval Air Station, and the jet crashed into a baseball field, killing one man, then skidded into a bathhouse where 50 people had been swimming or standing around the pool.[35]
Died:Frank P. Lahm, 85, U.S. aviation pioneer who became, in 1909, the first military aviator after being selected by the U.S. Army to receive instruction on the
Wright Flyer by
Wilbur Wright.
McDonnell warned Gemini Project Office that the capacity of the
Gemini Guidance Computer was in danger of being exceeded. The original function of the computer had been limited to providing
rendezvous and
reentry guidance. Other functions were subsequently added, and the computer's spare capacity no longer appeared adequate to handle all of them. McDonnell requested an immediate review of computer requirements. In the meantime, it advised
International Business Machines to delete one of the added functions, orbital navigation, from computers for
spacecraft Nos. 2 and 3.[21]
The British comic strip Fred Basset was introduced, starting with its first appearance in the Daily Mail.[37] Created by Scottish cartoonist
Alex Graham, the strip, about the adventures of a
basset hound, is syndicated worldwide.
Three crewmen of the British cargo ship Patrician were killed after it collided with the U.S. ship Santa Emilia and sank off
Gibraltar. Thirty-four of the 37 crew were rescued by Santa Emilia.[38]
Members of the 1963 American Everest Expedition team were awarded the
Hubbard Medal by U.S. President
John F. Kennedy for their achievement.[39]
Gemini
astronaut candidates began testing of the "
human centrifuge" equipped to simulate the command pilot's position in the spacecraft. The testing was for evaluation of pilot controls and displays required for launch and reentry of a Gemini mission, along with the seat and
pressure suit operation under
acceleration, and the restraint system. The participating astronauts were generally satisfied but recommended minor changes.[21]
The
G2C Gemini pressure suit made by
David Clark Company proved unsatisfactory because the torso could be stretched out of shape and a visor guard had made the helmet too large to wear during use of the escape hatch.[21]
The brief partnership of "Rodgers and Lerner" was dissolved, and production of the first Rodgers-Lerner musical, I Picked a Daisy, was halted permanently. Composer
Richard Rodgers had successfully collaborated with lyricist
Lorenz Hart (Babes in Arms), and then with lyricist
Oscar Hammerstein II (The Sound of Music), while lyricist
Alan Jay Lerner had a successful team with composer
Frederick Loewe (My Fair Lady). The two were unable to work together successfully beyond "half a dozen" songs for Daisy.[42]
The all-white
University of South Carolina was ordered to admit its first African-American student, Henri Monteith, by order of U.S. District Judge J. Robert Martin. On the same day, Judge Martin ordered the desegregation of all 26 of South Carolina's state parks.[43]
A military coup ousted
Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, President of Ecuador, who was succeeded by naval commander
Ramón Castro Jijón. After surrendering the presidential palace, Arosemena was placed on an Ecuadorian Air Force plane and flown to Panama.[45] The "final straw" for the coup leaders had been a state dinner the night before, "when the obviously inebriated president made disparaging remarks about the United States" while talking to the American ambassador.[46]
The sinking of the Argentine ferry Ciudad de Asunción killed 53 of the 420 people on board after the boat caught fire and went down in the
River Plate between
Buenos Aires in Argentina and
Montevideo in Uruguay.[47][48]
The first
"Gambit" military reconnaissance satellite was launched from
Vandenberg Air Force Base in California at 1:44 p.m., and the film recovered proved it to be a major advancement in observation. The new system had "exceptional pointing accuracy" in aiming its cameras, and the pictures obtained had a resolution of 3.5 feet (1.1 m).[53]
The Congress of the Philippines approved a land reform program that had been proposed by President
Diosdado Macapagal. Among other things, the law outlawed
sharecropping and provided for a means of large estates to be gradually turned over to the people who farmed them.[54]
The
Pulau Senang prison riot took place at the experimental offshore penal colony in Singapore. Superintendent Daniel Dutton and several prison officers were murdered by inmates and the prison was burned to the ground.[55]
Pauline Reade, 16, was abducted and murdered by
Myra Hindley and
Ian Brady in
Manchester, England, in the first of the "
Moors murders". Reade's remains would not be discovered until July 1, 1987.[56]
In the Soviet Union, 33 of the 35 persons on
Aeroflot Flight 012 were killed when the plane crashed as it was approaching a landing at the Irkutsk Airport in Siberia. The Tupolev Tu-104 had departed
Beijing in
China, bound for
Moscow, with one scheduled stop in Irkutsk.[57][58]
The Legislative Assembly of the
Cook Islands voted unanimously to reject an offer by New Zealand to be granted independence, and chose instead to become a self-governing Associated State with its residents to remain New Zealand citizens.[59]
Bob Charles defeated
Phil Rodgers in a 36-hole playoff to win the
British Open. Charles became the first left-handed golfer to win one of golf's major championships.
U.S. Undersecretary of State
W. Averell Harriman arrived in Moscow in order to negotiate the nuclear test ban treaty, and brought with him three tons of American telephone and telex equipment to set up the
Moscow–Washington hotline agreed upon by the Americans and Soviets on
June 20.[61]
The Kingdom of
Tonga issued the first round
postage stamps in history.[62] The stamps (which were also the first to be made of
gold foil rather than paper)[63] were designed to commemorate the first gold coins in Polynesia.
At
Seattle, five men began a 30-day engineering test of
life support systems for a crewed space station in
The Boeing Company space chamber. Designed and built for NASA's Office of Advanced Research and Technology, the chamber was first in the U.S. to include all life-support equipment for a multi-person, long-duration space mission (including environmental control, waste disposal, and crew hygiene and food techniques). In addition to the life support equipment, a number of crew tests simulated specific problems of
spaceflight. Five days into the 30-day test, however, the simulated mission was halted because of a faulty reactor tank.[44]
The
Peerage Act 1963 was approved by the
House of Lords, 105 to 25.[64] The change of rules, which received royal assent on July 31, cleared the way for hereditary peers within the House of Lords to disclaim their peerages in order to be allowed to run for and take a seat in the elected House of Commons.
Tony Benn, who lost his seat in Commons in 1960 when he inherited the title of Viscount Stansgate and automatically became a member of the House of Lords, disqualified himself under the new law and successfully ran for office under in a by-election.
Born:
Srečko Katanec, Slovenian soccer football midfielder with 31 games for the Yugoslav national team, later manager who coached the national teams of five different countries (Slovenia, Macedonia, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq and Uzbekistan); in
Ljubljana,
SR Slovenia,
Yugoslavia
For the first time in history, a U.S. federal court issued ordered a change in the size of the legislature of a U.S. state, decreasing the number of seats in the
Oklahoma House of Representatives from 120 to 100. The court also ordered a reapportionment of both the House and the state Senate on a strict population basis. The decision was the first to rely on the U.S. Supreme Court case of Baker v. Carr, decided on March 26, 1962, holding that federal courts could review state legislative apportionment.[65]
Colonel
Jassem Alwan of the Syrian army, backed by financing from President
Gamal Abdel Nasser of
Egypt, led an attempt to overthrow the government of
Syria in order to establish a pro-Nasser government that would reunite with the United Arab Republic. The coup attempt came only 30 minutes after President
Lu'ay al-Atassi had departed from
Damascus on an invitation from President Nasser for a meeting in Egypt.[67] After Alwan seized the Damascus radio station and the Syrian Army headquarters, Interior Minister
Amin al-Hafiz, "sub-machinegun in hand", directed the
Ba'ath Party National Guard on a counterattack and regained control. Hundreds of people were killed in the battle; Alwan was able to escape, but 27 officers who had participated in the coup were executed by firing squad, marking an end of "the time-honoured tradition whereby losers were banished to embassies abroad".[68] President Atassi would resign on July 27 in protest over the brutal treatment of the coup leaders.
A 25-pound (11 kg) bomb was dropped on downtown San Francisco, inadvertently, by a
U.S. Navy Reserve pilot on a routine exercise flight. The unarmed bomb fell at the intersection of Market Street and Front Street, bounced over the eight-story tall IBM building and damaged another building three blocks away, but nobody was injured.[70]
An
artificial heart pump was placed inside a human being for the first time, at the Methodist Hospital in
Houston, Texas University of Houston by a team led by Dr.
Michael E. DeBakey. The unidentified patient survived for four days before dying of complications from pneumonia.[71]
American
test pilotJoseph A. Walker, flying the
X-15, reached an altitude of 65.8 miles (105.9 km), achieving a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards (which define outer space as beginning 100 kilometres (62 mi) above the Earth).[72]
For the first time since June 30, 1954, a
total solar eclipse was visible from North America and was "the most scientifically observed eclipse in history" up to that time. A chartered DC-8 jet airplane flew a group of astronomers along the path of the eclipse so that the totality could be observed for 44 seconds longer than for people on the ground.[73] The point of greatest eclipse was in Canada's Northwest Territory, near its border with Alberta.
The sinking of the British ore carrier freighter Tritonica killed 33 of its 42-member crew after it collided with another British ship, the Roonagh Head, and went down within four minutes in the
St Lawrence River in Canada near
Petite-Rivière-Saint-François,
Quebec. Most of the Tritonica crew had been sleeping when the ships collided at 3:00 in the morning and were unable to escape in time.[75][76][77]
An attempt to reconcile the differences between the Soviet Communist Party and the Chinese Communist Party ended in failure, after more than a week of conferences in Moscow.[78]
Su Mac Lad won the
International Trot harness racing event on
Long Island, bringing his career winnings to $687,549, the most of any pacer or trotter as of that date.[79]
Jack Nicklaus, 23, described in The New York Times as "a young man who has achieved more in 13 months than most golfers do in a life-time", won the
Professional Golf Association championship.[80] In the 72-hole tournament, held in
Dallas and one of the professional golf major competitions, Nicklaus had a score of 279, two strokes ahead of runner-up
Dave Ragan, who finished at 281. Nicklaus had won the
1962 U.S. Open on June 17, 1962, in only his 17th game on the PGA Tour, and the
1963 Masters Tournament on April 7.
Died:Ray Platte, 37, American stock car driver; of a skull fracture sustained the previous day during a 100-lap NASCAR race at the
speedway in
South Boston, Virginia
World heavyweight boxing champion
Sonny Liston retained his title in a rematch fight against former champion
Floyd Patterson, whom he had defeated ten months earlier, on
September 20, 1962. In the first bout, he knocked out Patterson in the first round in two minutes, six seconds. In the rematch at
Las Vegas, Liston took four seconds longer.[82]
Please Please Me became the first record album by
The Beatles to be released in the United States. Vee Jay Records deleted two of the songs that had appeared on the British version introduced on
March 22, including the
title song.[83]
Sarawak was granted conditional independence from the
British Empire pending the establishment of the Federation of
Malaysia.
A modified prototype
Super Frelon helicopter broke the
FAI absolute helicopter world speed record, attaining a maximum speed of 217.7 mph (350.4 km/h) during the flight.[87]
Died:Vasile Luca, 65, former Romanian Vice-Premier who had been imprisoned since 1952 following his purge from the
Romanian Communist Party Politburo.
U.S. President
John F. Kennedy hosted a group of American high school students who were part of the
Boys Nation event sponsored by the
American Legion, including 16-year-old
Bill Clinton, who would become the 42nd U.S. President in 1993. Clinton would later use a film clip of him shaking hands with Kennedy as part of his 1992 campaign.[88]
Born:Karl Malone, American NBA basketball forward, nicknamed "The Mailman" for his reliable delivery of scores, NBA Most Valuable Player 1997 and 1999; in
Summerfield, Louisiana
Died: U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander
Hal Russell Crandall, 34, one of 12 finalists for the selection of NASA Astronaut Group 1 (the first U.S. astronauts, known as the "
Mercury Seven"), was killed in the crash of his
F-8 Crusader into
Subic Bay in the
Philippines.[89] In 1959, Crandall had been one of the 32 finalists for the Mercury program,[90] and remained after the group had been reduced to 27 and then 12 before seven were selected by NASA.
Representatives of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union initialed the
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the first agreement ever for the banning of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater. Soviet Foreign Minister
Andrei Gromyko, U.S. Undersecretary of State
W. Averell Harriman, and the British Minister of Science,
Lord Hailsham, gave their tentative approval at the Spiridonovka Palace in Moscow, in advance of the formal signing.[91]
NASA launched
Syncom 2, the world's first
geostationary (
synchronous)
satellite. Synchronization would be achieved eight days later, on August 3, with Syncom 2 reaching a point 22,500 miles (36,200 km) above Brazil, and then moving at 6,880 miles per hour (11,070 km/h) in order to keep pace with the Earth's equatorial rotational movement of 1,040 miles per hour (1,670 km/h).[93]
Syria's
Lu'ay al-Atassi, whom rebels loyal to the United Arab Republic had attempted to overthrow on July 18, resigned as both the Chairman of the Syrian Revolutionary Council, equivalent to the president of the Middle Eastern republic and as Commander in Chief of the Syrian Army, and was replaced in both jobs by the Deputy Premier, Major General
Amin al-Hafiz, who was also Minister of Defense and Minister of the Interior.[95] Although no explanation was given at the time for Atassi's sudden departure, a later account said that he quit because of Hafiz's order of execution of 27 of the rebels by firing squad.[68] brutal treatment of the coup leaders.
Fernando Belaúnde Terry was inaugurated as
President of Peru. The former architect succeeded General
Francisco Morales Bermúdez, who transferred power to the civilian government after elections were held. Belaúnde would be overthrown in a military coup on October 3, 1968, but would be elected President again in 1980, serving until 1985.[101]
Three days after the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was initialed in Moscow, the Soviet Defense Minister, Marshal
Rodion Malinovsky, published an announcement in Red Star and in Pravda, indicating the military's opposition to Premier Khrushchev's treaty with the "imperialist camp".[102]
George F. Kennan resigned as United States Ambassador to Yugoslavia because of the worsening state of relations between the two countries.[103]
The Los Angeles Herald-Examiner published its copyrighted story, "Black Muslim Founder Exposed as a White", that
W. D. Fard, who had started the black nationalist organization in 1930, had actually been a white man named Wallace Dodd. The Herald-Examiner story included photographs supplied by the FBI, but Fard's successors at the
Nation of Islam denied the story as a hoax.[104]
West Indies defeated England in the 4th Test (cricket) by 221 runs, at Headingley, Leeds.[105]
Maxime A. Faget, Engineering and Development Director for MSC's Space Vehicle Design Branch, enlisted
North American Aviation to study modifications to the basic
Apollo spacecraft that would extend its capabilities to function in orbit for a mission of up to 100 days— more than three months— without resupply. Faget's objective was a space laboratory for a three-person crew, with an orbital altitude of from 160 kilometres (99 mi) to 480 kilometres (300 mi), and of low enough weight to be launched on a
Saturn IB rocket. Two separate vehicles were under consideration, an
Apollo command module and a command module and separate mission module to be used as living quarters.[44] The longest of the Apollo missions would be the final one,
Apollo 17, which would last for a little more than 12 and one-half days.
The Soviet newspaper Izvestia, and
Radio Moscow, reported that
Kim Philby, a
double agent who had been spying for the Soviets while employed by Britain's
MI5 spy agency, had been given asylum in Moscow. Philby had disappeared on
January 23.[106]
The
Peerage Act 1963 received royal assent in the United Kingdom, opening membership in the
House of Lords to women, and to more than the 16 members of the
peerage of Scotland. In addition, the Act allowed an hereditary peer to disclaim his automatic membership among the Lords, which would clear the way for
Alec Douglas-Home to become a member of the
House of Commons, then Prime Minister.[64]
United Nations Security Council Resolution 180 was adopted, calling upon Portugal to recognize the right of the peoples of its colonial empire to self-determination and independence.[108] The United Kingdom, the United States and France, three of the five permanent members of the Council, abstained.[109]
Dr.
Arturo Illia was formally elected as
President of Argentina by that nation's electoral college, receiving 261 of the 576 votes. Minutes later, former President
Arturo Frondizi was released by the military government that had deposed him on
March 29, 1962. Dr. Illia would be inaugurated on October 12.[110]
The
Tupamaros (officially, the Movimiento de Liberacion Nacional or MLN), a terrorist organization seeking to overthrow the government of
Uruguay and to rid the South American nation of American and Brazilian businesses, carried out their first attack, striking at a gun club in Montevideo.[111]
Electronic-Electrical Interference (EEI) Tests of Gemini launch vehicle (GLV) 1 began in the vertical test facility at
Martin-Baltimore, to uncover any interference between GLV electrical and electronic systems.[21]
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 420–421.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^"Zanzibar Sultan Dies In Surgery", UPI report in Santa Maria (CA) Times, July 1, 1963, p. 9
^James G. Blight, The Shattered Crystal Ball: Fear and Learning in the Cuban Missile Crisis (Rowman & Littlefield, 1992) p144
^"Khrushchev Links 2 Treaty Drives", by Arthur J. Olsen, The New York Times, July 3, 1963, p. 1
^"Excerpts From Khrushchev's Berlin Call for Two Agreements", The New York Times, July 3, 1963, p. 4
^"7 Killed In Plane Crash", Miami News, July 3, 1963, p4A
^"Plane Crashes; 7 Die, 36 Hurt", Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1963, p. 1
^Jim Kaplan, The Greatest Game Ever Pitched: Juan Marichal, Warren Spahn, and the Pitching Duel of the Century (Triumph Books, 2013)
^Warren N. Wilbert, What Makes an Elite Pitcher?: Young, Mathewson, Johnson, Alexander, Grove, Spahn, Seaver, Clemens, and Maddux (McFarland, 2003) p233
^Robert A. Potash, The Army & Politics in Argentina, 1962–1973: From Frondizi's Fall to the Peronist Restoration (Stanford University Press, 1969) p116
^Paul H. Lewis, Guerrillas and Generals: The 'Dirty War' in Argentina (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002) p10
^"JET FALLS IN BOYS' CAMP, 7 DIE", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 8, 1963, p1
^"Police in Saigon Jostle Newsmen— U.S. Reporter Is Felled at Buddhist Demonstration Pushing Begins U.S. Complains to Saigon", by David Halberstam, The New York Times, July 8, 1963, p. 3
^"Lisa Rinna". Bravo TV Official Site. October 31, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^Perry, Robert L. (2012). History of Satellite Reconnaissance: The Perry Gambit & Hexagon Histories. Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance. pp. 35, 61.
^"Filipinos OK Land Reform". Miami News. July 13, 1963. p. 2.
^"Navy Plane Drops Bomb On 'Frisco". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 20, 1963. p. 2.
^Gilmore, C. P. (December 1965). "Booster pump gives new life to failing hearts". Popular Science. p. 51.
^"X-15 Flown 67 Miles Up". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 20, 1963. p. 1.
^"Watch Eyes— Not Eclipse!". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 20, 1963. p. 1.
^Wortley, B. A., ed. (1974). "The position of overseas associated states in the E.E.C.". The Law of the Common Market.
Manchester University Press. pp. 205–206.
^"14 Seamen Killed And 19 Missing As Freighter Sinks In St. Lawrence— Goes Down 'Like A Stone' After Crash". Montreal Star. July 20, 1963. p. 1.
^"British Ship Sinks in Eight Minutes". The Times. No. 55759. London. 22 July 1963. col B, p. 8.
^"Inquiry Into St. Lawrence Collision". The Times. No. 55872. London. 30 November 1963. col A, p. 7.
^"Chinese Depart; Feud Lingers". Miami News. July 21, 1963. p. 1.
^Leide, Henry (2007). NS-Verbrecher und Staatssicherheit: Die Geheime Vergangenheitspolitik Der DDR [Nazi Criminals and State Security: The GDR's Secret Politics of the Past] (in German) (3rd ed.).
Göttingen:
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 82.
ISBN9783647350189.
^"Analysis of Algorithms (AOFA), Part I: 1993–1998 ('Dagstuhl Period'), by
Wojciech Szpankowski, in Current Trends in Theoretical Computer Science Algorithms and Complexity (World Scientific, 2004) p39
^"Deaths Elsewhere", Akron (O.) Beacon Journal, July 29, 1963, p. 23 ("Garrett A. Morgan, 86, inventor of a gas mask and a traffic light, at Cleveland")