Members of the
30 September Movement assassinated six
Indonesian Army generals in an abortive coup d'état.[1] Other victims included the 5-year-old daughter of General
Abdul Harris Nasution, shot by mistake.[2] The movement also kidnapped First Lieutenant
Pierre Tendean, mistaking him for General Nasution. At 7:00 a.m., Radio Republik Indonesia broadcast a message from Lieutenant-Colonel
Untung Syamsuri, commander of
Cakrabirawa, the Presidential guard, stating that the 30 September Movement, an internal army organization, had taken control of strategic locations in Jakarta, with the help of other military units, in order to forestall a coup attempt by a 'General's Council' aided by the
Central Intelligence Agency, intent on removing President
Sukarno on 5 October, "Army Day".[3] Sukarno took up residence in the
Bogor Palace, while
Omar Dhani and
D.N. Aidit, implicated in the coup, fled the country. Led by
Suharto, commander of the Army's Strategic Reserve, the army regained control of all the installations previously held by forces of the 30 September Movement.[4]
Assassinated by the September 30 movement:
Major General
M. T. Haryono, 41, Third Deputy Indonesian Army Commander
Lieutenant General
Ahmad Yani, 43, Minister of the Army of Indonesia
The first telephone conversation between two
undersea habitats took place when the
aquanauts of the American
SEALAB II spoke for 16 minutes with the French oceanauts living in the
bathyscaph commanded by
Jacques Cousteau. SEALAB II was 205 feet (62 m) beneath the
Pacific Ocean off the coast of
La Jolla, California, while Cousteau and his crew were 330 feet (100 m) below the harbor of
Monte Carlo,
Monaco. Oceanographer Rick Gregg, who could speak French, did most of the talking for the Americans, while French team leader André Laban spoke English. According to the
UPI account, "The aquanauts and oceanauts had some difficulty understanding one another because the concentration of
helium in the atmosphere they breathe made their voices sound like
Donald Duck, according to one observer."[5]
Died:Gareth Hughes, 71, Welsh stage and silent film actor; of complications of the occupational lung disease
byssinosis[6]
Soviet Communist Party First Secretary
Leonid Brezhnev, the de facto leader of the Soviet Union, was given an official Soviet government position when he was returned to the 16 member
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Brezhnev had been the President of the Presidium, the Soviet Union's head of state, from 1960 to 1964 before replacing
Nikita Khrushchev as Party First Secretary. The Presidium also fired
Pyotr Lomako from his jobs as Chairman of the State Planning Committee and Deputy Premier, in an apparent move to shift to more productive industrial management.[7]
The
Los Angeles Dodgers won the
National League pennant as pitcher
Sandy Koufax hurled his 26th win of the season in a 3 to 1 defeat of the
Milwaukee Braves on the second to the last day of the season. Going into the 161st game of the 162 game NL season, the Dodgers had a 95–65 and the
San Francisco Giants were two games behind at 93–67. While the Giants beat the Cincinnati Reds, 3–2, the Dodgers win left the Giants two games out of first place with only one game left to play.[8]
U.S. President
Lyndon B. Johnson signed the
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which ended quotas based on
national origin. Johnson chose to hold the signing on
Liberty Island in
New York Harbor, next to the
Statue of Liberty. As one historian would observe fifty years later, "the law changed the face of America. The major source countries of immigration radically shifted from Europe to Latin America and Asia. The number of immigrants tripled by 1978. It made the country the highly diverse, multinational, multiethnic, multicultural American nation of immigrants that it is today."[11] Johnson said in a speech, "from this day forth those wishing to immigrate to America shall be admitted on the basis of their skills and their close relationship to those already here. This is a simple test, and it is a fair test. Those who can contribute most to this country--to its growth, to its strength, to its spirit--will be the first that are admitted to this land. The fairness of this standard is so self-evident that we may well wonder that it has not always been applied. Yet the fact is that for over four decades the immigration policy of the United States has been twisted and has been distorted by the harsh injustice of the national origins quota system.... Today, with my signature, this system is abolished. We can now believe that it will never again shadow the gate to the American Nation with the twin barriers of prejudice and privilege."[12]
On the same day,
Fidel Castro announced that
Che Guevara had resigned his government position on April 1 and had left Cuba to fight for the revolutionary cause abroad.[14][15]
Born:Jan-Ove Waldner, Swedish table tennis player and world single champion in 1989, 1997, and 2000; in
Stockholm
Died:Zachary Scott, 51, American film and stage actor; of a brain tumor
The new
University of Warwick held its first classes, with 430 students on a campus in
Canterbury.[16] Warwick was one of seven new "
plate glass universities" created as part of the British campaign to expand the availability of university education to students in the United Kingdom. Fifty years later, Warwick would have almost 27,000 students.
The
United States began bombing
Cambodia, despite that nation's neutrality in the
Vietnam War, to attack Viet Cong guerrillas who crossed the border from
South Vietnam.[17] Records released in 2000 would show that between October 4, 1965 and August 15, 1973, there would be 2,756,941 tons of bombs dropped in 230,516 separate missions.[18]
Eighty-seven people were killed and ten seriously injured when the last three coaches of a
South African Railways commuter train derailed near
Durban,
South Africa. Most of the victims were black; one white railway employee who ran to the scene was beaten to death by angry survivors.[21][22]
Pope Paul VI made the first visit ever by the Roman Catholic Pontiff to the United States, appearing for a Mass before 90,000 people at New York's
Yankee Stadium and making a speech at the
United Nations, as well as meeting with U.S. President Johnson.[23][24][25][26]
Born: Micky Ward (George Michael Ward Jr.), American light heavyweight boxing champion who competed from 1985 to 2003; in
Lowell, Massachusetts
The American
satellite "Orbital Vehicle 1" was launched westward into orbit from
Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, becoming the first human-made object in space to orbit the Earth from east to west, counter to the rotation of the planet. Since the launch of Sputnik in 1957, all Soviet and American satellites had been sent on a west-east trajectory or, in the case of those sent from Vandenberg into polar orbit, fired southward.[27]
Ian Brady and
Myra Hindley murdered their fifth and last young victim, luring Edward Evans, a 17-year-old apprentice electrician. After Hindley drove Brady to the Manchester Central Railway station, they selected Evans as a victim and lured him to a house at 16 Wardle Brook Avenue on the
Hattersleyhousing estate in
Cheshire. Brady took a hatchet and hacked him to death. Hindley's brother-in-law, who witnessed the murder, called the
Cheshire Constabulary early the next day, and Brady was arrested.[28][29][30] Hindley would be arrested five days later.
The Football Association, England's premier soccer organization, inaugurated
closed-circuit television broadcasting of games, placing outdoor screens in
Coventry so that fans of the
Coventry City F.C. Sky Blues could pay to watch their team play 130 miles (210 km) away in Wales against the
Cardiff City F.C. Bluebirds. Coventry won the match, 2–1.[31] Over 10,000 people paid to watch at Coventry, "only a couple of thousand less than the actual gate".[32]
Retired U.S. Army Lieutenant General
Leslie R. Groves, who had overseen the
Manhattan Project, revealed to reporters that President Franklin Roosevelt had discussed the possibility of dropping the first atomic bomb on Germany. The occasion was a
White House meeting in
December 1944, after the December 15 German counterattack against the Allies. "The President said he was concerned that the
Battle of the Bulge might upset the war in Europe," Groves said, "and remarked that maybe this would force us to use the bomb against Germany.... I told him that it would be very difficult to change our plans and gave my reasons," which included that the bomb would not be ready until
August 1945; that if the bomb's atomic reaction failed, the Germans would be able to figure out the components and structure from the debris; that German buildings were more solidly constructed than those in Japan; and that there were no B-29 bombers in the European theater of operations. Groves said that he spoke out because of "irresponsible criticism that the United States hesitated to drop the bomb on an enemy which happened to be white-skinned."[38]
The Soviet Lunik 7 lunar probe landed on the Moon on target, but with such force that it was destroyed. The Soviet space agency had no comment, but the director of Britain's
Jodrell Bank Observatory, Sir
Bernard Lovell, said that all radio signals from the Moon ceased at 2208 UTC, and that he speculated that the craft's
retrorockets failed to fire completely.[39] The
TASS news agency said the next day that the craft "reached the surface of the Moon at 1:08.24 [Moscow time October 8] in the area of the
Ocean of Storms west of
Kepler crater... some operations, however, were not carried out in accordance with the program and need additional development." Lovell responded that the probe should not be regarded as a failure and commented that, "The Russians have obtained extremely valuable data from this. For the first time they have been able to slow down a capsule prior to landing on the Moon."[40]
Super typhoon Carmen sank seven Japanese fishing boats off
Guam, and 209 people were killed.[41]
Prime Minister
Ian Smith of
Rhodesia, British Prime Minister
Harold Wilson, and
Arthur Bottomley of the
Commonwealth of Nations broke off negotiations in London on a course of action for Britain's last major colony in Africa to become independent, with major disagreement about the issue of majority rule.[42] Smith's position, as described by Chicago reporter Arthur Veysey, was that "the 225,000 white Rhodesians say one-man, one-vote would doom them. They say such an election would be decided on racial lines and the four million Africans would swamp the whites who have been running things, in Britain's name, for 42 years."[43]
The U.S. House of Representatives voted 245–138 to pass the
Highway Beautification Act, legislation requested by
Lady Bird Johnson, the President's wife, and largely written under her direction. The Senate had passed the bill on September 16.[44] President Johnson would sign the bill, which restricted outdoor advertising, particularly billboards, on October 22.
U.S. President Johnson entered the Bethesda Naval Hospital in
Bethesda, Maryland and was expected to remain hospitalized for two weeks for
gall bladder surgery.[45] During his 14-day stay in Bethesda, the President conducted White House official business and
press conferences from his hospital bed.[46][47]
The 20th Helicopter Squadron became the first
U.S. Air Force cargo helicopter unit to deploy to South Vietnam, operating
CH-3C helicopters. It supported Air Force
Special Operations "Pony Express" covert operations, primarily in
Laos.[49]
The first
peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) surgery to relieve chronic pain was performed on a person. Dr.
Patrick D. Wall and Dr. William H. Sweet implanted a pair of silastic split-ring platinum electrodes around the ulnar and medium nerves in a patient identified as a 26-year-old woman with clinical presentation consistent with a complex regional pain syndrome.[55]
Construction began for the yet-unnamed city that would become the new capital of
British Honduras, with the dedication of a Maya Indian pillar by
Anthony Greenwood, the British Colonial Secretary.[56] Built at the site of the colonial logging centre of Roaring Creek, the new city, completed in 1970, is now named
Belmopan.
At a nursing home in
Seriate,
Italy, eight elderly women died and another seven were seriously injured after all 15 had been given seemingly routine injections of a "heart tonic" as part of their regular treatment. The deaths all happened within two hours after they were given the shots.[57]
Voters in
East Germany were allowed for the first time to choose among multiple candidates, as a new system was implemented where "for the first time, more candidates than posts are listed", although few wished to exercise that option.[59] People voting had the choice of folding a printed list of local candidates and depositing it into a ballot box, or asking to step into a voting booth for the opportunity to strike out the names of any candidates whom they did not like. The official
National Front nominees were listed at the top of the ballot, and the names of non-Front alternates followed (more than 45,000 all across the country), and an alternate could only be elected if more than 50 percent of the voters struck out the name of a National Front member. All 204,407 of the Front nominees were elected, and few voters chose to be seen using a booth.
Indonesia's President
Sukarno appointed General
Suharto to form the Indonesian Army's new
secret police force, "Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order",
KOPKAMTIB, an acronym for Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban. With the power to suppress political opposition, Suharto would use his position to gradually dismantle Sukarno's regime and to install the "New Order" that he would use as President.[61]
The first group of
Cuban refugees to depart the country since Fidel Castro had announced the right to leave departed from the port of
Camarioca to travel to the America.[63] The 16 people arrived at
Key West the next day on the cabin cruiser MMM, a boat piloted by a crew of four Florida-based Cuban exiles.[64]
In a paper presented at the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics' fourth
human spaceflight meeting in
St. Louis, AAP Director
William B. Taylor described the focus and importance of the AAP. In contrast to the
Apollo program, with its clear objective of
landing on the Moon, AAP's objectives were much less obvious. Under AAP, Taylor said,
NASA planned to exploit the capabilities being developed for Apollo as a technological bridge to more extensive human spaceflight missions of the 1970s and 1980s. Internal studies within NASA had identified the practical limits of the capabilities of
Saturn/Apollo systems for extended space missions without fundamental modification of
spacecraft and
launch vehicles: (1)
Earth-centered orbital missions of up to 45 days and at inclinations of 0 to 90 degrees and altitudes of from 185 kilometres (115 mi) up to
synchronous orbits (orbital resupply could extend the duration of such missions to three months or more); (2)
lunar orbital missions of up to 28 days (including lunar
polar orbits) at altitudes as low as 45 kilometres (28 mi) to 55 kilometres (34 mi); and (3)
lunar surface missions of up to 14 days at any point on the lunar surface. Through these space activities, stated Taylor, AAP would lay the foundation for later, major ventures in space and thus would contribute significantly to the national goal of preeminence in space.[70]
King
Olav V appointed
Per Borten, a farmer in
Sør-Trøndelag County in central Norway and leader of the Farmer's Party that finished in fourth place in parliamentary elections, as the new
Prime Minister of Norway. Borten, "the man nobody expected to get the job",[71] conceded that he was selected as the new premier because members of the two largest parties of the anti-Socialist coalition, the Conservatives and the Liberals, did not trust each other and had considered him to be neutral. Borten would serve until March 4, 1971.[72]
The
University of Kent at Canterbury, the second of two new British universities, held its first classes with 560 students arriving at its campus in
Canterbury. A reporter would note that "the unwieldy title marks the pride of its contributing city and county";[16] within 50 years, UKC would have nearly 20,000 students.
The U.S. Air Force renamed the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) to its current name of the
Military Airlift Command (MAC).[73]
The Indianapolis Times, unable to compete against its rivals, the Star and the News, published its last issue.[74]
The
Vinland Map, a map claiming to be created by 15th-century Vikings which would indicate that the Vikings had visited North America centuries before the explorations of
Christopher Columbus, was placed on public display at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at
Yale University on the occasion of
Columbus Day. It was claimed that the map had been re-discovered in 1957, and was donated to Yale by alumnus
Paul Mellon. While considered a thrilling find at the time - "the most exciting cartographic discovery of the century" - later analysis showed that the map was produced after the 1920s and was a forgery.[75][76][77][78]
The U.N. General Assembly voted, 107 to 2, to call on the United Kingdom to "use force, if necessary" to prevent
Rhodesia from making a threatened unilateral declaration of independence as a white minority ruled nation. South Africa, which was ruled by its white minority, and Portugal, which still had colonies in Africa, were the only nations to vote against the resolution.[79][80]
Congo's President
Joseph Kasavubu fired Prime Minister
Moise Tshombe and formed a provisional government, with
Évariste Kimba as the acting premier.[82] Parliament, however, would not approve Kimba's government and on November 24, President Kasavubu and his government would be overthrown.[83] Tshombe, who had led the secession of
Katanga province from the Congo, would go into exile and never return, while Kimba would be executed for treason less than eight months later.[84]
Test pilotsAlvin S. White and USAF Colonel
Joseph F. Cotton became the first people to fly an airplane faster than
Mach 3 (2,317 mph or 3,729 km/h), pushing an
XB-70 Valkyrie jet to Mach 3.02 and continuing at that speed for two minutes at an altitude of 70,000 feet (21,000 m). After slowing down to allow chase planes to catch up with them, White and Cotton found that about 2 feet (0.61 m) of the leading edge of the left wing had sheared off from the stress of the supersonic flight.[86] The two would fly the supersonic bomber at Mach 3 for 30 minutes on
May 19, 1966.
Led by pitcher
Sandy Koufax, the
Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the
Minnesota Twins, 2-0, in Game Seven of the best-4-of-7
1965 World Series to win the Major League Baseball championship. In the fifth inning, 37-year-old second baseman
Jim Gilliam caught a left field hit by the Twins'
Zoilo Versalles that might have driven in two runs.[87] The Dodgers' two were scored by a home run from
Lou Johnson in the fourth inning. The game ended when, with one man on base, Koufax struck out Minnesota's
Bob Allison, who had hit 23 home runs that year.[88]
The
Polaris A-1 submarine-launched ballistic nuclear missile (
SLBM) was taken out of service by the
U.S. Navy after a little more than five years of deployment on submarines worldwide, and replaced in all ballistic subs with the Polaris A-2.[89]
An order by the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) took effect, changing the nature and popularity of
FM radio station broadcasting in the United States.[92] Prior to the adoption of the rule, which was first proposed on July 1, 1964, AM radio stations that had an FM radio transmitter would use the FM band as an adjunct to
simulcast the AM radio programs. "Obviously," the Commission would write in 1965, "it is a waste of valuable spectrum space to use two frequencies to bring the same material to the same location. This has been permitted in the past because it provided an easy and inexpensive start for FM broadcast." Under the new rule, no FM station serving any city of 100,000 or more people was allowed no use more than half of its air time for the rebroadcasting of AM station programming." A radio historian, Denny Sanders, would later note that because of the FCC rule, AM station owners used their less popular FM stations for alternative formats (such as album-oriented rock) aimed at "
baby boomers",
stereo recordings could be broadcast on FM and not on AM and the sound quality on FM was better.[93]
The Vatican
ecumenical council of bishops voted, 1,763 to 250, to accept a declaration stating that the Jewish race could not be blamed for the crucifixion of
Jesus Christ. "On the Church's Attitude Toward Non-Christians" was approved for promulgation by
Pope Paul VI as a decree that would be binding upon all members of the Roman Catholic Church worldwide. The document also spoke out against any attempts to describe Jewish people as "rejected" or "accursed" by God. An AP report commented that "Probably no document had aroused so much controversy at the 4-year-old council. Never before has any general council in 20 centuries of Catholicism taken such positive stands on the Jewish and other non-Christian religions.[94]
Guitarist
Jimi Hendrix signed a three-year recording contract with Ed Chalpin, receiving $1 and 1% royalty on records with
Curtis Knight.[95] The agreement would later cause continuous litigation problems for Hendrix with other record labels.
Mikhail Sholokhov of the Soviet Union, best known as the author of the novel Tikhy Don (published in English as And Quiet Flows the Don) was announced as the recipient of the 1965
Nobel Prize for Literature.[96]
On the penultimate day of the New York World's Fair, a
time capsule was lowered 50 feet (15 m) into the ground, containing 117,000 pages of microfilmed records from 1940 to 1965, as well as 45 other objects.[97] The capsule, buried 10 feet (3.0 m) away from another capsule placed for the
1939 New York World's Fair, is not scheduled to be opened until the year
6939 AD. Among the objects included were "credit cards, a bikini, contact lenses, birth control pills, tranquilizers, a plastic heart valve, a pack of filter cigarettes, an electric toothbrush, and a heat shield from Apollo 7", as well as photographs of
Andrew Wyeth paintings, a
Henry Moore sculpture, microfilms of a book by
Ernest Hemingway, poetry by
Dylan Thomas and
Robert Frost, a tape of a
Danny Kaye television show, records by
the Beatles,
Joan Baez, and
Thelonious Monk, and photographs of celebrities from the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.[98]
Police found a girl's body on
Saddleworth Moor near
Oldham in
Lancashire, which was quickly identified as that of 10-year-old
Lesley Ann Downey, who had disappeared on December 26, from a fairground in the
Ancoats area of
Manchester.[99] Ian Brady, who had been arrested a week earlier for murdering a 17-year-old boy, was charged along with his girlfriend Myra Hindley for Lesley's murder.[100]
An
Avianca Airlines
DC-3 plane with 12 passengers and a crew of three was arriving at
Bucaramanga,
Colombia, in a flight from
Bogotá. As it was approaching, a 21-year-old pilot, who had been awarded his license only two months earlier, was taking off from the same airport in a
Piper Super Cub and collided with the DC-3. Both airplanes came down in the residential neighborhoods of Las Terrazas and El Jardin.[104][105]
The
New York World's Fair at
Flushing Meadows, New York, observed its last day. Rides remained open until 2:00 in the morning on Monday. During its 1964 and 1965 runs, it attracted more than 50,000,000 admissions. At the same time, the fair had a deficit of over $35,000,000.[97] As a result of its financial losses, some of the projected site park improvements had failed to materialize.[97][106]
The first successful American attack on a North Vietnamese
surface-to-air missile (SAM) site was accomplished when four
A-4 Skyhawk attack bombers struck a site near the
Kép airfield northeast of
Hanoi.[107][108]
Seven coal miners at Clinchfield Coal Company's Mars No. 2 mine were killed in a fire.[109]
David J. Miller of
Syracuse, New York, a 22-year-old man protesting the
Vietnam War, became the first person to be arrested under the new federal law that made defacement of a selective service information card punishable as a crime. Miller, who described himself as "a Catholic pacifist", was photographed burning his draft card on October 15 during an anti-war rally in New York City by the
Catholic Worker Movement.[111] Miller was located by the FBI in
Hooksett, New Hampshire, asked to produce his draft card, and charged when he failed to produce it.[112]
With secret approval given by President Johnson on September 21,[113] American troops took the Vietnam War into neighboring
Laos as part of
Operation Shining Brass, losing six men.[114]
Lauri Törni (Larry Thorne), 46, Finnish-born soldier who fought as a
Finnish Army officer (1938–1944), as a German Waffen-SS captain (1941, 1945), and as a
United States Army Major (1954–1965); in a helicopter crash during the Vietnam War, his body wouldn't be discovered until 1999.[115][116]
The
Siege of Plei Me began when 6,000
Viet Cong and 33rd
North Vietnamese Army Regiment troops attacked the Plei Me fort near
Pleiku in
South Vietnam, in "one of the largest Communist offensives of the
Vietnam War. The 400 South Vietnamese Rangers and twelve
U.S. Army Special Forces officers were supplemented by 200 additional Rangers who were brought in by helicopter the next day, and the group of 662 men held out until the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division were able to lift the siege on October 27.[117][118]
Léopold Biha, who had been appointed as the new
Prime Minister of Burundi less than three weeks earlier, was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt during a coup attempt by Hutu members of the Burundi military against the Tutsi government. Biha would be hospitalized in Europe and would not be able to return to his duties until April.[121]
President Johnson signed the
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act into law, permitting the first federal standards for
vehicle exhaust. Under the rules, which were effective starting with the 1968 model year cars and trucks,
carbon monoxide had to be reduced by more than half of the 1963 levels in the
Clean Air Act of 1963 and
hydrocarbons by nearly three-fourths. The House of Representatives had passed the bill on September 24 by a margin of 294 to 4, with the only opposition coming from future U.S. Senator
Bob Dole of Kansas,
Paul Findley of Illinois, and
Graham Purcell and
William R. Poage of Texas.[122] Johnson signed the
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 into law on the same day, with the objective of "conservation of natural resources by reducing the amount of waste and unsalvageable materials" in manufacturing, packaging and marketing of consumer products, and to eliminate methods of trash disposal that resulted in scenic blights, public health hazards and accident hazards.[123]
Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) and
Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) program officials and engineers held their first coordination meeting on the
S-IVBOrbital Workshop and related Apollo Applications Program experiment activities. Among the most significant results of this meeting was a request by
Houston for inclusion of an
artificial gravity experiment as part of the S-IVB
command and service module concept of the Workshop. MSFC officials undertook to define the feasibility of such an experiment, examining several possible technical approaches (including cables, a concept that MSC found less than appealing). MSFC investigators also sought help from
Langley Research Center (LaRC), where considerable work along this line had been done as part of that Center's Manned Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL) study program.[70]
The U.S. Congress completed passage of the appropriations bills to fund the Great Society programs passed during the Johnson Administration, with a final bill to allocate $4,741,644,602 to cover the initial costs of Medicare, highway beautification, minting new coins without silver, expanding aid to education, and funding a variety of public welfare programs. The new amount raised the final 1965 total for money appropriated for the Great Society to the largest peacetime expenditure in American history up to that time, totaling $119.3 billion.[126]
George Roeder of
Monroeville, Ohio, shattered the record for fastest speed on a motorcycle, traveling 176.824 miles per hour (or 284.57 km/h) at the
Bonneville Salt Flats on a shielded Harley-Davidson 250 cc Sprint cycle. He covered the measured mile long course in 20.36 seconds. The previous record had been 156.24 miles per hour (251.44 km/h).[129]
Dick Tiger of Nigeria reclaimed his title of
boxing's
World Middleweight Champion from
Joey Giardello, who had dethroned him on December 7, 1963. Tiger (real name Richard Ihetu) won in a unanimous decision after the two had gone the full 15 rounds.[130]
British police found the decomposed body of a boy on
Saddleworth Moor. It was later confirmed as that of John Kilbride, killed by the
Moors murderers nearly two years earlier.[131][132]
Comet Ikeya-Seki approached
perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometres (280,000 mi) from the sun, and was bright enough to be seen in daylight from the Earth.[133]
President Johnson signed the
Highway Beautification Act into law, marking the end of a successful lobbying campaign by his wife,
Lady Bird Johnson. An author would later note of Mrs. Johnson, "She had exercised the implicit power of the
First Lady to push serious legislation through Congress. At no other time would enactment of billboard regulation even have been possible. In that sense, Mrs. Johnson's success represented a unique achievement in the historical evolution of the institution of First Lady."[135] The
U.S. Department of Commerce was authorized to withhold 20% of highway funding for any states that failed to set higher standards to regulate outdoor advertising.[136]
Cuba's Premier
Fidel Castro issued what he referred to as a "clarification" of his September decree allowing free departure from the island nation for any Cubans who wished to leave. Castro said that young men between the ages of 17 and 26 would not be allowed to leave while they were eligible to be drafted into military service, and that professionals like physicians, dentists, nurses, engineering school graduates, and certain technical specialists were required to stay.[137]
Private First Class
Milton Lee Olive III, 18, the first African-American to be awarded the
Medal of Honor for service in the
Vietnam War. Private Olive dove onto a live hand grenade and shielded four other members of his platoon from the blast. On April 28, 1966, he would be awarded the medal posthumously.
Dr.
William Rashkind announced the success of his new surgical procedure,
atrial balloon septostomy on newborn infants born with a
cyanotic heart defect caused by transposition of the great arteries, speaking at a meeting of the cardiology section of the
American Academy of Pediatrics in
Chicago. As one observer would note on the 25th anniversary of the surgery, Rashkind's announcement "permanently altered the course of cardiology and opened the era of therapeutic interventional catheterization."[140]
The Roman Catholic bishops representing France during the Ecumenical Council in Rome announced that they were reviving, with the consent of Pope Paul VI, the ordination of "a small number of priests to work full time in factories and yards after a suitable period of preparation", reviving the "
Worker-Priest" program that had been abandoned in 1954.[141][142]
Leading Cuban troops in the
Congo,
Che Guevara was almost killed when he attempted to engage in battle with mercenary soldiers commanded by
Mike Hoare. According to one member of Guevara's camp at Luluaburg Mountain, "Che was shooting standing up and some fellow Cubans, trying to protect him, told him to lay down. He became angry and said 'There is only one Comandante here!'" After Guevara gave the order to retreat, four of the Cuban soldiers did not hear the command and continued to fight, giving the rest of the group time to get away.[143][144]
The launch of the
Gemini 6 crewed space mission, intended to attempt a linkup with an uncrewed orbiting docking target, was postponed after
NASAground control determined that the first rocket had exploded as it was breaking the bonds of gravity. The
Atlas booster rocket, carrying Gemini Agena target vehicle (GATV) 5002, was launched from
complex 14 at 10:00 a.m., EST, and Gemini 6, with
astronautsWally Schirra and
Thomas P. Stafford, was scheduled to go up at 11:41.[145][146] Six minutes after the Agena was launched,
radar at
Patrick Air Force Base tracked five pieces of the $10,000,000 equipment falling toward the
Atlantic Ocean. Schirra and Stafford finally climbed out of the Gemini 6 vehicle at 11:10 when the destruction of the Agena was confirmed.[147][148] NASA would follow up on the failed mission with an even more ambitious project, and on December 15, would successfully launch Schirra and Stafford to perform a rendezvous with a crewed orbiting target, the
Gemini 7 spacecraft.[149]
The Soviet Ministry of Defense issued a decree formally directing that the
OKB-1 L1 lunar rocket system replace the LK-1 design that had been designed by the rival OKB-52 construction unit. The objective of what would become the
Soyuz 7K-L1 was to create a rocket to rival the power of the American
Saturn V in order to win the race between the U.S. and the USSR to place the first man on the
Moon.[150]
Burglars in downtown
Syracuse, New York used a 20-millimetre (0.79 in) cannon to get into a vault at Brink's Inc., blasting a large hole through steel walls 2 feet (0.61 m) thick. According to police, the thieves used mattresses to muffle the sound of the weapon during the early morning hours, and made off with $400,000 in loot.[151]
Born:Maury Travis, American serial killer who was speculated to have murdered up to 20 women between 2000 and 2002; in
St. Louis, Missouri (committed suicide by hanging, 2002)[154]
In a crime that shocked Americans, 16-year old
Sylvia Likens was tortured and murdered by Mrs. Gertrude Baniszewski, the Baniszewski children, and some of the children's friends.[155]
NASA Associate Administrator
Robert C. Seamans, Jr., informed
George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, that the catastrophic anomaly of Gemini Agena target vehicle (GATV) 5002 on October 25 had been defined as a mission failure. Accordingly, Seamans asked Mueller to establish a GATV Review Board to investigate all aspects of the Agena failure, managerial as well as technical. Primary responsibility for determining the cause of failure lay with Air Force Space Systems Division, which would make its findings available to the board.[146]
British European Airways Flight 706 crashed while attempting to land in London in a thick fog. The Vanguard airliner had originated in Edinburgh at 11:17 p.m. the night before and had made two attempts to land. On its third try, it hit the runway at full power, skidded for a mile, and crashed into a workshop at 1:30 in the morning. All 36 people on board were killed.[158]
Brazilian president
Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, backed by the nation's armed forces, issued "Institutional Act No. 2", a decree suspending all political parties, and giving him power to pass laws and to amend Brazil's constitution without approval from the nation's Congress.[159][160]
On October 28 and 29, Saturn Apollo Applications officials reached an understanding on several program issues during discussion at MSFC:
MSFC was to proceed with work on a procurement plan and a request for proposals for two or three phase C integration contractors, with the idea that one of the definition contractors would receive the final phase D development contract (though no firm commitment to this course was yet made); also, concurrently with the phase C definition effort, MSFC would conduct parallel inhouse studies to better evaluate the contractors' phase C work.[70]
MSFC's responsibility for payload integration included coordination of interleaving of
command and service module (CSM) and
lunar module (LEM) experiment requirements when both modules carried experiments on the same mission.
Nostra Aetate ("In our Time", subtitled "On the Relations of the Church to Non-Christian Religions")[164]
Perfectae Caritatis, "Up-to-date renewal of religious life"[165]
Gravissimum Educationis ("On Christian Education")[166]
Christus Dominus ("On the Pastoral Office of Bishops")[167]
Optatam Totius ("On the Training of Priests")[168]
The White House announced that NASA would attempt to launch Gemini 6 while Gemini 7 was in orbit. The original Gemini 6 mission had been canceled when its target vehicle failed catastrophically on October 25. In a memorandum to the President,
NASA AdministratorJames E. Webb indicated the possibility that the Gemini 6 spacecraft and launch vehicle could be reerected shortly after the launch of Gemini 7. Since much of the prelaunch checkout of Gemini 6 would not need repeating, it could be launched in time to
rendezvous with Gemini 7 (a mission scheduled for 14 days) if launching Gemini 7 did not excessively damage the
launch pad.[146]
In
St. Louis, Missouri, the 630-foot (190 m)-tall inverted
catenary steelGateway Arch was topped out, as
Vice PresidentHubert Humphrey observed from a helicopter, and an opening ceremony, originally scheduled for October 17, was held. A
time capsule, containing the signatures of 762,000 students and others, was welded into the
keystone before the final piece was set in place.[169] A Catholic priest and a rabbi prayed over the keystone,[170] a 10-short-ton (9.1 t), 8-foot-long (2.4 m) triangular section.[171]
The
Moel-y-Parc transmitting station, the tallest structure in North Wales, began transmissions of BBC 405-line TV in addition to ITV, obtaining its signal from an SHF link on the Great Orme which picked up the signal from Llanddona on Anglesey.
Viet Cong guerrillas used mortars to destroy 18 American helicopters and two jets, and to damage 27 other aircraft, in an attack on two different air bases in South Vietnam.[172]
As part of the
Vela Uniform program, code-named Project Long Shot, an 80-kiloton atomic bomb was detonated at a depth of 2,300 feet (700 m) underground at
Amchitka Island,
Alaska, within the
Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. "The Long Shot test... was not only fully contained but also left the sea otters and other wildlife unscathed," an author would note later.[173] Two more Alaskan nuclear tests would be made at the same underground site, with the one megaton "Milrow" bomb in 1969, and the five megaton "Cannikin" in 1971.[174] The purpose of the Longshot test was to determine whether an underground nuclear explosion generated wave patterns that were distinguishable from those generated by earthquakes on the Soviet Union's
Kamchatka Peninsula, and scientists determined that the nuclear tests provided symmetrical wave patterns that would be readily discernible from natural tremors.[175]
Mehdi Ben Barka, living in exile after formerly serving as the leader of the
National Consultative Assembly of Morocco, was kidnapped and executed after having been sentenced to death in absentia. Ben Barka had been living in
Geneva in
Switzerland but was lured by an agent of Israel's intelligence service, the
Mossad, to travel to
Paris for a supposed meeting with film producer
Georges Franju to appear in a documentary. Outside the Brasserie Lipp restaurant on
Boulevard Saint-Germain, Ben-Barka was arrested by three French security officers, who then took him away in a car.[176] Ben Barka was not seen in public again, and was turned over to Morocco's Minister of the Interior,
Mohamed Oufkir, whose agents tortured and killed him the next day.[177]
Indonesia's crackdown on that nation's Communist Party, the
Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), expanded as the Minister of Education, Brigadier General Syarif Thayeb, instructed universities to purge their ranks of any academic or administrative staff who were linked to the PKI.[178]
British Prime Minister
Harold Wilson who had traveled to
Rhodesia to negotiate conditions for Rhodesia's independence with Rhodesian Prime Minister
Ian Smith, ended his mission with a television speech announcing that the United Kingdom would not use force to prevent Smith's white government from declaring independence, but that the UK would impose sanctions, especially on the shipment of oil. "Whether force should and could have been used has been the subject of intense academic debate," an author would note later, but Wilson's statement would be followed by Rhodesia's secession 12 days later, on November 11.[181]
Forty-seven people were killed and more than 200 injured by the explosion of fireworks at a crowded indoor market in
Cartagena, Colombia. The fireworks had been in a storage room, awaiting sale in advance of the city holidays set for November 11, and the blast happened at around 9:00 in the morning, when hundreds of people were shopping.[182]
The White House announced that circulation of the first 230,000,000 of the new, "nonsilver"
American quarters would be put into circulation during the coming week, but emphasized that the new coins "will be added to the circulation of the traditional 90 percent silver quarter", and that "Both the old and new quarters are to circulate together."[183]
In New York City, 25,000 people marched down Fifth Avenue in support of President Johnson and the Vietnam War. Demonstrations of support took place in other locations in the United States as well.[184] The New York march was sponsored by the New York City Council, the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars."[185]
Near
Da Nang, the
United States Marines repelled an intense attack by
Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions was found on the dead body of a 13-year-old
Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before.
Two U.S. Air Force
Skyraider A-1 attack bombers mistakenly struck the South Vietnamese village of De Duc in
Bình Định Province, near
Bong Son, killing 48 civilians, mostly women and children, and injuring 48 more.[189]
Died:
Arthur Wrigley, 53, English cricket statistician and commentator for the BBC
In
Leipzig,
East Germany, the "
Beat Revolt" (Leipziger Beatdemo) took place after East German government revoked the performing licenses of the 50 amateur bands that played rock music and issued new rules to restrict listening to Western music in public.[190] When Leipzig's most popular band, Butler, was ordered not to play further, two teenagers printed leaflets urging a protest march. The Stasi began interrogating witnesses "thereby advertising the march even more",[191] and on a Sunday afternoon, more than 2,000 people gathered, either to protest or to watch. The crowd was ordered to disperse, even though no banners were displayed, nor noise made, and when they refused, the Stasi arrested 267 people, some of whom were sentenced to forced labor. Despite, or because of the crackdown, an increasing number of young East Germans began listening to Western music and adopting Western styles of dress.
Dan Burros, 28, anti-Semitic member of the
American Nazi Party and a recruiter for the New York City branch of the
United Klans of America, committed suicide after The New York Times broke the news that he had been born to Jewish parents and had been raised as a Jew. Burros, who had received his
bar mitzvah as an adolescent and had been a star pupil at a Hebrew School, went to the home of a friend, told him "I ain't got nothing to live for," and shot himself in the chest and in the head.[195]
Jan Kowalewski, 73, Polish cryptologist, intelligence officer, engineer, journalist and military commander
Rita Johnson, 52, American stage, film and radio actress; of a cerebral hemorrhage
^Dotinga, Harm M.; Soons, Alfred H.A. (1997). "The Netherlands and the Law of the Sea". The Law of the Sea: The European Union and Its Member States.
Martinus Nijhoff. p. 401.
^Moïse, Edwin E. (2005). "Iron Triangle". The A to Z of the Vietnam War.
Scarecrow Press. p. 193.
^Fic, Victor M. (2005). Anatomy of the Jakarta Coup, October 1, 1965: The Collusion with China which Destroyed the Army Command, President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 260.
^Jenkins, Dennis R.; Landis, Tony (2002). North American Valkyrie XB-70. WarbirdTech Series. Vol. 34.
Specialty Press. p. 50.
^"DODGERS CHAMPS ON SANDY'S FASTBALL". Chicago Tribune. October 15, 1965. p. 3-1.
^"Koufax Cinches Series". Pasadena Independent. Pasadena, California. October 15, 1965. p. 1.
^FBM Facts/Chronology Polaris, Poseidon, Trident.
Strategic Systems Program Office. 1986. p. 31., quoted in Clearwater, John M. (1996). Johnson, McNamara, and the Birth of SALT and the ABM Treaty 1963-1969.
Universal-Publishers. p. 29.
^"Plei Me (Vietnam)", in What Happened Where: A guide to places and events in twentieth-century history, by Chris Cook and Diccon Bewes (Routledge, 2014) p193
^Allen B. Clark, Valor in Vietnam: Chronicles of Honor, Courage, and Sacrifice: 1963-1977 (Open Road Media, 2013)
^Gene A. Plunka, Holocaust Drama: The Theater of Atrocity (Cambridge University Press, 2009) p116
^David Cunningham, Klansville, U.S.A.: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-Era Ku Klux Klan (Oxford University Press, 2012)
^"Burundi", in Heads of States and Governments Since 1945, by Harris M. Lentz (Routledge, 2014) p128
^Bailey, Christopher J. (1998). Congress and Air Pollution: Environmental Policies in the USA.
Manchester University Press. p. 124.
^Hickman, H. Lanier Jr. (2003). American Alchemy: The History of Solid Waste Management in the United States.
ForesterPress. p. 37.
^"Erhard Wins New Term, 272 To 200". Fresno Bee. Fresno, California. October 20, 1965. p. 1.
^Gould, Lewis L. (2014). American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy. Routledge. p. 344.
^Ciment, James (2015). Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. Routledge. p. 1287.
^"Cuba Forbids Professional Men to Leave". Chicago Tribune. October 23, 1965. p. 5.
^"Africans Demand Force in Rhodesia". San Antonio Express and News. October 23, 1965. p. 15-A.
^"Another Fined $1,300". Ottawa Journal. October 23, 1965. p. 2.
^"Balloon atrial septostomy: The Rashkind procedure (1954-1990) — historical and technical aspects", by M. H. Paul, in Transposition of the Great Arteries 25 years after Rashkind Balloon Septostomy (Springer, 2013) p59
^John P. Beal, et al., New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law (Paulist Press, 2000) p285
^S. Tippett-Spirtou, French Catholicism: Church, State and Society in a Changing Era (Springer, 2000) p149
^"Likens, Sylvia", in Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers and Victims of the Twentieth Century, by R. Barri Flowers and H. Loraine Flowers (McFarland, 2004) p206
^Howard Sounes, Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney (Da Capo Press, 2011) p128
^"'Can't Buy Me Love' (Lennon-McCartney)", The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four (ABC-CLIO, 2014) p165
^"LONDON AIR CRASH; 36 DIE". Chicago Tribune. October 27, 1965. p. 1.
^"Brazil Chief Abolishes All Parties— Takes on Powers by Decree". Chicago Tribune. October 28, 1965. p. 3.
^Coppa, Frank J. (2016). The Modern Papacy, 1798-1995. Routledge.
^Cheetham, David; et al. (2013). Understanding Interreligious Relations. Oxford University Press. p. 312.
^O'Reilly, Louise (2013). The Impact of Vatican II on Women Religious: Case Study of the Union of Irish Presentation Sisters.
Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
^"47 U.S. AIRCRAFT SMASHED". Chicago Tribune. October 28, 1965. p. 1.
^Hacker, Barton C. (1994). Elements of Controversy: The Atomic Energy Commission and Radiation Safety in Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1947-1974.
University of California Press. p. 246.
^Hund, Andrew J. (2014). "Atomic Detonations and Weapons in the Arctic". Antarctica and the Arctic Circle: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions. ABC-CLIO. p. 114.
^Walker, John R. (2010). British Nuclear Weapons and the Test Ban 1954-73: Britain, the United States, Weapons Policies and Nuclear Testing: Tensions and Contradictions.
Ashgate Publishing. p. 189.
^Krüger, Henrik (2015). The Great Heroin Coup: Drugs, Intelligence & International Fascism.
TrineDay.
^Kahana, Ephraim (2006). "Ben Barka Affair". Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. pp. 38–39.
Members of the
30 September Movement assassinated six
Indonesian Army generals in an abortive coup d'état.[1] Other victims included the 5-year-old daughter of General
Abdul Harris Nasution, shot by mistake.[2] The movement also kidnapped First Lieutenant
Pierre Tendean, mistaking him for General Nasution. At 7:00 a.m., Radio Republik Indonesia broadcast a message from Lieutenant-Colonel
Untung Syamsuri, commander of
Cakrabirawa, the Presidential guard, stating that the 30 September Movement, an internal army organization, had taken control of strategic locations in Jakarta, with the help of other military units, in order to forestall a coup attempt by a 'General's Council' aided by the
Central Intelligence Agency, intent on removing President
Sukarno on 5 October, "Army Day".[3] Sukarno took up residence in the
Bogor Palace, while
Omar Dhani and
D.N. Aidit, implicated in the coup, fled the country. Led by
Suharto, commander of the Army's Strategic Reserve, the army regained control of all the installations previously held by forces of the 30 September Movement.[4]
Assassinated by the September 30 movement:
Major General
M. T. Haryono, 41, Third Deputy Indonesian Army Commander
Lieutenant General
Ahmad Yani, 43, Minister of the Army of Indonesia
The first telephone conversation between two
undersea habitats took place when the
aquanauts of the American
SEALAB II spoke for 16 minutes with the French oceanauts living in the
bathyscaph commanded by
Jacques Cousteau. SEALAB II was 205 feet (62 m) beneath the
Pacific Ocean off the coast of
La Jolla, California, while Cousteau and his crew were 330 feet (100 m) below the harbor of
Monte Carlo,
Monaco. Oceanographer Rick Gregg, who could speak French, did most of the talking for the Americans, while French team leader André Laban spoke English. According to the
UPI account, "The aquanauts and oceanauts had some difficulty understanding one another because the concentration of
helium in the atmosphere they breathe made their voices sound like
Donald Duck, according to one observer."[5]
Died:Gareth Hughes, 71, Welsh stage and silent film actor; of complications of the occupational lung disease
byssinosis[6]
Soviet Communist Party First Secretary
Leonid Brezhnev, the de facto leader of the Soviet Union, was given an official Soviet government position when he was returned to the 16 member
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Brezhnev had been the President of the Presidium, the Soviet Union's head of state, from 1960 to 1964 before replacing
Nikita Khrushchev as Party First Secretary. The Presidium also fired
Pyotr Lomako from his jobs as Chairman of the State Planning Committee and Deputy Premier, in an apparent move to shift to more productive industrial management.[7]
The
Los Angeles Dodgers won the
National League pennant as pitcher
Sandy Koufax hurled his 26th win of the season in a 3 to 1 defeat of the
Milwaukee Braves on the second to the last day of the season. Going into the 161st game of the 162 game NL season, the Dodgers had a 95–65 and the
San Francisco Giants were two games behind at 93–67. While the Giants beat the Cincinnati Reds, 3–2, the Dodgers win left the Giants two games out of first place with only one game left to play.[8]
U.S. President
Lyndon B. Johnson signed the
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which ended quotas based on
national origin. Johnson chose to hold the signing on
Liberty Island in
New York Harbor, next to the
Statue of Liberty. As one historian would observe fifty years later, "the law changed the face of America. The major source countries of immigration radically shifted from Europe to Latin America and Asia. The number of immigrants tripled by 1978. It made the country the highly diverse, multinational, multiethnic, multicultural American nation of immigrants that it is today."[11] Johnson said in a speech, "from this day forth those wishing to immigrate to America shall be admitted on the basis of their skills and their close relationship to those already here. This is a simple test, and it is a fair test. Those who can contribute most to this country--to its growth, to its strength, to its spirit--will be the first that are admitted to this land. The fairness of this standard is so self-evident that we may well wonder that it has not always been applied. Yet the fact is that for over four decades the immigration policy of the United States has been twisted and has been distorted by the harsh injustice of the national origins quota system.... Today, with my signature, this system is abolished. We can now believe that it will never again shadow the gate to the American Nation with the twin barriers of prejudice and privilege."[12]
On the same day,
Fidel Castro announced that
Che Guevara had resigned his government position on April 1 and had left Cuba to fight for the revolutionary cause abroad.[14][15]
Born:Jan-Ove Waldner, Swedish table tennis player and world single champion in 1989, 1997, and 2000; in
Stockholm
Died:Zachary Scott, 51, American film and stage actor; of a brain tumor
The new
University of Warwick held its first classes, with 430 students on a campus in
Canterbury.[16] Warwick was one of seven new "
plate glass universities" created as part of the British campaign to expand the availability of university education to students in the United Kingdom. Fifty years later, Warwick would have almost 27,000 students.
The
United States began bombing
Cambodia, despite that nation's neutrality in the
Vietnam War, to attack Viet Cong guerrillas who crossed the border from
South Vietnam.[17] Records released in 2000 would show that between October 4, 1965 and August 15, 1973, there would be 2,756,941 tons of bombs dropped in 230,516 separate missions.[18]
Eighty-seven people were killed and ten seriously injured when the last three coaches of a
South African Railways commuter train derailed near
Durban,
South Africa. Most of the victims were black; one white railway employee who ran to the scene was beaten to death by angry survivors.[21][22]
Pope Paul VI made the first visit ever by the Roman Catholic Pontiff to the United States, appearing for a Mass before 90,000 people at New York's
Yankee Stadium and making a speech at the
United Nations, as well as meeting with U.S. President Johnson.[23][24][25][26]
Born: Micky Ward (George Michael Ward Jr.), American light heavyweight boxing champion who competed from 1985 to 2003; in
Lowell, Massachusetts
The American
satellite "Orbital Vehicle 1" was launched westward into orbit from
Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, becoming the first human-made object in space to orbit the Earth from east to west, counter to the rotation of the planet. Since the launch of Sputnik in 1957, all Soviet and American satellites had been sent on a west-east trajectory or, in the case of those sent from Vandenberg into polar orbit, fired southward.[27]
Ian Brady and
Myra Hindley murdered their fifth and last young victim, luring Edward Evans, a 17-year-old apprentice electrician. After Hindley drove Brady to the Manchester Central Railway station, they selected Evans as a victim and lured him to a house at 16 Wardle Brook Avenue on the
Hattersleyhousing estate in
Cheshire. Brady took a hatchet and hacked him to death. Hindley's brother-in-law, who witnessed the murder, called the
Cheshire Constabulary early the next day, and Brady was arrested.[28][29][30] Hindley would be arrested five days later.
The Football Association, England's premier soccer organization, inaugurated
closed-circuit television broadcasting of games, placing outdoor screens in
Coventry so that fans of the
Coventry City F.C. Sky Blues could pay to watch their team play 130 miles (210 km) away in Wales against the
Cardiff City F.C. Bluebirds. Coventry won the match, 2–1.[31] Over 10,000 people paid to watch at Coventry, "only a couple of thousand less than the actual gate".[32]
Retired U.S. Army Lieutenant General
Leslie R. Groves, who had overseen the
Manhattan Project, revealed to reporters that President Franklin Roosevelt had discussed the possibility of dropping the first atomic bomb on Germany. The occasion was a
White House meeting in
December 1944, after the December 15 German counterattack against the Allies. "The President said he was concerned that the
Battle of the Bulge might upset the war in Europe," Groves said, "and remarked that maybe this would force us to use the bomb against Germany.... I told him that it would be very difficult to change our plans and gave my reasons," which included that the bomb would not be ready until
August 1945; that if the bomb's atomic reaction failed, the Germans would be able to figure out the components and structure from the debris; that German buildings were more solidly constructed than those in Japan; and that there were no B-29 bombers in the European theater of operations. Groves said that he spoke out because of "irresponsible criticism that the United States hesitated to drop the bomb on an enemy which happened to be white-skinned."[38]
The Soviet Lunik 7 lunar probe landed on the Moon on target, but with such force that it was destroyed. The Soviet space agency had no comment, but the director of Britain's
Jodrell Bank Observatory, Sir
Bernard Lovell, said that all radio signals from the Moon ceased at 2208 UTC, and that he speculated that the craft's
retrorockets failed to fire completely.[39] The
TASS news agency said the next day that the craft "reached the surface of the Moon at 1:08.24 [Moscow time October 8] in the area of the
Ocean of Storms west of
Kepler crater... some operations, however, were not carried out in accordance with the program and need additional development." Lovell responded that the probe should not be regarded as a failure and commented that, "The Russians have obtained extremely valuable data from this. For the first time they have been able to slow down a capsule prior to landing on the Moon."[40]
Super typhoon Carmen sank seven Japanese fishing boats off
Guam, and 209 people were killed.[41]
Prime Minister
Ian Smith of
Rhodesia, British Prime Minister
Harold Wilson, and
Arthur Bottomley of the
Commonwealth of Nations broke off negotiations in London on a course of action for Britain's last major colony in Africa to become independent, with major disagreement about the issue of majority rule.[42] Smith's position, as described by Chicago reporter Arthur Veysey, was that "the 225,000 white Rhodesians say one-man, one-vote would doom them. They say such an election would be decided on racial lines and the four million Africans would swamp the whites who have been running things, in Britain's name, for 42 years."[43]
The U.S. House of Representatives voted 245–138 to pass the
Highway Beautification Act, legislation requested by
Lady Bird Johnson, the President's wife, and largely written under her direction. The Senate had passed the bill on September 16.[44] President Johnson would sign the bill, which restricted outdoor advertising, particularly billboards, on October 22.
U.S. President Johnson entered the Bethesda Naval Hospital in
Bethesda, Maryland and was expected to remain hospitalized for two weeks for
gall bladder surgery.[45] During his 14-day stay in Bethesda, the President conducted White House official business and
press conferences from his hospital bed.[46][47]
The 20th Helicopter Squadron became the first
U.S. Air Force cargo helicopter unit to deploy to South Vietnam, operating
CH-3C helicopters. It supported Air Force
Special Operations "Pony Express" covert operations, primarily in
Laos.[49]
The first
peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) surgery to relieve chronic pain was performed on a person. Dr.
Patrick D. Wall and Dr. William H. Sweet implanted a pair of silastic split-ring platinum electrodes around the ulnar and medium nerves in a patient identified as a 26-year-old woman with clinical presentation consistent with a complex regional pain syndrome.[55]
Construction began for the yet-unnamed city that would become the new capital of
British Honduras, with the dedication of a Maya Indian pillar by
Anthony Greenwood, the British Colonial Secretary.[56] Built at the site of the colonial logging centre of Roaring Creek, the new city, completed in 1970, is now named
Belmopan.
At a nursing home in
Seriate,
Italy, eight elderly women died and another seven were seriously injured after all 15 had been given seemingly routine injections of a "heart tonic" as part of their regular treatment. The deaths all happened within two hours after they were given the shots.[57]
Voters in
East Germany were allowed for the first time to choose among multiple candidates, as a new system was implemented where "for the first time, more candidates than posts are listed", although few wished to exercise that option.[59] People voting had the choice of folding a printed list of local candidates and depositing it into a ballot box, or asking to step into a voting booth for the opportunity to strike out the names of any candidates whom they did not like. The official
National Front nominees were listed at the top of the ballot, and the names of non-Front alternates followed (more than 45,000 all across the country), and an alternate could only be elected if more than 50 percent of the voters struck out the name of a National Front member. All 204,407 of the Front nominees were elected, and few voters chose to be seen using a booth.
Indonesia's President
Sukarno appointed General
Suharto to form the Indonesian Army's new
secret police force, "Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order",
KOPKAMTIB, an acronym for Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban. With the power to suppress political opposition, Suharto would use his position to gradually dismantle Sukarno's regime and to install the "New Order" that he would use as President.[61]
The first group of
Cuban refugees to depart the country since Fidel Castro had announced the right to leave departed from the port of
Camarioca to travel to the America.[63] The 16 people arrived at
Key West the next day on the cabin cruiser MMM, a boat piloted by a crew of four Florida-based Cuban exiles.[64]
In a paper presented at the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics' fourth
human spaceflight meeting in
St. Louis, AAP Director
William B. Taylor described the focus and importance of the AAP. In contrast to the
Apollo program, with its clear objective of
landing on the Moon, AAP's objectives were much less obvious. Under AAP, Taylor said,
NASA planned to exploit the capabilities being developed for Apollo as a technological bridge to more extensive human spaceflight missions of the 1970s and 1980s. Internal studies within NASA had identified the practical limits of the capabilities of
Saturn/Apollo systems for extended space missions without fundamental modification of
spacecraft and
launch vehicles: (1)
Earth-centered orbital missions of up to 45 days and at inclinations of 0 to 90 degrees and altitudes of from 185 kilometres (115 mi) up to
synchronous orbits (orbital resupply could extend the duration of such missions to three months or more); (2)
lunar orbital missions of up to 28 days (including lunar
polar orbits) at altitudes as low as 45 kilometres (28 mi) to 55 kilometres (34 mi); and (3)
lunar surface missions of up to 14 days at any point on the lunar surface. Through these space activities, stated Taylor, AAP would lay the foundation for later, major ventures in space and thus would contribute significantly to the national goal of preeminence in space.[70]
King
Olav V appointed
Per Borten, a farmer in
Sør-Trøndelag County in central Norway and leader of the Farmer's Party that finished in fourth place in parliamentary elections, as the new
Prime Minister of Norway. Borten, "the man nobody expected to get the job",[71] conceded that he was selected as the new premier because members of the two largest parties of the anti-Socialist coalition, the Conservatives and the Liberals, did not trust each other and had considered him to be neutral. Borten would serve until March 4, 1971.[72]
The
University of Kent at Canterbury, the second of two new British universities, held its first classes with 560 students arriving at its campus in
Canterbury. A reporter would note that "the unwieldy title marks the pride of its contributing city and county";[16] within 50 years, UKC would have nearly 20,000 students.
The U.S. Air Force renamed the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) to its current name of the
Military Airlift Command (MAC).[73]
The Indianapolis Times, unable to compete against its rivals, the Star and the News, published its last issue.[74]
The
Vinland Map, a map claiming to be created by 15th-century Vikings which would indicate that the Vikings had visited North America centuries before the explorations of
Christopher Columbus, was placed on public display at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at
Yale University on the occasion of
Columbus Day. It was claimed that the map had been re-discovered in 1957, and was donated to Yale by alumnus
Paul Mellon. While considered a thrilling find at the time - "the most exciting cartographic discovery of the century" - later analysis showed that the map was produced after the 1920s and was a forgery.[75][76][77][78]
The U.N. General Assembly voted, 107 to 2, to call on the United Kingdom to "use force, if necessary" to prevent
Rhodesia from making a threatened unilateral declaration of independence as a white minority ruled nation. South Africa, which was ruled by its white minority, and Portugal, which still had colonies in Africa, were the only nations to vote against the resolution.[79][80]
Congo's President
Joseph Kasavubu fired Prime Minister
Moise Tshombe and formed a provisional government, with
Évariste Kimba as the acting premier.[82] Parliament, however, would not approve Kimba's government and on November 24, President Kasavubu and his government would be overthrown.[83] Tshombe, who had led the secession of
Katanga province from the Congo, would go into exile and never return, while Kimba would be executed for treason less than eight months later.[84]
Test pilotsAlvin S. White and USAF Colonel
Joseph F. Cotton became the first people to fly an airplane faster than
Mach 3 (2,317 mph or 3,729 km/h), pushing an
XB-70 Valkyrie jet to Mach 3.02 and continuing at that speed for two minutes at an altitude of 70,000 feet (21,000 m). After slowing down to allow chase planes to catch up with them, White and Cotton found that about 2 feet (0.61 m) of the leading edge of the left wing had sheared off from the stress of the supersonic flight.[86] The two would fly the supersonic bomber at Mach 3 for 30 minutes on
May 19, 1966.
Led by pitcher
Sandy Koufax, the
Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the
Minnesota Twins, 2-0, in Game Seven of the best-4-of-7
1965 World Series to win the Major League Baseball championship. In the fifth inning, 37-year-old second baseman
Jim Gilliam caught a left field hit by the Twins'
Zoilo Versalles that might have driven in two runs.[87] The Dodgers' two were scored by a home run from
Lou Johnson in the fourth inning. The game ended when, with one man on base, Koufax struck out Minnesota's
Bob Allison, who had hit 23 home runs that year.[88]
The
Polaris A-1 submarine-launched ballistic nuclear missile (
SLBM) was taken out of service by the
U.S. Navy after a little more than five years of deployment on submarines worldwide, and replaced in all ballistic subs with the Polaris A-2.[89]
An order by the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) took effect, changing the nature and popularity of
FM radio station broadcasting in the United States.[92] Prior to the adoption of the rule, which was first proposed on July 1, 1964, AM radio stations that had an FM radio transmitter would use the FM band as an adjunct to
simulcast the AM radio programs. "Obviously," the Commission would write in 1965, "it is a waste of valuable spectrum space to use two frequencies to bring the same material to the same location. This has been permitted in the past because it provided an easy and inexpensive start for FM broadcast." Under the new rule, no FM station serving any city of 100,000 or more people was allowed no use more than half of its air time for the rebroadcasting of AM station programming." A radio historian, Denny Sanders, would later note that because of the FCC rule, AM station owners used their less popular FM stations for alternative formats (such as album-oriented rock) aimed at "
baby boomers",
stereo recordings could be broadcast on FM and not on AM and the sound quality on FM was better.[93]
The Vatican
ecumenical council of bishops voted, 1,763 to 250, to accept a declaration stating that the Jewish race could not be blamed for the crucifixion of
Jesus Christ. "On the Church's Attitude Toward Non-Christians" was approved for promulgation by
Pope Paul VI as a decree that would be binding upon all members of the Roman Catholic Church worldwide. The document also spoke out against any attempts to describe Jewish people as "rejected" or "accursed" by God. An AP report commented that "Probably no document had aroused so much controversy at the 4-year-old council. Never before has any general council in 20 centuries of Catholicism taken such positive stands on the Jewish and other non-Christian religions.[94]
Guitarist
Jimi Hendrix signed a three-year recording contract with Ed Chalpin, receiving $1 and 1% royalty on records with
Curtis Knight.[95] The agreement would later cause continuous litigation problems for Hendrix with other record labels.
Mikhail Sholokhov of the Soviet Union, best known as the author of the novel Tikhy Don (published in English as And Quiet Flows the Don) was announced as the recipient of the 1965
Nobel Prize for Literature.[96]
On the penultimate day of the New York World's Fair, a
time capsule was lowered 50 feet (15 m) into the ground, containing 117,000 pages of microfilmed records from 1940 to 1965, as well as 45 other objects.[97] The capsule, buried 10 feet (3.0 m) away from another capsule placed for the
1939 New York World's Fair, is not scheduled to be opened until the year
6939 AD. Among the objects included were "credit cards, a bikini, contact lenses, birth control pills, tranquilizers, a plastic heart valve, a pack of filter cigarettes, an electric toothbrush, and a heat shield from Apollo 7", as well as photographs of
Andrew Wyeth paintings, a
Henry Moore sculpture, microfilms of a book by
Ernest Hemingway, poetry by
Dylan Thomas and
Robert Frost, a tape of a
Danny Kaye television show, records by
the Beatles,
Joan Baez, and
Thelonious Monk, and photographs of celebrities from the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.[98]
Police found a girl's body on
Saddleworth Moor near
Oldham in
Lancashire, which was quickly identified as that of 10-year-old
Lesley Ann Downey, who had disappeared on December 26, from a fairground in the
Ancoats area of
Manchester.[99] Ian Brady, who had been arrested a week earlier for murdering a 17-year-old boy, was charged along with his girlfriend Myra Hindley for Lesley's murder.[100]
An
Avianca Airlines
DC-3 plane with 12 passengers and a crew of three was arriving at
Bucaramanga,
Colombia, in a flight from
Bogotá. As it was approaching, a 21-year-old pilot, who had been awarded his license only two months earlier, was taking off from the same airport in a
Piper Super Cub and collided with the DC-3. Both airplanes came down in the residential neighborhoods of Las Terrazas and El Jardin.[104][105]
The
New York World's Fair at
Flushing Meadows, New York, observed its last day. Rides remained open until 2:00 in the morning on Monday. During its 1964 and 1965 runs, it attracted more than 50,000,000 admissions. At the same time, the fair had a deficit of over $35,000,000.[97] As a result of its financial losses, some of the projected site park improvements had failed to materialize.[97][106]
The first successful American attack on a North Vietnamese
surface-to-air missile (SAM) site was accomplished when four
A-4 Skyhawk attack bombers struck a site near the
Kép airfield northeast of
Hanoi.[107][108]
Seven coal miners at Clinchfield Coal Company's Mars No. 2 mine were killed in a fire.[109]
David J. Miller of
Syracuse, New York, a 22-year-old man protesting the
Vietnam War, became the first person to be arrested under the new federal law that made defacement of a selective service information card punishable as a crime. Miller, who described himself as "a Catholic pacifist", was photographed burning his draft card on October 15 during an anti-war rally in New York City by the
Catholic Worker Movement.[111] Miller was located by the FBI in
Hooksett, New Hampshire, asked to produce his draft card, and charged when he failed to produce it.[112]
With secret approval given by President Johnson on September 21,[113] American troops took the Vietnam War into neighboring
Laos as part of
Operation Shining Brass, losing six men.[114]
Lauri Törni (Larry Thorne), 46, Finnish-born soldier who fought as a
Finnish Army officer (1938–1944), as a German Waffen-SS captain (1941, 1945), and as a
United States Army Major (1954–1965); in a helicopter crash during the Vietnam War, his body wouldn't be discovered until 1999.[115][116]
The
Siege of Plei Me began when 6,000
Viet Cong and 33rd
North Vietnamese Army Regiment troops attacked the Plei Me fort near
Pleiku in
South Vietnam, in "one of the largest Communist offensives of the
Vietnam War. The 400 South Vietnamese Rangers and twelve
U.S. Army Special Forces officers were supplemented by 200 additional Rangers who were brought in by helicopter the next day, and the group of 662 men held out until the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division were able to lift the siege on October 27.[117][118]
Léopold Biha, who had been appointed as the new
Prime Minister of Burundi less than three weeks earlier, was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt during a coup attempt by Hutu members of the Burundi military against the Tutsi government. Biha would be hospitalized in Europe and would not be able to return to his duties until April.[121]
President Johnson signed the
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act into law, permitting the first federal standards for
vehicle exhaust. Under the rules, which were effective starting with the 1968 model year cars and trucks,
carbon monoxide had to be reduced by more than half of the 1963 levels in the
Clean Air Act of 1963 and
hydrocarbons by nearly three-fourths. The House of Representatives had passed the bill on September 24 by a margin of 294 to 4, with the only opposition coming from future U.S. Senator
Bob Dole of Kansas,
Paul Findley of Illinois, and
Graham Purcell and
William R. Poage of Texas.[122] Johnson signed the
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 into law on the same day, with the objective of "conservation of natural resources by reducing the amount of waste and unsalvageable materials" in manufacturing, packaging and marketing of consumer products, and to eliminate methods of trash disposal that resulted in scenic blights, public health hazards and accident hazards.[123]
Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) and
Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) program officials and engineers held their first coordination meeting on the
S-IVBOrbital Workshop and related Apollo Applications Program experiment activities. Among the most significant results of this meeting was a request by
Houston for inclusion of an
artificial gravity experiment as part of the S-IVB
command and service module concept of the Workshop. MSFC officials undertook to define the feasibility of such an experiment, examining several possible technical approaches (including cables, a concept that MSC found less than appealing). MSFC investigators also sought help from
Langley Research Center (LaRC), where considerable work along this line had been done as part of that Center's Manned Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL) study program.[70]
The U.S. Congress completed passage of the appropriations bills to fund the Great Society programs passed during the Johnson Administration, with a final bill to allocate $4,741,644,602 to cover the initial costs of Medicare, highway beautification, minting new coins without silver, expanding aid to education, and funding a variety of public welfare programs. The new amount raised the final 1965 total for money appropriated for the Great Society to the largest peacetime expenditure in American history up to that time, totaling $119.3 billion.[126]
George Roeder of
Monroeville, Ohio, shattered the record for fastest speed on a motorcycle, traveling 176.824 miles per hour (or 284.57 km/h) at the
Bonneville Salt Flats on a shielded Harley-Davidson 250 cc Sprint cycle. He covered the measured mile long course in 20.36 seconds. The previous record had been 156.24 miles per hour (251.44 km/h).[129]
Dick Tiger of Nigeria reclaimed his title of
boxing's
World Middleweight Champion from
Joey Giardello, who had dethroned him on December 7, 1963. Tiger (real name Richard Ihetu) won in a unanimous decision after the two had gone the full 15 rounds.[130]
British police found the decomposed body of a boy on
Saddleworth Moor. It was later confirmed as that of John Kilbride, killed by the
Moors murderers nearly two years earlier.[131][132]
Comet Ikeya-Seki approached
perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometres (280,000 mi) from the sun, and was bright enough to be seen in daylight from the Earth.[133]
President Johnson signed the
Highway Beautification Act into law, marking the end of a successful lobbying campaign by his wife,
Lady Bird Johnson. An author would later note of Mrs. Johnson, "She had exercised the implicit power of the
First Lady to push serious legislation through Congress. At no other time would enactment of billboard regulation even have been possible. In that sense, Mrs. Johnson's success represented a unique achievement in the historical evolution of the institution of First Lady."[135] The
U.S. Department of Commerce was authorized to withhold 20% of highway funding for any states that failed to set higher standards to regulate outdoor advertising.[136]
Cuba's Premier
Fidel Castro issued what he referred to as a "clarification" of his September decree allowing free departure from the island nation for any Cubans who wished to leave. Castro said that young men between the ages of 17 and 26 would not be allowed to leave while they were eligible to be drafted into military service, and that professionals like physicians, dentists, nurses, engineering school graduates, and certain technical specialists were required to stay.[137]
Private First Class
Milton Lee Olive III, 18, the first African-American to be awarded the
Medal of Honor for service in the
Vietnam War. Private Olive dove onto a live hand grenade and shielded four other members of his platoon from the blast. On April 28, 1966, he would be awarded the medal posthumously.
Dr.
William Rashkind announced the success of his new surgical procedure,
atrial balloon septostomy on newborn infants born with a
cyanotic heart defect caused by transposition of the great arteries, speaking at a meeting of the cardiology section of the
American Academy of Pediatrics in
Chicago. As one observer would note on the 25th anniversary of the surgery, Rashkind's announcement "permanently altered the course of cardiology and opened the era of therapeutic interventional catheterization."[140]
The Roman Catholic bishops representing France during the Ecumenical Council in Rome announced that they were reviving, with the consent of Pope Paul VI, the ordination of "a small number of priests to work full time in factories and yards after a suitable period of preparation", reviving the "
Worker-Priest" program that had been abandoned in 1954.[141][142]
Leading Cuban troops in the
Congo,
Che Guevara was almost killed when he attempted to engage in battle with mercenary soldiers commanded by
Mike Hoare. According to one member of Guevara's camp at Luluaburg Mountain, "Che was shooting standing up and some fellow Cubans, trying to protect him, told him to lay down. He became angry and said 'There is only one Comandante here!'" After Guevara gave the order to retreat, four of the Cuban soldiers did not hear the command and continued to fight, giving the rest of the group time to get away.[143][144]
The launch of the
Gemini 6 crewed space mission, intended to attempt a linkup with an uncrewed orbiting docking target, was postponed after
NASAground control determined that the first rocket had exploded as it was breaking the bonds of gravity. The
Atlas booster rocket, carrying Gemini Agena target vehicle (GATV) 5002, was launched from
complex 14 at 10:00 a.m., EST, and Gemini 6, with
astronautsWally Schirra and
Thomas P. Stafford, was scheduled to go up at 11:41.[145][146] Six minutes after the Agena was launched,
radar at
Patrick Air Force Base tracked five pieces of the $10,000,000 equipment falling toward the
Atlantic Ocean. Schirra and Stafford finally climbed out of the Gemini 6 vehicle at 11:10 when the destruction of the Agena was confirmed.[147][148] NASA would follow up on the failed mission with an even more ambitious project, and on December 15, would successfully launch Schirra and Stafford to perform a rendezvous with a crewed orbiting target, the
Gemini 7 spacecraft.[149]
The Soviet Ministry of Defense issued a decree formally directing that the
OKB-1 L1 lunar rocket system replace the LK-1 design that had been designed by the rival OKB-52 construction unit. The objective of what would become the
Soyuz 7K-L1 was to create a rocket to rival the power of the American
Saturn V in order to win the race between the U.S. and the USSR to place the first man on the
Moon.[150]
Burglars in downtown
Syracuse, New York used a 20-millimetre (0.79 in) cannon to get into a vault at Brink's Inc., blasting a large hole through steel walls 2 feet (0.61 m) thick. According to police, the thieves used mattresses to muffle the sound of the weapon during the early morning hours, and made off with $400,000 in loot.[151]
Born:Maury Travis, American serial killer who was speculated to have murdered up to 20 women between 2000 and 2002; in
St. Louis, Missouri (committed suicide by hanging, 2002)[154]
In a crime that shocked Americans, 16-year old
Sylvia Likens was tortured and murdered by Mrs. Gertrude Baniszewski, the Baniszewski children, and some of the children's friends.[155]
NASA Associate Administrator
Robert C. Seamans, Jr., informed
George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, that the catastrophic anomaly of Gemini Agena target vehicle (GATV) 5002 on October 25 had been defined as a mission failure. Accordingly, Seamans asked Mueller to establish a GATV Review Board to investigate all aspects of the Agena failure, managerial as well as technical. Primary responsibility for determining the cause of failure lay with Air Force Space Systems Division, which would make its findings available to the board.[146]
British European Airways Flight 706 crashed while attempting to land in London in a thick fog. The Vanguard airliner had originated in Edinburgh at 11:17 p.m. the night before and had made two attempts to land. On its third try, it hit the runway at full power, skidded for a mile, and crashed into a workshop at 1:30 in the morning. All 36 people on board were killed.[158]
Brazilian president
Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, backed by the nation's armed forces, issued "Institutional Act No. 2", a decree suspending all political parties, and giving him power to pass laws and to amend Brazil's constitution without approval from the nation's Congress.[159][160]
On October 28 and 29, Saturn Apollo Applications officials reached an understanding on several program issues during discussion at MSFC:
MSFC was to proceed with work on a procurement plan and a request for proposals for two or three phase C integration contractors, with the idea that one of the definition contractors would receive the final phase D development contract (though no firm commitment to this course was yet made); also, concurrently with the phase C definition effort, MSFC would conduct parallel inhouse studies to better evaluate the contractors' phase C work.[70]
MSFC's responsibility for payload integration included coordination of interleaving of
command and service module (CSM) and
lunar module (LEM) experiment requirements when both modules carried experiments on the same mission.
Nostra Aetate ("In our Time", subtitled "On the Relations of the Church to Non-Christian Religions")[164]
Perfectae Caritatis, "Up-to-date renewal of religious life"[165]
Gravissimum Educationis ("On Christian Education")[166]
Christus Dominus ("On the Pastoral Office of Bishops")[167]
Optatam Totius ("On the Training of Priests")[168]
The White House announced that NASA would attempt to launch Gemini 6 while Gemini 7 was in orbit. The original Gemini 6 mission had been canceled when its target vehicle failed catastrophically on October 25. In a memorandum to the President,
NASA AdministratorJames E. Webb indicated the possibility that the Gemini 6 spacecraft and launch vehicle could be reerected shortly after the launch of Gemini 7. Since much of the prelaunch checkout of Gemini 6 would not need repeating, it could be launched in time to
rendezvous with Gemini 7 (a mission scheduled for 14 days) if launching Gemini 7 did not excessively damage the
launch pad.[146]
In
St. Louis, Missouri, the 630-foot (190 m)-tall inverted
catenary steelGateway Arch was topped out, as
Vice PresidentHubert Humphrey observed from a helicopter, and an opening ceremony, originally scheduled for October 17, was held. A
time capsule, containing the signatures of 762,000 students and others, was welded into the
keystone before the final piece was set in place.[169] A Catholic priest and a rabbi prayed over the keystone,[170] a 10-short-ton (9.1 t), 8-foot-long (2.4 m) triangular section.[171]
The
Moel-y-Parc transmitting station, the tallest structure in North Wales, began transmissions of BBC 405-line TV in addition to ITV, obtaining its signal from an SHF link on the Great Orme which picked up the signal from Llanddona on Anglesey.
Viet Cong guerrillas used mortars to destroy 18 American helicopters and two jets, and to damage 27 other aircraft, in an attack on two different air bases in South Vietnam.[172]
As part of the
Vela Uniform program, code-named Project Long Shot, an 80-kiloton atomic bomb was detonated at a depth of 2,300 feet (700 m) underground at
Amchitka Island,
Alaska, within the
Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. "The Long Shot test... was not only fully contained but also left the sea otters and other wildlife unscathed," an author would note later.[173] Two more Alaskan nuclear tests would be made at the same underground site, with the one megaton "Milrow" bomb in 1969, and the five megaton "Cannikin" in 1971.[174] The purpose of the Longshot test was to determine whether an underground nuclear explosion generated wave patterns that were distinguishable from those generated by earthquakes on the Soviet Union's
Kamchatka Peninsula, and scientists determined that the nuclear tests provided symmetrical wave patterns that would be readily discernible from natural tremors.[175]
Mehdi Ben Barka, living in exile after formerly serving as the leader of the
National Consultative Assembly of Morocco, was kidnapped and executed after having been sentenced to death in absentia. Ben Barka had been living in
Geneva in
Switzerland but was lured by an agent of Israel's intelligence service, the
Mossad, to travel to
Paris for a supposed meeting with film producer
Georges Franju to appear in a documentary. Outside the Brasserie Lipp restaurant on
Boulevard Saint-Germain, Ben-Barka was arrested by three French security officers, who then took him away in a car.[176] Ben Barka was not seen in public again, and was turned over to Morocco's Minister of the Interior,
Mohamed Oufkir, whose agents tortured and killed him the next day.[177]
Indonesia's crackdown on that nation's Communist Party, the
Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), expanded as the Minister of Education, Brigadier General Syarif Thayeb, instructed universities to purge their ranks of any academic or administrative staff who were linked to the PKI.[178]
British Prime Minister
Harold Wilson who had traveled to
Rhodesia to negotiate conditions for Rhodesia's independence with Rhodesian Prime Minister
Ian Smith, ended his mission with a television speech announcing that the United Kingdom would not use force to prevent Smith's white government from declaring independence, but that the UK would impose sanctions, especially on the shipment of oil. "Whether force should and could have been used has been the subject of intense academic debate," an author would note later, but Wilson's statement would be followed by Rhodesia's secession 12 days later, on November 11.[181]
Forty-seven people were killed and more than 200 injured by the explosion of fireworks at a crowded indoor market in
Cartagena, Colombia. The fireworks had been in a storage room, awaiting sale in advance of the city holidays set for November 11, and the blast happened at around 9:00 in the morning, when hundreds of people were shopping.[182]
The White House announced that circulation of the first 230,000,000 of the new, "nonsilver"
American quarters would be put into circulation during the coming week, but emphasized that the new coins "will be added to the circulation of the traditional 90 percent silver quarter", and that "Both the old and new quarters are to circulate together."[183]
In New York City, 25,000 people marched down Fifth Avenue in support of President Johnson and the Vietnam War. Demonstrations of support took place in other locations in the United States as well.[184] The New York march was sponsored by the New York City Council, the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars."[185]
Near
Da Nang, the
United States Marines repelled an intense attack by
Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions was found on the dead body of a 13-year-old
Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before.
Two U.S. Air Force
Skyraider A-1 attack bombers mistakenly struck the South Vietnamese village of De Duc in
Bình Định Province, near
Bong Son, killing 48 civilians, mostly women and children, and injuring 48 more.[189]
Died:
Arthur Wrigley, 53, English cricket statistician and commentator for the BBC
In
Leipzig,
East Germany, the "
Beat Revolt" (Leipziger Beatdemo) took place after East German government revoked the performing licenses of the 50 amateur bands that played rock music and issued new rules to restrict listening to Western music in public.[190] When Leipzig's most popular band, Butler, was ordered not to play further, two teenagers printed leaflets urging a protest march. The Stasi began interrogating witnesses "thereby advertising the march even more",[191] and on a Sunday afternoon, more than 2,000 people gathered, either to protest or to watch. The crowd was ordered to disperse, even though no banners were displayed, nor noise made, and when they refused, the Stasi arrested 267 people, some of whom were sentenced to forced labor. Despite, or because of the crackdown, an increasing number of young East Germans began listening to Western music and adopting Western styles of dress.
Dan Burros, 28, anti-Semitic member of the
American Nazi Party and a recruiter for the New York City branch of the
United Klans of America, committed suicide after The New York Times broke the news that he had been born to Jewish parents and had been raised as a Jew. Burros, who had received his
bar mitzvah as an adolescent and had been a star pupil at a Hebrew School, went to the home of a friend, told him "I ain't got nothing to live for," and shot himself in the chest and in the head.[195]
Jan Kowalewski, 73, Polish cryptologist, intelligence officer, engineer, journalist and military commander
Rita Johnson, 52, American stage, film and radio actress; of a cerebral hemorrhage
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