British Prime Minister
Harold Wilson and
Rhodesian Prime minister
Ian Smith met for negotiations on board the British warship
HMS Tiger in the Mediterranean.[5] After Smith's return, the Rhodesian government rejected the "Tiger Pact" proposed by the British, who had set a deadline of noon on December 5 for an answer. Among the British demands was a return of control of the armed forces and the police to Sir
Humphrey Gibbs, and his restoration as Governor of the colony, as well as a dissolution of the Rhodesian parliament.[6]
U Thant agreed to serve a second term as U.N. Secretary General. The UN General Assembly then voted, 120–0, to elect the diplomat from
Burma to another five-year term, running from January 1, 1967 to December 31, 1971.[7]
Following a luncheon hosted by the French Diplomatic Press Association in
Paris, visiting Soviet Prime Minister
Alexei N. Kosygin answered the questions of reporters in a
press conference. One reporter asked Kosygin about whether the Soviet Union would allow Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel, and Kosygin replied that "If there are some families divided by the war who want to meet their relatives outside the USSR or even to leave the USSR, we shall do all in our power to help them. The way is open to them and will remain open and there is no problem."[9] Kosygin's statement was reprinted in Izvestia two days later (albeit without the statement that the government would do all in its power to help),[10] and hundreds of Soviet Jews filed applications to depart. Kosygin's statement would also make the emigration issue part of future negotiations between Western nations and the Soviets.
János Kádár was unanimously re-elected as the General Secretary of the Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (the
Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, Hungary's Communist Party) by the Central Committee, keeping him in power as the de facto leader of Hungary for a third term. The party's Politburo was reduced from 12 seats to 11, with the retirement of former President
Ferenc Münnich and Miklos Somogyi, and the elevation of former Finance Minister
Rezső Nyers. The day before, Kadar called for a "normalization of relations" with the United States, and told the Central Committee, "I, as a Communist, can add we wish the American people the very best, peace and prosperity and friendship."[11]
Anti-Portuguese demonstrations that would later be referred to as the "12-3 Incident" or the "123 Incident" because of the date of 12/3/1966 turned into a riot in the Portuguese colony of
Macau, located on the mainland of China, and hundreds of people were injured, with eight Chinese protesters killed by Portuguese riot police.[12] "Although the
People's Republic of China did not assume formal control of Macau until 1999," a historian would write later, "many observers view the '123 Incident'... as the point at which the Portuguese lost effective sovereignty over the city."[13]
At 7:15 a.m., the United States carried out Project Sterling, a test to determine whether the sound of an underground nuclear explosion could be muffled.[14] The test, made underground at a depth of 0.5 miles (0.80 km) below the
Tatum Salt Dome in
Lamar County, Mississippi, made "no audible sound", no measurable increase in radiation, at the surface.
Working in the
Ogoja Province in eastern
Nigeria, Dr.
William Foege first implemented the "surveillance and containment" strategy that would eventually eliminate
smallpox throughout the world. An American epidemiologist as well as being a Lutheran missionary, Foege acted with the knowledge that smallpox was contagious for only two weeks, slow moving in its progress and, most importantly, that "infected people rarely transmitted the disease to more than a few others, mostly within the immediate household". Consulting with 14 other missionaries in the region, Foege arranged for a communications network in villages and marketplaces, looking for signs of a smallpox infection and, "When an infected person was found, a map of his or her likely social pathways was drawn, and everyone on it immunized". This course of action "demonstrated that smallpox could be treated and eliminated from large areas by immunizing as few as six percent of the people— if they were the right people at the right time!"[15]
Lew Alcindor (later
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) made his college basketball debut. In his very first game for UCLA, he broke the school record for most points scored in a game, pouring in 56 points in a 105–90 win over USC.[16] His points came on 23 field goals and 10 free throws; the previous record, 42 points, had been set by
Gail Goodrich in 1965.[17]
The
1966 LPGA Tour ended with
Kathy Whitworth having won the most tournaments (nine), making her Player of the Year. The following month, she would be voted the female athlete of the year in a poll of 428 sportswriters and broadcasters.[18]
In a case frequently cited as an example of the phenomenon of
spontaneous human combustion,
John Irving Bentley, a 92-year-old retired physician and surgeon, was found dead in his home in
Coudersport, Pennsylvania. An
Associated Press report noted only that he was "found dead in his Potter County home Monday, apparently the victim of a fire" and that "His clothes and the floor were partially burned."[19] The facts were more gruesome, because a meter reader found only a pile of ashes. The only identifiable portions of Bentley were "his lower right leg, still clad in its bedroom slipper, and his walker, which strangely enough suffered little damage", as seen in a famous photograph of the death scene.[20] Some authors have blamed spontaneous combustion.[21] Others point out that the leg was "lying at the edge of a hole about two and a half by four feet that had burned into the basement" and that Bentley was a pipe smoker who had previously been burned from dropping matches, or hot ashes, onto his clothes. A plausible theory was that Bentley had accidentally ignited his robe, attempted to douse the flames with water from a pitcher, and ignited the linoleum floor, the hardwood flooring and wooden beams beneath it.[22]
The United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that
Julian Bond had been improperly denied a seat in the
Georgia House of Representatives after winning two elections to the state legislature. The Court concluded that the basis for the disqualification (Bond's criticism of American policies in the Vietnam War) had been a violation of Bond's right to free speech. "Legislators have an obligation to take positions on controversial political questions," Chief Justice
Earl Warren wrote, "so that their constituents can be fully informed by them," and added that the denial of the seat "violated Bond's right of free expression under the First Amendment".[23] The House would, reluctantly, administer the oath of office to Representative Bond, along with all the other members, on January 9, 1967.[24]
NASA Headquarters issued a schedule which introduced the cluster concept into the AAP design. The cluster concept consisted of a Workshop launch following a crewed
CSM launch. Six months later, a Lunar Module/
Apollo Telescope Mount (LM/ATM) launch would follow a second crewed flight. The LM/ATM would
rendezvous and
dock to the cluster. The first Workshop launch was scheduled for
June 1968. The schedule called for 22
Saturn IB and 15 Saturn V launches. Two of the Saturn IBs would be launched a day apart - one crewed, the other uncrewed. Flights utilizing two Saturn V Workshops and four LM ATM missions were also scheduled.[3]
The successful musical I Do! I Do! opened on
Broadway, at the
46th Street Theatre, and would run for 560 performances. The entire cast was limited to two actors, and only one set, as the play followed the course of a 50-year marriage.
Mary Martin and
Robert Preston were the first to perform the roles of Agnes and Michael Snow.[25]
The
Bình Hòa massacre was purportedly carried out over the course of two days, as South Korean troops reportedly killed 456 men, women and children in two villages in the
Quảng Ngãi Province of
South Vietnam. On December 5, the village of Bình Hòa was surrounded at dawn by soldiers, and the inhabitants killed. The next day, troops moved to the nearby village of An Phuoc, 4 miles (6.4 km) away, and murdered its inhabitants.[27][28] According to a 2000
Associated Press story, however, a commemorative monument in Bình Hòa says that the massacres took place from October 22 to October 26, 1966. The event was first reported in the late 1980s.[29][30]
The
West German Air Force grounded its fleet of 635
Lockheed F-104 Starfighters to investigate continuing accidents with that aircraft. Over a period of five years, 65 of the original 700 supersonic jets had crashed, and 37 pilots had been killed. The grounding, the third one since West Germany had purchased the planes from the U.S., came a week after the latest fatal accident.[32]
The United States launched
ATS-1 (Applications Technology Satellite), the first experimental equatorial synchronous satellite, into
geostationary orbit at 23,000 mi (37,000 km) above the equator.[2][33] Carrying the Spin Scan Cloud Camera, developed by
Verner E. Suomi and Robert Parent at the University of Wisconsin, ATS-1 could take full photos of the Western Hemisphere every 30 minutes, and transmit them back to Earth. "For the first time," historians would note later, "rapid-imaging of nearly an entire hemisphere was possible. We could watch, fascinated, as storm systems developed and moved and were captured in a time series of images. Today such images are an indispensable part of weather analysis and forecasting."[34]
Trần Văn Văn, considered a leading candidate for
President of South Vietnam, was assassinated in
Saigon after leaving the office of Prime Minister
Nguyen Cao Ky. Tran, a 58-year-old politician who had formerly been the Secretary General of the nation's High National Council, had recently been elected to the 117-member assembly that was to draw up a new constitution. He was riding in a car when a motorcycle pulled alongside and killed him with four bullets.[35] Vo Van Enh, a 20-year-old member of the
Viet Cong, admitted that he had killed Tran on orders from the North Vietnamese guerrilla group.[36]
David James, a 28-year-old graduate student in chemistry at the
California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in
Pasadena, demonstrated his discovery of a solution made by combining one part
polyethylene oxide to 199 parts of water that could cause water to flow upward, in what he described as a "tubeless
siphon".[37]
The Greek passenger and car ferry
SS Heraklion, with 262 people on board, sank during a gale while attempting to cross in the
Aegean Sea. The Typaldos Line ship was halfway between the island of
Crete and the mainland port of
Piraeus when the radio operator sent the emergency call at 2:00 in the morning, and was gone within an hour.[38] Ultimately, 45 survivors were rescued, while the other 217 went down with the ship. Interviews with the survivors determined that the disaster had been caused by a 16-ton
refrigerator truck that had been insufficiently secured inside the ferry. As the ship rocked violently in the 70-mile-per-hour (110 km/h) winds, cars and trucks broke from their fastenings and battered the loading doors. When the tractor-trailer "became a monstrous battering ram", it tore open a door on the front of the ship, and water rushed in, sinking the Heraklion in only 15 minutes.[39]
The U.S. and the USSR signed a treaty prohibiting
nuclear weapons in space.[2]
Born:
Bushwick Bill (stage name for Richard Shaw), Jamaican-born American rapper; in
Kingston (d. 2019)[40]
American troops in the
Vietnam War encountered a new type of weapon that disabled two helicopters that day, and a third the next day, by an explosive mine that could be set off by the air currents generated by a hovering aircraft. The trap, according to reports, "at first glance appears to be nothing more than a thin stick standing up in the tall
elephant grass... The backwash of an approaching helicopter knocks the stick over which in turn detonates an aimed mine-type explosive powerful enough to blow a helicopter apart."[42]
The "
Cincinnati Strangler" killed his seventh, and final victim.[43] Police in Cincinnati, Ohio, arrested Posteal Laskey Jr., a 29-year taxi cab driver, four hours later, and although he would only be charged with one of the murders that had been committed over the period of a year, Laskey would be given a life sentence for the stabbing murder of another woman, and there would be no similar killings.[44]
In
Tombstone, Arizona, where Town Marshal
Virgil Earp once confronted the Clanton gang in the 1881 "
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral", Democrat Joe Perotti and Republican Everett Brownley met to determine who would be the Town Marshal for 1967. Both had received exactly 181 votes in the November election, and agreed to settle the matter with a
coin toss, which Brownley won.[45][46]
Fresh Cream, the debut album by
Cream, was released in the United Kingdom.
At
Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Jay Sanford told the press that
Jack Ruby had been diagnosed with terminal cancer. Ruby, who was weeks away from a new trial for the murder of
Lee Harvey Oswald, had killed the accused presidential assassin in front of the largest number of witnesses in history, as millions of viewers watched on live national television on
November 24, 1963. Two days earlier, Ruby had been taken from his jail cell and admitted to the hospital for treatment of pneumonia, and the lymph-node biopsy had been performed the next day.[48]
A cameraman for the
Australian Broadcasting Company filmed his own fatal accident when the helicopter he was riding in went out of control and crashed through the roof of the Paul Building in
Sydney. The Department of Civil Aviation reported that Frank Parnell, who was filming an ABC documentary about the
Sydney Opera House, "kept his camera working as a wildly spinning helicopter carried him to his death". Killed also were Assistant Producer Patricia Ludford and the charter pilot James Riley.[49]
In the worst episode of
friendly fire up to that time in the
Vietnam War, sixteen U.S. Marines were killed and 11 others injured when an American bomber dropped two 250-pound (110 kg) bombs on them. The U.S. Fourth Marine Battalion was fighting in the
Quảng Trị Province, near
Đông Hà, when it came under a mortar attack, and was firing its own 81 mm shells when the bombs "either bounced off a ridge of boulders, or fell about 300 yards from their intended target."[50]
Soviet radar calibration target satellite
Kosmos 123 decayed from orbit around the Earth.[51]
Giuseppe Saragat, the
President of Italy, issued presidential pardons to nine inmates of the Maria Teresa Prison in Florence, in recognition of their heroism during the
flood of the Arno River on November 4. As the waters rose, the men swam to the prison's workshop, obtained ladders and acetylene torches, then rescued the families of four prison employees who lived on the prison grounds. Eleven children and nine adults were saved by the action of the prisoners, who returned to incarceration after the 12-foot (3.7 m) high waters receded.[52]
NASA released the first photograph to show "almost the entire disc of the Earth", taken two days earlier from the
ATS-1 satellite from a height of 23,000 miles (37,000 km). Areas not obscured by cloud cover and identifiable in the photo were the southern portion of
North America (with much of the United States), much of
Central America, and a section of the coast of
Chile in
South America.[53][54]
The
Tbilisi Metro opened in
Tbilisi,
Georgian SSR. It was the fourth underground subway train system to be established in the Soviet Union.
Eldridge Cleaver was paroled from California's
Folsom State Prison, with the help of
Edward M. Keating, the publisher of
Ramparts magazine, and immediately hired there as a staff writer. Ramparts had published letters written by Cleaver, while he was serving a sentence for rape and attempted murder, and these would be released in 1968 as the bestselling and book,
Soul on Ice. He would soon become active as the spokesman for the
Black Panther Party.[55][56]
Breakfast at Tiffany's, a musical based on the bestselling book by
Truman Capote (which had been adapted to a successful film) opened on
Broadway for a preview, and became one of the more memorable flops in theater history. After it was performed four times at the
Majestic Theatre, which had planned to formally launch it on December 26, the
Bob Merrill musical was closed down by its producer,
David Merrick, who ran an advertisement in The New York Times to explain, "Rather than subject the drama critics and the theatre-going public— who invested one million dollars in advance ticket sales— to an excruciatingly boring evening, I have decided to close the show... the closing is entirely my fault."[57]
The two major wire services used by American newspapers, the
Associated Press and
United Press International, began referring to the Southeast Asian nation where the U.S. was fighting a war as "
Vietnam", replacing the prior preferred spelling of "Viet Nam" that continued to be used by both the South (Việt Nam Cộng Hòa) and the North (Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) when referring to their Republic and Democratic Republic, respectively.[58]
The West German cargo ship MV Contentia collided with the Bull lightvessel (
Trinity House, UK) and sank at the mouth of the
River Humber,[59] and the West German coaster MV Elke collided with another ship and sank in the
Humber Estuary.[59]
Born:
Último Dragón (Yoshihiro Asai), Japanese professional wrestler described as "the most decorated wrestler in recorded history",
J-Crown, NWA and WCW champion; in
Nagoya
The U.S. Department of Defense confirmed for the first time that a U.S. Air Force pilot was being held captive in the
People's Republic of China, after his F-104 Starfighter went down over China's
Hainan Island. China had long maintained that it had an American pilot who had been captured alive in its territory. The United States said that Captain
Philip E. Smith had either been shot down or had had a mechanical failure on September 20, 1965.[60]
Voters in
Spain overwhelmingly voted in favor of the new Ley Orgánica, a new constitution that had been proposed by Spain's President, Generalissimo Francisco Franco, and that provided for the eventual restoration of themonarchy. Opponents of the proposed constitution had been prohibited from campaigning against it, although they had been allowed to ask people not to vote in the election at all. According to the government, nearly 89% of registered voters turned out at the polls, and 93.3% of them voted yes on the proposal, while 3.2% voted no, and 3.5% did not properly mark their ballots.[62]
The launch of the second unmanned Soyuz rocket ended disastrously when one of the boosters on the rocket was not able to reach the required minimal thrust. The R-7 engines were shut down, and the workers on the launch pad came in to work on the rocket, when an automatic escape system suddenly activated, sending the capsule aloft and setting the third stage on fire. Moments later, the entire rocket exploded on the launch pad, killing one technician and seriously injuring others who were not able to take cover quickly enough.[63]
Janus, one of the
moons of Saturn and the tenth to be given a name by Earth astronomers, was first identified.
Audouin Dollfus, an astronomer of the
Meudon Observatory in the
Meudon suburb of Paris, spotted it that evening and on the next two. On December 18, Richard L. Walker of the
U.S. Naval Observatory station in Flagstaff, Arizona took two photographs which were soon determined to be showing the object identified by Dollfus as the Earth's position relative to Saturn was such that Saturn's rings can be "seen edge-on and become virtually invisible", an event that happens at 14-year intervals. Walker would report confirmation of Dollfus's discovery in
January 1967.[65][66] Credited by the
International Astronomical Union with discovery of the 10th moon on February 1, 1967,[67] Dollfus proposed that the object be named for the Roman
demigodJanus, who was said to have harbored the god
Saturn when the latter fell out of favor with
Jupiter.
Former First Lady
Jacqueline Kennedy announced in a statement that she would seek an injunction against the publication of
William Manchester's book, The Death of a President, slated to be released in
April by
Harper & Row Publishers, with excerpts to be printed in the January 10, 1967, issue of LOOK Magazine. Mrs. Kennedy, the widow of President
John F. Kennedy, said that the book violated a contract she had signed with the author, Manchester. She added that the book was "in part both tasteless and distorted" and made "inaccurate and unfair references to other individuals". "I am shocked that Mr. Manchester would exploit the emotional state in which I recounted my recollections to him early in 1964." Specifically, she said that the agreement between her and Manchester was that the book "may not be published before November 22, 1968", nor without approval of the text by Mrs. Kennedy and by
Robert F. Kennedy.[68] The threat of injunction was dropped 12 days later after LOOK Magazine agreed not to print certain segments, and Harper & Row agreed to delay publication, but Mrs. Kennedy would continue to pursue legal action against the author.[69]
Died:Walt Disney, 65, American animated film producer who founded an independent film company that became a multimillion-dollar empire of film studios and amusement parks; at St. Joseph Hospital in
Burbank, California. The immediate cause of death was acute
circulatory collapse that had been brought on by lung cancer. Flags on all government buildings in
Los Angeles County were ordered lowered to half-staff in his honor.[2][70][71]
By an 11–0 vote, the United Nations Security Council approved
UNSC Resolution 232, an oil embargo and other economic sanctions, against
Rhodesia. Permanent members France and the Soviet Union, and members Mali and France, all abstained. Other proposed amendments failed to gain enough support, including an amendment that suggested that the United Kingdom "use every means, including force" to bring about the downfall of the white-minority government of Ian Smith. Six members (the Soviet Union, Mali, Jordan, Bulgaria, Uruguay and Nigeria) supported the use of force amendment, two short of the necessary 8 of 15 majority necessary.[72]
Born:Dennis Wise, English soccer football midfielder, with 21 appearances for the English national team between 1991 and 2000; in
Kensington
Died:Charles Crawford Davis, 73, American inventor and audio engineer who patented the Davis Drive System for synchronizing sound and picture in cameras and projectors.
Biosatellite I, an American orbiting satellite that carried more than 10,000,000 specimens of insects, plant specimens and bacteria as a test of the effect of prolonged weightlessness and radiation on life forms, was lost three days after its launch from Cape Kennedy. The craft, the first mission of a $100,000,000 "bring 'em back alive" program, carried 10,000 fruit flies because "three days in the life of a fruit fly" was considered the equivalent of "years in a human". Other items on board, separated by species into air-conditioned compartments, were "1,000 flour beetles, 560 parasitic wasps, 10 million bread mold, 9 pepper plants, 120 frog eggs and 875 amoebae". However, a retrorocket on the satellite failed to ignite, and instead of parachuting into the Pacific Ocean for recovery, Biosatellite I remained in an "uncontrolled orbit" from which it would eventually re-enter the atmosphere and burn up.[76]
The first successful
pancreatic transplant on a human being took place at the
University of Minnesota, as a team of surgeons led by William D. Kelly and
Richard C. Lillehei carried out "a duct-ligated segmental pancreas graft" into an unidentified 28-year-old woman, effectively reversing type 1 diabetes, and resulting "in immediate insulin independence".[77][78] That patient would pass away in late May, four and a half months after the surgery, from a lung infection and pneumonia, but the transplanted organ would continue to function until her death.[79] In the first fifty years after the procedure, there would be 42,000 reported pancreas transplantations, with 27,000 in the United States alone.[80]
In the Italian
province of Trapani, on the island of
Sicily, a court sentenced Mafioso Filippo Melodia to 11 years in prison for abducting and raping 17-year-old
Franca Viola, marking the first time in Sicily that a rape victim and her family successfully sought criminal prosecution of the rapist, rather than following the long-standing Sicilian tradition of forcing a "mending marriage" (matrimonio riparatore, similar to a "
shotgun marriage" in other nations) of perpetrator to victim.[81]
Two days after his death, the body of
Walt Disney was
cremated at
Glendale, California. Two years later, the urban myth was started that Disney had had his body
cryogenically frozen until the day that he could be restored to life, with the earliest identified suggestion in print being in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969.[82]
The United Nations established
UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), which would become operational on January 1, 1968, to oversee the creation of standards for the international sale of goods, international payments, commercial operations and the transport of goods by sea.[83]
Born:Miloš Tichý, Czech astronomer at the
Kleť Observatory, credited with discovering over 150 asteroids and a periodic comet, namesake for the asteroid 3337 Miloš and the comet P/2000 U6 Tichý; in
Počátky
Epimetheus, another of the moons of Saturn, was captured on photographs taken by the
Mount Lemmon Observatory and reviewed by astronomer Richard L. Walker, but was initially mistaken for Janus, which had been identified three days earlier and was in the same orbit.[67] It would not be until
1978 that Stephen Larson and John Fountain would calculate that aberrations in the orbit of Janus were "compatible with a second satellite in the same orbit". Subsequent observations by the Voyager 1 probe in 1980 would determine that Janus and Epimetheus are in the same orbit around Saturn, 135 degrees apart from each other.[85]
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, based on the book
of the same name by
Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel) and narrated by
Boris Karloff, was shown for the first time on
CBS, becoming an annual
Christmas tradition in the United States.[2][86] "As a result of the television version," an author would note later, "adults and children renewed their love of Seussian tales and bought his books in record-breaking numbers."[86] Geisel initially rejected an offer by his friend, animator
Chuck Jones, to adapt the book to an animated cartoon; his wife
Helen Palmer persuaded him to reconsider.
In an
NFL game at Dallas,
New York GiantsplacekickerPete Gogolak attempted a
field goal with his right foot; the kick was blocked, and before the ball could strike the ground, Gogolak kicked it with his other foot and sent it through the uprights "much to the consternation of the players and referees". Since it had never happened before in an
American football game, the game officials conferred at length before concluding that the rules only allow a player to make one kick for a field goal, and the score was disallowed.[87][88]
Died:Tara Browne, 21, London socialite and an heir to the
Guinness fortune; in an auto accident in
South Kensington after running a red light and crashing into a parked truck. He was a little more than three years away from receiving a bequest of one million pounds sterling.[91] According to a later interview with
John Lennon, the report of the investigation, printed in the Daily Mail of January 15, was an inspiration for the song "
A Day in the Life".[92]
The United Nations adopted the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, more commonly known as the
Outer Space Treaty. It would be signed on January 27, 1967, by the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, and enter into force on October 10, 1967.[2][93]
The
Asian Development Bank (ADB) was established by an agreement that had been signed in
Manila on December 2, 1965, by the original 31 member nations, including Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, South Vietnam, and Taiwan.[94]
Duke Ellington began recording his album, The Far East Suite, in New York City. The nine tracks on the original album were all compositions by Ellington and
Billy Strayhorn (except for one by Ellington). Outtakes from the session would be released in 1995.
Mount Vinson, 16,050 feet (4,890 m) in altitude and the highest peak in
Antarctica, was conquered for the first time as a group of ten American climbers reached the summit. In addition to the American flag, the climbers planted the flags of the other 11 nations that had signed the Antarctic Treaty of 1959.[2][97][98]
Harold Wilson withdrew all his previous offers to the
Rhodesian government and announced that he would agree to independence only after the founding of a Black majority government.
Born:Ed de Goey (Eduard de Goeij), Dutch professional soccer football goalkeeper in Netherlands
Eredivisie league and England's
Premier League, as well as the Netherlands national team; in
Gouda
Died:
Richard Y. Dakin, 63, American entrepreneur who founded the toy importer
Dakin, Inc., the most recognized brand of stuffed animals at the time. Dakin, seven of his family members and a crew of two were on a twin-engine
Lockheed Lodestar that took off from Oakland, California, made a stop at San Diego, and then flew onward for a vacation at
La Paz, Baja California Sur in
Mexico. It was not until three days later that company officials realized that the airplane was missing.[99]
Arturo Riccardi, 86, former Admiral and Chief of Staff of the Italian Army during World War II
Eight schoolchildren in
Windsor, Ontario were killed, and 16 others injured, when a tractor-trailer overturned while attempting a right turn, dumping ten tons of sand onto their school bus. Ranging in age from six to nine years old, the children were on their way from Frith Public School to their homes in
Oldcastle when the accident happened shortly after 3:00. The weight of the sand tore a hole through the bus roof, and the cargo poured in. Some of the victims were cut by the metal of the roof, while others were buried and suffocated. Three students at the back of the bus were uninjured and able to escape out of the back of the bus.[101][102]
France and
West Germany signed an agreement to allow French forces to continue to be stationed in the former French zone of West Germany, despite France's earlier withdrawal from
NATO.[103]
George E. Mueller wrote
Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) Director
Robert R. Gilruth and MSFC Director
Wernher von Braun advising them of a joint MSC-HQ medical position regarding selection of a gaseous atmosphere for the Apollo Applications S-IVB Workshop. This medical position, based upon retention of the existing 100-percent
oxygen environment in the
Apollo command module, called for a "shirt-sleeve" atmosphere in the Workshop of 69 percent oxygen and 31 percent
nitrogen at 35 kilonewtons per sq m (5 psia). (One-hundred-percent oxygen was still required for
space-suited emergency operation and during extravehicular activities.)[3]
On the eve of the United Kingdom's trade ban with
Rhodesia,[105] Prime Minister
Ian Smith declared that Rhodesia had become an independent republic by operation of the UN Security Council's vote for sanctions. "We are ipso facto in a position that we are no longer under the control of Britain," Smith told reporters, "and, in the circumstances, I would say we are no longer members of the British Commonwealth; if that is the position, I do not know what we have become, except a republic."[106]
Born:Dmitry Bilozerchev, Soviet Russian gymnast, eight-time gold medalist in the 1983 and 1987 World Championships and winner of three gold medals at the 1988 Olympics; in
Moscow[107]
In a memorandum to the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, George E. Mueller, Saturn/Apollo Applications Deputy Director John H. Disher posed a number of AAP issues needing resolution, including whether AAP should be portrayed as an "open-ended" program or whether the agency should identify a certain goal or activity as marking its completion, and whether AAP should include space rescue activities.[3]
Ready Steady Go!, the pioneering British pop music show on Britain's
ITV network, was broadcast for the last time, after making its debut on August 9, 1963. Appearing as the last act was
The Who, and the final show was subtitled "Ready Steady Gone!".[109]
Yugoslav police attacked students who held a meeting against the U.S. war in Vietnam. Several students were beaten and 17 were arrested and got one-month jail sentences.[110]
Starting at 9:30 p.m., New York City's
WPIX television station began a tradition of a broadcasting a show called WPIX Yule Log Christmas Greeting. In order to allow the Channel 11 employees to spend Christmas Eve with their families,[111] station president Fred M. Thrower canceled its regular programming (at the cost of $4,000 in advertising) in favor of three hours of a looped film of a log burning in a fireplace. The picture was accompanied by Christmas music from the WPIX-FM radio station. The annual broadcast would be halted after 1989, but would be revived in 2001.[112]
Luna 13, an uncrewed spacecraft launched toward the Moon by the Soviet Union from an Earth-orbiting platform,[113] made a soft landing at 1801 UTC (9:01 p.m. in Moscow) between craters
Seleucus and
Krafft[114] in the region of
Oceanus Procellarum.[2][115][116] On its first day on the Moon, the space probe deployed two rods that could penetrate a foot deep into the lunar surface, and determined that the lunar soil was strong enough to support the weight of a large crewed spacecraft and that humans could walk on the hard soil without sinking.[117]
Starting at 7:00 in the morning in Vietnam, a 48-hour holiday truce went into effect by agreement between the
United States,
South Vietnam and their allies, and
North Vietnam and the
Viet Cong.[118] Five hours into the ceasefire, however, Viet Cong guerrillas fired upon Australian troops near
Saigon, and six other incidents took place, including a small arms and mortar fire attack near
Phú Lộc in the
Thừa Thiên Province that killed a South Vietnamese soldier.[119]
Avianca Airlines Flight 729, a twin-engine DC-3, crashed in the Andes Mountains during a flight between
Bogotá and
Pasto, Colombia, killing all 29 people on board.[120][121] The wreckage of the Christmas Eve flight would finally be spotted 11 days later[122] on the side of "Las Animas", a mountain 20 minutes away from Pasto, in the mountain range separating the departments of
Cauca and
Nariño.[123]
A
Flying Tiger Line cargo plane crashed into the
Hòa Vang District of the South Vietnamese city of
Da Nang, killing at least 125 civilians and the plane's crew of four. The four-engine turboprop plane was arriving at Da Nang after taking off from
Tachikawa Airfield in Japan and fell short of the runway as it attempted to land.[125]
Frank Mitchell, 37, British armed robber known as "The Mad Axeman", twelve days after escaping
Dartmoor Prison. The
Kray twins, who had masterminded his escape, ordered his murder after quickly becoming tired of their friend, and Mitchell was shot to death.[127]
The New York Times published a front page investigative report, "A Visitor to Hanoi Inspects Damage Laid to U.S. Raids", filed by editor
Harrison E. Salisbury from the capital of
North Vietnam. "Contrary to the impression given by U.S. communiques," Salisbury told an American audience, "on-the-spot inspection indicates that U.S. bombing has been inflicting considerable civilian casualties and its environs for some time past." The report, first of several dispatches that would appear over the next few days in newspapers around the world, "confirmed what foreign media and the domestic radical press had long reported", an historian would later note.[128]
Peng Dehuai, at one time the Minister of Defense for the
People's Republic of China until his purge in 1959 and replacement by
Lin Biao was arrested by the
Red Guards. For the remaining eight years of his life, Peng would be publicly humiliated, tortured and kept in prison until dying in his cell on November 29, 1974. After the death of
Mao Zedong, the
Chinese Communist Party would rehabilitate his reputation, and on December 22, 1978, would declare that Peng had been "a great revolutionary fighter and loyal member of the Party".[129]
A fire on board the British fishing trawler St. Finbarr killed eleven crewmen while they were at sea, 100 miles (160 km) northeast of
Cartwright, Newfoundland and Labrador. The blaze broke out during a storm in the North Atlantic Ocean. Another 14 crew members were rescued by a sister ship.[130]
The Angolan liberation group
UNITA made its first guerrilla attack against the Portuguese colonial government, invading from the Congo and raiding the border city of
Teixeira de Sousa (now Luau) to disrupt the
Benguela railway line.[131]
Died:Nicholas Dandolos, Greek-born American gambler known as "Nick the Greek". An obituary would note that "Possibly half a billion dollars passed through Nick's fingers during a lifetime of wagering on dice, at card tables, and at race tracks... He was alternately a millionaire and penniless 73 times in his lifetime." Anecdotes about his winnings included $1,600,000 won on rolls of the dice in the game of
craps, and $605,000 won on a single bet in
poker.[132]
Maulana Karenga (formerly Ronald M. Everett) and other members of the black nationalist US (United Slaves) Organization celebrated the first
Kwanzaa.[2][133] The Kwanzaa celebration is held during the seven days from December 26 to January 1, with each day celebrating a particular principle. Seven years later, a newspaper article from the Los Angeles Times Syndicate would provide the first national news about an alternative to
Christmas and
Hanukkah,[134] and by the end of the century, Kwanzaa would be celebrated by over 13,000,000 worldwide.[135]
The third phase of the
Cultural Revolution, referred to as the "Economic Warfare and Revolutionary Rebels" phase, began as the Chinese Communist Party printed editorials directing the Red Guards to become "revolutionary rebels" and to "carry the Revolution into the factories and farms".[136] Within less than a month,
Mao Zedong would send word to the Guards to take power from "those in authority who are taking the capitalist road", and to identify and depose anyone labeled a "
capitalist roader".[137]
In
Amritsar, Sikh leader
Fateh Singh, and six of his followers, were persuaded to end their plans for
self-immolation. Fateh, who had been fasting for nine days, accepted a glass of fruit juice from an emissary from India's Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi,[138] after agreeing to a plan by the national government to mediate the group's complaints that
Chandigarh and some other Punjabi-speaking areas had been left out of the reorganized Punjab State in India.[139]
Born:J. (stage name for Jay Yuenger), American heavy metal guitarist for
White Zombie; in
Chicago
Vladimir Matskevich, the Soviet Union's
Minister of Agriculture and Food, announced that his nation had reaped an all-time record for grain harvests, and would be able to restock granaries that had been depleted by several previous years of shortages that had required the USSR to buy wheat from western nations. Matskevich said that the 171,000,000 tons of grain was 11 million more than had been expected, but that it would still be cheaper to have wheat shipped from Canada to the eastern republics, rather than to transport domestic produce by railroad.[141]
Nearly eight years after
Fidel Castro assumed control of the nation of
Cuba, the Communist government there permitted 2,700 people to freely depart, as 89 people departed
Havana on a Mexican DC-6 airplane. After diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States were severed, hundreds of American citizens and a larger number of their Cuban relatives remained on the island and had not been allowed to depart. As 1966 drew to a close, there were still 880 Americans, and 1,820 members of their family living in Cuba. Their departure represented the largest government-approved exodus from Cuba up to that time.[144]
China conducted its fifth nuclear test, and a subsequent analysis of the radioactive fallout from the test indicated that China had developed a "triple stage bomb", considered the precursor to a
hydrogen bomb because the second stage produced a fusion reaction necessary to trigger the thermonuclear explosion.[145] The 300-kiloton bomb, the
United States Atomic Energy Commission concluded, was also the "dirtiest" of the bombs, maximizing both radiation and fallout. The next test, on June 17, 1967, would be China's detonation of a hydrogen bomb.[146][147]
Twelve train passengers in the Boston suburb of
Everett, Massachusetts were burned to death, and another 20 seriously injured, when the
train they were on crashed into a heating oil truck that had stalled on the tracks.[148]
In
New Orleans, the
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ordered three school systems in
Alabama and four in
Louisiana to desegregate their classrooms before the beginning of the next school year, and to immediately raise the quality level of all-Negro schools to that of all-white schools. "The clock has ticked to the last 'tick' for tokenism and delay in the name of deliberate speed," wrote Judge
John Minor Wisdom, who delivered the unanimous decision of the three-judge panel. The reference to "
deliberate speed" was from the U.S. Supreme Court decision, 11 years earlier, in the followup to Brown v. Board of Education; Chief Justice
Earl Warren's use of the phrase in the majority opinion had been interpreted by opponents of desegregation as a reference to the slow process of
deliberation rather than an intention to move speedily.[149] Affected were the city schools of
Fairfield and
Bessemer, and
Jefferson County, Alabama; and the schools in the Louisiana parishes of
Bossier,
Caddo,
Claiborne and
Jackson.[150]
The "Kangping Avenue Incident" took place on a major thoroughfare in
Shanghai, in a street battle between thousands of members of two of China's labor organizations. The 30,000 members of the "Red Defenders Battalion" marched to the Shanghai City Hall and the offices of Mayor
Cao Diqiu and First Secretary
Chen Pixian of the city's Communist Party organization. Upon learning what was happening,
Wang Hongwen, leader of the Workers Command Post, ordered 100,000 members of his organization to head off the Defenders. The two groups met each other on Kangping Avenue and a violent clash broke out. According to historians of the
Cultural Revolution, "this event was generally considered to be the beginning of the massive factional violence that subsequently occurred throughout China."[152]
The United States and the United Kingdom entered into an agreement for American use of the island of
Diego Garcia in the
British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) for fifty years, giving the U.S. a base in the
Indian Ocean, but at the cost of the forced relocation of 2,000 other residents of the other 59 islands in the
Chagos Archipelago.[153][154] The lease is set to expire on December 30, 2016, and has not been renewed pending threatened litigation by former residents.[155]
NASA Headquarters officially promulgated mission objectives of the AAP-l and AAP-2 flights. They were to conduct a low-altitude, low-inclination Earth-orbital mission with a three-person crew for a maximum of 28 days using a
spent S-IVB stage as an OWS; to provide for reactivation and reuse of the OWS for subsequent missions within one year from initial launch; and to perform test operations with the
lunar mapping and survey system in Earth orbit.[3]
American and South Vietnamese troops crossed the border into the
Svay Rieng Province of
Cambodia in pursuit of a fleeing Viet Cong force, and conducted a ground and air assault on the village of Ba Thu with 40 helicopters and two
F-105 fighters. In 1970, the U.S. would invade Cambodia in an expansion of the Vietnam War.[157]
In the most expensive art theft in history up to that time, thieves stole eight paintings from London's
Dulwich Art Gallery, the oldest art museum in the United Kingdom, and demanded a ransom of 100,000 pounds sterling (worth, at the time, $280,000) for their safe return. The paintings themselves were considered worth more than $20,000,000. Taken were three works by
Peter Paul Rubens (Ceres and Two Nymphs with a Cornucopia, The Three Graces and Saint Barbara fleeing from her Father) and three by
Rembrandt van Rijn (Girl at a Window, A Young Man, and Jacob III de Gheyn), along with A Woman playing a Clavichord, by
Gerrit Dou and Susannah and the Elders by
Adam Elsheimer).[158] Three of the paintings would be recovered a couple of days later, and the next evening, the other five would be found "wrapped in old newspapers behind a bush" at
Streatham Common, a few miles from the gallery.[159]
In
Ollolai, a
Barbagia village, Francesco Pira, his wife Francesca and his nephew Michele, 10 years old, were shot dead in the back of the head by the outlaw Antonio Casula while they were watching the end-of-the-year show on television. Pira, a blacksmith by profession, had a criminal record and was a
carabineers’ informant. The crime shook Italian public opinion; the Minister of the Interior
Paolo Emilio Taviani sent a special unit of 500 police agents (the blue berets) to Sardinia.[160] Casula would die in a shootout with the blue berets on April 23, 1967.
The Congolese government seized control over the Belgian copper mining company,
Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK), in retaliation for UMHK's failure to pay taxes owed to the Congo government, and for UHMK's support of the attempted secession of
Katanga. The corporate assets were acquired by the government-operated Générale Congolaise des Minerais, later
Gécamines (Générale des Carieres et des Mines).[162]
Former
Yugoslav Vice-President
Milovan Djilas, who had been imprisoned in 1962 after criticizing the Communist Party, was freed from the
Sremska Mitrovica prison. President
Josip Broz Tito ordered the release of Djilas, who had been considered Tito's political heir prior to the arrest on charges of disclosing state secrets in the book Conversations with Stalin.[163]
The Soviet
reefer ship, Refrizheratornoe 10, sank in the
Bering Sea, 25 miles (40 km) north of
Unimak Island, Alaska, killing about 50 people of its 100-member crew. The others were rescued alive; the U.S. Coast Guard said that it had offered assistance but was declined because there were other Soviet vessels in the general area.[164]
References
^"Super Bowl Game Set in Los Angeles". Chicago Tribune. December 2, 1966. p. 1.
^"Wilson, Smith Meet on Rhodesian Crisis", Chicago Tribune, December 2, 1966, p1
^"Breakaway Premier Rejects British Pact", Chicago Tribune, December 6, 1966, p1
^"U Thant Elected to Another 5-Year Term at U.N. Post", Chicago Tribune, December 3, 1966, p2
^"Lebanon", in The Middle East and North Africa 2004 (Europa Publications, 2003) p712
^Lazin, Fred A. (2005). The Struggle for Soviet Jewry in American Politics: Israel versus the American Jewish Establishment.
Lexington Books. p. 30.
^Govrin, Yosef (2013). Israeli-Soviet Relations, 1953-1967: From Confrontation to Disruption. Routledge. p. 125.
^"Hungarians Reelect Kadar Party Chief". Chicago Tribune. December 4, 1966. p. 1B-12.
^"Kill 7, Fell Hundreds in Macao Riots". Chicago Tribune. December 5, 1966. p. 3.
^Clayton, Cathryn (2012). "The Hapless Imperialist? Portuguese Rule in 1960s Macau". Twentieth-century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday and the World.
Routledge. p. 212.
^"U.S., as Advertised, Conducts Sneak Underground Test". Chicago Tribune. December 4, 1966. p. 1.
^Gary R. Gunderson and James R. Cochrane, Religion and the Health of the Public: Shifting the Paradigm (Springer, 2012) p34
^"Alcindor Gets 56 Pts. In His Varsity Debut", Newport (RI) Daily News, December 5, 1966, p12
^"Alcindor Smashes UCLA Scoring Record in Varsity Debut", Humboldt Standard (Eureka CA), December 5, 1966, p20
^"Kathy Whitworth Wins Honor of Year's Best Female Athlete", Newport (RI) Daily News, December 5, 1966, p11
^"Marines Mistakenly Bomb Own Troops". Independent Star-News. Pasadena, California. December 11, 1966. p. 1.
^McDowell, Jonathan.
"Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^"Convicts Receive Pardons for Acts". Appleton Post-Crescent. Appleton, Wisconsin. December 11, 1966. p. 4.
^"First Picture". San Antonio Express and News. December 1, 1966. p. 16.
^"Photo shows earth's disc". Port Angeles Evening News. Port Angeles, Washington. December 11, 1966. p. 16.
^Peter Doggett, There's a Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of the '60s (Canongate, 2009)
^Peter Richardson, A Bomb in Every Issue: How the Short, Unruly Life of Ramparts Magazine Changed America (The New Press, 2013)
^Steven Suskin, Second Act Trouble: Behind the Scenes at Broadway's Big Musical Bombs (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006) pp54-55
^"It's Now Vietnam", Syracuse (NY) Post-Standard, December 12, 1966, p1
^
ab"Coaster sinks in fog collision". The Times. No. 56813. London. 13 December 1966. col E, p. 1.
^"U.S. Confirms Pilot Is Held by Red China", Chicago Tribune, December 14, 1966, p1
^Willard M. Oliver and Nancy E Marion, Killing the President: Assassinations, Attempts, and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders-in-Chief (ABC-CLIO, 2010) p165
^"Spain Votes 93% for Franco Constitution". Chicago Tribune. December 15, 1966. p. 8.
^Hall, Rex; Shayler, David (2003). Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft. Springer. p. 126.
^"Vote Rhodesia Oil Ban". Chicago Tribune. December 17, 1966. p. 1.
^"2 Rights Covenants Get U.N. Adoption". Chicago Tribune. December 17, 1966. p. 3.
^Alger, Chadwick F. (2006). The United Nations System: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 156.
^Langley, Winston (1999). Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues Since 1945. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 164–165.
^"Insect Space Craft Lost; Dooms Test", Chicago Tribune, December 18, 1966, p1B-8
^"Perioperative management of the kidney-pancreas and pancreas transplant recipient", by Ugo Boggi, et al., in Oxford Textbook of Transplant Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Oxford University Press, 2015) p141
^"Doctors Make 1st Pancreas Transplant", Eau Claire (WI) Leader, February 26, 1967, p1
^"Transplant Success", UPI report in The Raleigh Register (Beckley, WV), May 31, 1967, p3
^Abhinav Humar and Mark L. Sturdevant, Atlas of Organ Transplantation (Springer, 2015) p5-66
^Philip Ward, The Book of Common Fallacies: Falsehoods, Misconceptions, Flawed Facts, and Half-truths that are Ruining Your Life (Skyhorse Publishing, 2012) p450
^Clive M. Schmitthoff's Select Essays on International Trade Law (Brill, 1988) p99
^"Brezhnev Gets Soviet Union's Highest Honor". Chicago Tribune. December 19, 1966. p. 8.
^Aksnes, Kaare (2012). "The Tiny Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn and their Interactions with the Rings". Stability of the Solar System and Its Minor Natural and Artificial Bodies. Springer. pp. 7–8.
^Lafferranderie, Gabriel; Crowther, Daphné (1997). Outlook on Space Law Over the Next 30 Years: Essays Published for the 30th Anniversary of the Outer Space Treaty.
Martinus Nijhoff. p. 1.
^Wan, Ming (2015). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: The Construction of Power and the Struggle for the East Asian International Order.
Palgrave Macmillan.
^Schmeck, Harold M. Jr. (December 22, 1966). "U.S. Team of 10 First to Climb Highest Known Antarctic Peak; Group Ascends 16,860 Feet to Vinson Massif Summit in Ellsworth Mountains". The New York Times. p. 20.
^"10 Americans Scale Antarctic Pinnacle". Salt Lake Tribune. December 22, 1966. p. 3.
^"Hunt for Lost Plane, 10 Aboard". Chicago Tribune. December 26, 1966. p. 1.
^"I.T.T., ABC Merger Approved by FCC", Chicago Tribune, December 22, 1966, p1
^Gent, George (December 9, 1966). "WPIX's Night Before Christmas: Nothing Stirring but a Yule Log". The New York Times. p. 49.
^Blume, Lesley M. M. (2013). "The Yule Log". Let's Bring Back: An Encyclopedia of Forgotten-Yet-Delightful, Chic, Useful, Curious, and Otherwise Commendable Things from Times Gone By.
Chronicle Books.
^Capelotti, P.J. (2010). The Human Archaeology of Space: Lunar, Planetary and Interstellar Relics of Exploration. McFarland. p. 57.
^Huntress, Wesley T. Jr.; Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries. Springer. p. 150.
^"Russ Report Their 2d Soft Moon Landing". Chicago Tribune. December 25, 1966. p. 5.
^"Luna 13 Tests Moon's Soil, Finds It Firm". Chicago Tribune. December 31, 1966. p. 4.
^Nichols, CDR John B., and Barret Tillman, On Yankee Station: The Naval Air War Over Vietnam, Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute, 1987,
ISBN0-87021-559-0, p. 155.
^"Cong Gunfire Mars Truce". Chicago Tribune. December 24, 1966. p. 1.
^"Find Wreck of Plane in Colombian Andes". Chicago Tribune. January 5, 1967. p. 17.
^"Perecieron Todos los Ocupantes del HK 161" [All the Occupants of the HK 161 Perished]. El Tiempo (in Spanish).
Bogotá,
Colombia. 5 January 1967. p. 1.
^Aimee Dawis, The Chinese of Indonesia and Their Search for Identity: The Relationship Between Collective Memory and the Media (Cambria Press, 2009) p27, 42
^"Grain Harvest a Record, but Russ to Import", Chicago Tribune, December 28, 1966, p12
^"Yemeni Says Egypt Used Poison Gas", Corpus Christi (TX) Caller-Times, January 5, 1967, p2-D
^"First 89 Out of Cuba on Way to U.S.", Chicago Tribune, December 29, 1966, p7
^"China's Blast Used H-Bomb Part: AEC", Chicago Tribune, December 31, 1966, p3
^Leo Yueh-Yun Liu, China as a Nuclear Power in World Politics (Springer, 1972) p36
^"China's Nuclear Option", by Michael B. Yahuda, in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (February 1969) p73
^"Train Hits Truck; 12 Dead", Chicago Tribune, December 28, 1966, p1
^Joel William Friedman, Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom (Louisiana State University Press, 2009) p210
^"Desegregate, Court Tells 7 School Boards", Chicago Tribune, December 30, 1966, p11
^René Jean Dupuy and Daniel Vignes, A Handbook on the New Law of the Sea 2(Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991) pp839-840
^Guo Jian;
Song, Yongyi; Yuan Zhou (2015). "Kangping Avenue Incident". Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 165.
^Palmer, Michael A. (1999). Guardians of the Gulf: A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persion Gulf, 1883-1992.
Simon and Schuster.
British Prime Minister
Harold Wilson and
Rhodesian Prime minister
Ian Smith met for negotiations on board the British warship
HMS Tiger in the Mediterranean.[5] After Smith's return, the Rhodesian government rejected the "Tiger Pact" proposed by the British, who had set a deadline of noon on December 5 for an answer. Among the British demands was a return of control of the armed forces and the police to Sir
Humphrey Gibbs, and his restoration as Governor of the colony, as well as a dissolution of the Rhodesian parliament.[6]
U Thant agreed to serve a second term as U.N. Secretary General. The UN General Assembly then voted, 120–0, to elect the diplomat from
Burma to another five-year term, running from January 1, 1967 to December 31, 1971.[7]
Following a luncheon hosted by the French Diplomatic Press Association in
Paris, visiting Soviet Prime Minister
Alexei N. Kosygin answered the questions of reporters in a
press conference. One reporter asked Kosygin about whether the Soviet Union would allow Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel, and Kosygin replied that "If there are some families divided by the war who want to meet their relatives outside the USSR or even to leave the USSR, we shall do all in our power to help them. The way is open to them and will remain open and there is no problem."[9] Kosygin's statement was reprinted in Izvestia two days later (albeit without the statement that the government would do all in its power to help),[10] and hundreds of Soviet Jews filed applications to depart. Kosygin's statement would also make the emigration issue part of future negotiations between Western nations and the Soviets.
János Kádár was unanimously re-elected as the General Secretary of the Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (the
Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, Hungary's Communist Party) by the Central Committee, keeping him in power as the de facto leader of Hungary for a third term. The party's Politburo was reduced from 12 seats to 11, with the retirement of former President
Ferenc Münnich and Miklos Somogyi, and the elevation of former Finance Minister
Rezső Nyers. The day before, Kadar called for a "normalization of relations" with the United States, and told the Central Committee, "I, as a Communist, can add we wish the American people the very best, peace and prosperity and friendship."[11]
Anti-Portuguese demonstrations that would later be referred to as the "12-3 Incident" or the "123 Incident" because of the date of 12/3/1966 turned into a riot in the Portuguese colony of
Macau, located on the mainland of China, and hundreds of people were injured, with eight Chinese protesters killed by Portuguese riot police.[12] "Although the
People's Republic of China did not assume formal control of Macau until 1999," a historian would write later, "many observers view the '123 Incident'... as the point at which the Portuguese lost effective sovereignty over the city."[13]
At 7:15 a.m., the United States carried out Project Sterling, a test to determine whether the sound of an underground nuclear explosion could be muffled.[14] The test, made underground at a depth of 0.5 miles (0.80 km) below the
Tatum Salt Dome in
Lamar County, Mississippi, made "no audible sound", no measurable increase in radiation, at the surface.
Working in the
Ogoja Province in eastern
Nigeria, Dr.
William Foege first implemented the "surveillance and containment" strategy that would eventually eliminate
smallpox throughout the world. An American epidemiologist as well as being a Lutheran missionary, Foege acted with the knowledge that smallpox was contagious for only two weeks, slow moving in its progress and, most importantly, that "infected people rarely transmitted the disease to more than a few others, mostly within the immediate household". Consulting with 14 other missionaries in the region, Foege arranged for a communications network in villages and marketplaces, looking for signs of a smallpox infection and, "When an infected person was found, a map of his or her likely social pathways was drawn, and everyone on it immunized". This course of action "demonstrated that smallpox could be treated and eliminated from large areas by immunizing as few as six percent of the people— if they were the right people at the right time!"[15]
Lew Alcindor (later
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) made his college basketball debut. In his very first game for UCLA, he broke the school record for most points scored in a game, pouring in 56 points in a 105–90 win over USC.[16] His points came on 23 field goals and 10 free throws; the previous record, 42 points, had been set by
Gail Goodrich in 1965.[17]
The
1966 LPGA Tour ended with
Kathy Whitworth having won the most tournaments (nine), making her Player of the Year. The following month, she would be voted the female athlete of the year in a poll of 428 sportswriters and broadcasters.[18]
In a case frequently cited as an example of the phenomenon of
spontaneous human combustion,
John Irving Bentley, a 92-year-old retired physician and surgeon, was found dead in his home in
Coudersport, Pennsylvania. An
Associated Press report noted only that he was "found dead in his Potter County home Monday, apparently the victim of a fire" and that "His clothes and the floor were partially burned."[19] The facts were more gruesome, because a meter reader found only a pile of ashes. The only identifiable portions of Bentley were "his lower right leg, still clad in its bedroom slipper, and his walker, which strangely enough suffered little damage", as seen in a famous photograph of the death scene.[20] Some authors have blamed spontaneous combustion.[21] Others point out that the leg was "lying at the edge of a hole about two and a half by four feet that had burned into the basement" and that Bentley was a pipe smoker who had previously been burned from dropping matches, or hot ashes, onto his clothes. A plausible theory was that Bentley had accidentally ignited his robe, attempted to douse the flames with water from a pitcher, and ignited the linoleum floor, the hardwood flooring and wooden beams beneath it.[22]
The United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that
Julian Bond had been improperly denied a seat in the
Georgia House of Representatives after winning two elections to the state legislature. The Court concluded that the basis for the disqualification (Bond's criticism of American policies in the Vietnam War) had been a violation of Bond's right to free speech. "Legislators have an obligation to take positions on controversial political questions," Chief Justice
Earl Warren wrote, "so that their constituents can be fully informed by them," and added that the denial of the seat "violated Bond's right of free expression under the First Amendment".[23] The House would, reluctantly, administer the oath of office to Representative Bond, along with all the other members, on January 9, 1967.[24]
NASA Headquarters issued a schedule which introduced the cluster concept into the AAP design. The cluster concept consisted of a Workshop launch following a crewed
CSM launch. Six months later, a Lunar Module/
Apollo Telescope Mount (LM/ATM) launch would follow a second crewed flight. The LM/ATM would
rendezvous and
dock to the cluster. The first Workshop launch was scheduled for
June 1968. The schedule called for 22
Saturn IB and 15 Saturn V launches. Two of the Saturn IBs would be launched a day apart - one crewed, the other uncrewed. Flights utilizing two Saturn V Workshops and four LM ATM missions were also scheduled.[3]
The successful musical I Do! I Do! opened on
Broadway, at the
46th Street Theatre, and would run for 560 performances. The entire cast was limited to two actors, and only one set, as the play followed the course of a 50-year marriage.
Mary Martin and
Robert Preston were the first to perform the roles of Agnes and Michael Snow.[25]
The
Bình Hòa massacre was purportedly carried out over the course of two days, as South Korean troops reportedly killed 456 men, women and children in two villages in the
Quảng Ngãi Province of
South Vietnam. On December 5, the village of Bình Hòa was surrounded at dawn by soldiers, and the inhabitants killed. The next day, troops moved to the nearby village of An Phuoc, 4 miles (6.4 km) away, and murdered its inhabitants.[27][28] According to a 2000
Associated Press story, however, a commemorative monument in Bình Hòa says that the massacres took place from October 22 to October 26, 1966. The event was first reported in the late 1980s.[29][30]
The
West German Air Force grounded its fleet of 635
Lockheed F-104 Starfighters to investigate continuing accidents with that aircraft. Over a period of five years, 65 of the original 700 supersonic jets had crashed, and 37 pilots had been killed. The grounding, the third one since West Germany had purchased the planes from the U.S., came a week after the latest fatal accident.[32]
The United States launched
ATS-1 (Applications Technology Satellite), the first experimental equatorial synchronous satellite, into
geostationary orbit at 23,000 mi (37,000 km) above the equator.[2][33] Carrying the Spin Scan Cloud Camera, developed by
Verner E. Suomi and Robert Parent at the University of Wisconsin, ATS-1 could take full photos of the Western Hemisphere every 30 minutes, and transmit them back to Earth. "For the first time," historians would note later, "rapid-imaging of nearly an entire hemisphere was possible. We could watch, fascinated, as storm systems developed and moved and were captured in a time series of images. Today such images are an indispensable part of weather analysis and forecasting."[34]
Trần Văn Văn, considered a leading candidate for
President of South Vietnam, was assassinated in
Saigon after leaving the office of Prime Minister
Nguyen Cao Ky. Tran, a 58-year-old politician who had formerly been the Secretary General of the nation's High National Council, had recently been elected to the 117-member assembly that was to draw up a new constitution. He was riding in a car when a motorcycle pulled alongside and killed him with four bullets.[35] Vo Van Enh, a 20-year-old member of the
Viet Cong, admitted that he had killed Tran on orders from the North Vietnamese guerrilla group.[36]
David James, a 28-year-old graduate student in chemistry at the
California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in
Pasadena, demonstrated his discovery of a solution made by combining one part
polyethylene oxide to 199 parts of water that could cause water to flow upward, in what he described as a "tubeless
siphon".[37]
The Greek passenger and car ferry
SS Heraklion, with 262 people on board, sank during a gale while attempting to cross in the
Aegean Sea. The Typaldos Line ship was halfway between the island of
Crete and the mainland port of
Piraeus when the radio operator sent the emergency call at 2:00 in the morning, and was gone within an hour.[38] Ultimately, 45 survivors were rescued, while the other 217 went down with the ship. Interviews with the survivors determined that the disaster had been caused by a 16-ton
refrigerator truck that had been insufficiently secured inside the ferry. As the ship rocked violently in the 70-mile-per-hour (110 km/h) winds, cars and trucks broke from their fastenings and battered the loading doors. When the tractor-trailer "became a monstrous battering ram", it tore open a door on the front of the ship, and water rushed in, sinking the Heraklion in only 15 minutes.[39]
The U.S. and the USSR signed a treaty prohibiting
nuclear weapons in space.[2]
Born:
Bushwick Bill (stage name for Richard Shaw), Jamaican-born American rapper; in
Kingston (d. 2019)[40]
American troops in the
Vietnam War encountered a new type of weapon that disabled two helicopters that day, and a third the next day, by an explosive mine that could be set off by the air currents generated by a hovering aircraft. The trap, according to reports, "at first glance appears to be nothing more than a thin stick standing up in the tall
elephant grass... The backwash of an approaching helicopter knocks the stick over which in turn detonates an aimed mine-type explosive powerful enough to blow a helicopter apart."[42]
The "
Cincinnati Strangler" killed his seventh, and final victim.[43] Police in Cincinnati, Ohio, arrested Posteal Laskey Jr., a 29-year taxi cab driver, four hours later, and although he would only be charged with one of the murders that had been committed over the period of a year, Laskey would be given a life sentence for the stabbing murder of another woman, and there would be no similar killings.[44]
In
Tombstone, Arizona, where Town Marshal
Virgil Earp once confronted the Clanton gang in the 1881 "
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral", Democrat Joe Perotti and Republican Everett Brownley met to determine who would be the Town Marshal for 1967. Both had received exactly 181 votes in the November election, and agreed to settle the matter with a
coin toss, which Brownley won.[45][46]
Fresh Cream, the debut album by
Cream, was released in the United Kingdom.
At
Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Jay Sanford told the press that
Jack Ruby had been diagnosed with terminal cancer. Ruby, who was weeks away from a new trial for the murder of
Lee Harvey Oswald, had killed the accused presidential assassin in front of the largest number of witnesses in history, as millions of viewers watched on live national television on
November 24, 1963. Two days earlier, Ruby had been taken from his jail cell and admitted to the hospital for treatment of pneumonia, and the lymph-node biopsy had been performed the next day.[48]
A cameraman for the
Australian Broadcasting Company filmed his own fatal accident when the helicopter he was riding in went out of control and crashed through the roof of the Paul Building in
Sydney. The Department of Civil Aviation reported that Frank Parnell, who was filming an ABC documentary about the
Sydney Opera House, "kept his camera working as a wildly spinning helicopter carried him to his death". Killed also were Assistant Producer Patricia Ludford and the charter pilot James Riley.[49]
In the worst episode of
friendly fire up to that time in the
Vietnam War, sixteen U.S. Marines were killed and 11 others injured when an American bomber dropped two 250-pound (110 kg) bombs on them. The U.S. Fourth Marine Battalion was fighting in the
Quảng Trị Province, near
Đông Hà, when it came under a mortar attack, and was firing its own 81 mm shells when the bombs "either bounced off a ridge of boulders, or fell about 300 yards from their intended target."[50]
Soviet radar calibration target satellite
Kosmos 123 decayed from orbit around the Earth.[51]
Giuseppe Saragat, the
President of Italy, issued presidential pardons to nine inmates of the Maria Teresa Prison in Florence, in recognition of their heroism during the
flood of the Arno River on November 4. As the waters rose, the men swam to the prison's workshop, obtained ladders and acetylene torches, then rescued the families of four prison employees who lived on the prison grounds. Eleven children and nine adults were saved by the action of the prisoners, who returned to incarceration after the 12-foot (3.7 m) high waters receded.[52]
NASA released the first photograph to show "almost the entire disc of the Earth", taken two days earlier from the
ATS-1 satellite from a height of 23,000 miles (37,000 km). Areas not obscured by cloud cover and identifiable in the photo were the southern portion of
North America (with much of the United States), much of
Central America, and a section of the coast of
Chile in
South America.[53][54]
The
Tbilisi Metro opened in
Tbilisi,
Georgian SSR. It was the fourth underground subway train system to be established in the Soviet Union.
Eldridge Cleaver was paroled from California's
Folsom State Prison, with the help of
Edward M. Keating, the publisher of
Ramparts magazine, and immediately hired there as a staff writer. Ramparts had published letters written by Cleaver, while he was serving a sentence for rape and attempted murder, and these would be released in 1968 as the bestselling and book,
Soul on Ice. He would soon become active as the spokesman for the
Black Panther Party.[55][56]
Breakfast at Tiffany's, a musical based on the bestselling book by
Truman Capote (which had been adapted to a successful film) opened on
Broadway for a preview, and became one of the more memorable flops in theater history. After it was performed four times at the
Majestic Theatre, which had planned to formally launch it on December 26, the
Bob Merrill musical was closed down by its producer,
David Merrick, who ran an advertisement in The New York Times to explain, "Rather than subject the drama critics and the theatre-going public— who invested one million dollars in advance ticket sales— to an excruciatingly boring evening, I have decided to close the show... the closing is entirely my fault."[57]
The two major wire services used by American newspapers, the
Associated Press and
United Press International, began referring to the Southeast Asian nation where the U.S. was fighting a war as "
Vietnam", replacing the prior preferred spelling of "Viet Nam" that continued to be used by both the South (Việt Nam Cộng Hòa) and the North (Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) when referring to their Republic and Democratic Republic, respectively.[58]
The West German cargo ship MV Contentia collided with the Bull lightvessel (
Trinity House, UK) and sank at the mouth of the
River Humber,[59] and the West German coaster MV Elke collided with another ship and sank in the
Humber Estuary.[59]
Born:
Último Dragón (Yoshihiro Asai), Japanese professional wrestler described as "the most decorated wrestler in recorded history",
J-Crown, NWA and WCW champion; in
Nagoya
The U.S. Department of Defense confirmed for the first time that a U.S. Air Force pilot was being held captive in the
People's Republic of China, after his F-104 Starfighter went down over China's
Hainan Island. China had long maintained that it had an American pilot who had been captured alive in its territory. The United States said that Captain
Philip E. Smith had either been shot down or had had a mechanical failure on September 20, 1965.[60]
Voters in
Spain overwhelmingly voted in favor of the new Ley Orgánica, a new constitution that had been proposed by Spain's President, Generalissimo Francisco Franco, and that provided for the eventual restoration of themonarchy. Opponents of the proposed constitution had been prohibited from campaigning against it, although they had been allowed to ask people not to vote in the election at all. According to the government, nearly 89% of registered voters turned out at the polls, and 93.3% of them voted yes on the proposal, while 3.2% voted no, and 3.5% did not properly mark their ballots.[62]
The launch of the second unmanned Soyuz rocket ended disastrously when one of the boosters on the rocket was not able to reach the required minimal thrust. The R-7 engines were shut down, and the workers on the launch pad came in to work on the rocket, when an automatic escape system suddenly activated, sending the capsule aloft and setting the third stage on fire. Moments later, the entire rocket exploded on the launch pad, killing one technician and seriously injuring others who were not able to take cover quickly enough.[63]
Janus, one of the
moons of Saturn and the tenth to be given a name by Earth astronomers, was first identified.
Audouin Dollfus, an astronomer of the
Meudon Observatory in the
Meudon suburb of Paris, spotted it that evening and on the next two. On December 18, Richard L. Walker of the
U.S. Naval Observatory station in Flagstaff, Arizona took two photographs which were soon determined to be showing the object identified by Dollfus as the Earth's position relative to Saturn was such that Saturn's rings can be "seen edge-on and become virtually invisible", an event that happens at 14-year intervals. Walker would report confirmation of Dollfus's discovery in
January 1967.[65][66] Credited by the
International Astronomical Union with discovery of the 10th moon on February 1, 1967,[67] Dollfus proposed that the object be named for the Roman
demigodJanus, who was said to have harbored the god
Saturn when the latter fell out of favor with
Jupiter.
Former First Lady
Jacqueline Kennedy announced in a statement that she would seek an injunction against the publication of
William Manchester's book, The Death of a President, slated to be released in
April by
Harper & Row Publishers, with excerpts to be printed in the January 10, 1967, issue of LOOK Magazine. Mrs. Kennedy, the widow of President
John F. Kennedy, said that the book violated a contract she had signed with the author, Manchester. She added that the book was "in part both tasteless and distorted" and made "inaccurate and unfair references to other individuals". "I am shocked that Mr. Manchester would exploit the emotional state in which I recounted my recollections to him early in 1964." Specifically, she said that the agreement between her and Manchester was that the book "may not be published before November 22, 1968", nor without approval of the text by Mrs. Kennedy and by
Robert F. Kennedy.[68] The threat of injunction was dropped 12 days later after LOOK Magazine agreed not to print certain segments, and Harper & Row agreed to delay publication, but Mrs. Kennedy would continue to pursue legal action against the author.[69]
Died:Walt Disney, 65, American animated film producer who founded an independent film company that became a multimillion-dollar empire of film studios and amusement parks; at St. Joseph Hospital in
Burbank, California. The immediate cause of death was acute
circulatory collapse that had been brought on by lung cancer. Flags on all government buildings in
Los Angeles County were ordered lowered to half-staff in his honor.[2][70][71]
By an 11–0 vote, the United Nations Security Council approved
UNSC Resolution 232, an oil embargo and other economic sanctions, against
Rhodesia. Permanent members France and the Soviet Union, and members Mali and France, all abstained. Other proposed amendments failed to gain enough support, including an amendment that suggested that the United Kingdom "use every means, including force" to bring about the downfall of the white-minority government of Ian Smith. Six members (the Soviet Union, Mali, Jordan, Bulgaria, Uruguay and Nigeria) supported the use of force amendment, two short of the necessary 8 of 15 majority necessary.[72]
Born:Dennis Wise, English soccer football midfielder, with 21 appearances for the English national team between 1991 and 2000; in
Kensington
Died:Charles Crawford Davis, 73, American inventor and audio engineer who patented the Davis Drive System for synchronizing sound and picture in cameras and projectors.
Biosatellite I, an American orbiting satellite that carried more than 10,000,000 specimens of insects, plant specimens and bacteria as a test of the effect of prolonged weightlessness and radiation on life forms, was lost three days after its launch from Cape Kennedy. The craft, the first mission of a $100,000,000 "bring 'em back alive" program, carried 10,000 fruit flies because "three days in the life of a fruit fly" was considered the equivalent of "years in a human". Other items on board, separated by species into air-conditioned compartments, were "1,000 flour beetles, 560 parasitic wasps, 10 million bread mold, 9 pepper plants, 120 frog eggs and 875 amoebae". However, a retrorocket on the satellite failed to ignite, and instead of parachuting into the Pacific Ocean for recovery, Biosatellite I remained in an "uncontrolled orbit" from which it would eventually re-enter the atmosphere and burn up.[76]
The first successful
pancreatic transplant on a human being took place at the
University of Minnesota, as a team of surgeons led by William D. Kelly and
Richard C. Lillehei carried out "a duct-ligated segmental pancreas graft" into an unidentified 28-year-old woman, effectively reversing type 1 diabetes, and resulting "in immediate insulin independence".[77][78] That patient would pass away in late May, four and a half months after the surgery, from a lung infection and pneumonia, but the transplanted organ would continue to function until her death.[79] In the first fifty years after the procedure, there would be 42,000 reported pancreas transplantations, with 27,000 in the United States alone.[80]
In the Italian
province of Trapani, on the island of
Sicily, a court sentenced Mafioso Filippo Melodia to 11 years in prison for abducting and raping 17-year-old
Franca Viola, marking the first time in Sicily that a rape victim and her family successfully sought criminal prosecution of the rapist, rather than following the long-standing Sicilian tradition of forcing a "mending marriage" (matrimonio riparatore, similar to a "
shotgun marriage" in other nations) of perpetrator to victim.[81]
Two days after his death, the body of
Walt Disney was
cremated at
Glendale, California. Two years later, the urban myth was started that Disney had had his body
cryogenically frozen until the day that he could be restored to life, with the earliest identified suggestion in print being in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969.[82]
The United Nations established
UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), which would become operational on January 1, 1968, to oversee the creation of standards for the international sale of goods, international payments, commercial operations and the transport of goods by sea.[83]
Born:Miloš Tichý, Czech astronomer at the
Kleť Observatory, credited with discovering over 150 asteroids and a periodic comet, namesake for the asteroid 3337 Miloš and the comet P/2000 U6 Tichý; in
Počátky
Epimetheus, another of the moons of Saturn, was captured on photographs taken by the
Mount Lemmon Observatory and reviewed by astronomer Richard L. Walker, but was initially mistaken for Janus, which had been identified three days earlier and was in the same orbit.[67] It would not be until
1978 that Stephen Larson and John Fountain would calculate that aberrations in the orbit of Janus were "compatible with a second satellite in the same orbit". Subsequent observations by the Voyager 1 probe in 1980 would determine that Janus and Epimetheus are in the same orbit around Saturn, 135 degrees apart from each other.[85]
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, based on the book
of the same name by
Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel) and narrated by
Boris Karloff, was shown for the first time on
CBS, becoming an annual
Christmas tradition in the United States.[2][86] "As a result of the television version," an author would note later, "adults and children renewed their love of Seussian tales and bought his books in record-breaking numbers."[86] Geisel initially rejected an offer by his friend, animator
Chuck Jones, to adapt the book to an animated cartoon; his wife
Helen Palmer persuaded him to reconsider.
In an
NFL game at Dallas,
New York GiantsplacekickerPete Gogolak attempted a
field goal with his right foot; the kick was blocked, and before the ball could strike the ground, Gogolak kicked it with his other foot and sent it through the uprights "much to the consternation of the players and referees". Since it had never happened before in an
American football game, the game officials conferred at length before concluding that the rules only allow a player to make one kick for a field goal, and the score was disallowed.[87][88]
Died:Tara Browne, 21, London socialite and an heir to the
Guinness fortune; in an auto accident in
South Kensington after running a red light and crashing into a parked truck. He was a little more than three years away from receiving a bequest of one million pounds sterling.[91] According to a later interview with
John Lennon, the report of the investigation, printed in the Daily Mail of January 15, was an inspiration for the song "
A Day in the Life".[92]
The United Nations adopted the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, more commonly known as the
Outer Space Treaty. It would be signed on January 27, 1967, by the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, and enter into force on October 10, 1967.[2][93]
The
Asian Development Bank (ADB) was established by an agreement that had been signed in
Manila on December 2, 1965, by the original 31 member nations, including Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, South Vietnam, and Taiwan.[94]
Duke Ellington began recording his album, The Far East Suite, in New York City. The nine tracks on the original album were all compositions by Ellington and
Billy Strayhorn (except for one by Ellington). Outtakes from the session would be released in 1995.
Mount Vinson, 16,050 feet (4,890 m) in altitude and the highest peak in
Antarctica, was conquered for the first time as a group of ten American climbers reached the summit. In addition to the American flag, the climbers planted the flags of the other 11 nations that had signed the Antarctic Treaty of 1959.[2][97][98]
Harold Wilson withdrew all his previous offers to the
Rhodesian government and announced that he would agree to independence only after the founding of a Black majority government.
Born:Ed de Goey (Eduard de Goeij), Dutch professional soccer football goalkeeper in Netherlands
Eredivisie league and England's
Premier League, as well as the Netherlands national team; in
Gouda
Died:
Richard Y. Dakin, 63, American entrepreneur who founded the toy importer
Dakin, Inc., the most recognized brand of stuffed animals at the time. Dakin, seven of his family members and a crew of two were on a twin-engine
Lockheed Lodestar that took off from Oakland, California, made a stop at San Diego, and then flew onward for a vacation at
La Paz, Baja California Sur in
Mexico. It was not until three days later that company officials realized that the airplane was missing.[99]
Arturo Riccardi, 86, former Admiral and Chief of Staff of the Italian Army during World War II
Eight schoolchildren in
Windsor, Ontario were killed, and 16 others injured, when a tractor-trailer overturned while attempting a right turn, dumping ten tons of sand onto their school bus. Ranging in age from six to nine years old, the children were on their way from Frith Public School to their homes in
Oldcastle when the accident happened shortly after 3:00. The weight of the sand tore a hole through the bus roof, and the cargo poured in. Some of the victims were cut by the metal of the roof, while others were buried and suffocated. Three students at the back of the bus were uninjured and able to escape out of the back of the bus.[101][102]
France and
West Germany signed an agreement to allow French forces to continue to be stationed in the former French zone of West Germany, despite France's earlier withdrawal from
NATO.[103]
George E. Mueller wrote
Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) Director
Robert R. Gilruth and MSFC Director
Wernher von Braun advising them of a joint MSC-HQ medical position regarding selection of a gaseous atmosphere for the Apollo Applications S-IVB Workshop. This medical position, based upon retention of the existing 100-percent
oxygen environment in the
Apollo command module, called for a "shirt-sleeve" atmosphere in the Workshop of 69 percent oxygen and 31 percent
nitrogen at 35 kilonewtons per sq m (5 psia). (One-hundred-percent oxygen was still required for
space-suited emergency operation and during extravehicular activities.)[3]
On the eve of the United Kingdom's trade ban with
Rhodesia,[105] Prime Minister
Ian Smith declared that Rhodesia had become an independent republic by operation of the UN Security Council's vote for sanctions. "We are ipso facto in a position that we are no longer under the control of Britain," Smith told reporters, "and, in the circumstances, I would say we are no longer members of the British Commonwealth; if that is the position, I do not know what we have become, except a republic."[106]
Born:Dmitry Bilozerchev, Soviet Russian gymnast, eight-time gold medalist in the 1983 and 1987 World Championships and winner of three gold medals at the 1988 Olympics; in
Moscow[107]
In a memorandum to the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, George E. Mueller, Saturn/Apollo Applications Deputy Director John H. Disher posed a number of AAP issues needing resolution, including whether AAP should be portrayed as an "open-ended" program or whether the agency should identify a certain goal or activity as marking its completion, and whether AAP should include space rescue activities.[3]
Ready Steady Go!, the pioneering British pop music show on Britain's
ITV network, was broadcast for the last time, after making its debut on August 9, 1963. Appearing as the last act was
The Who, and the final show was subtitled "Ready Steady Gone!".[109]
Yugoslav police attacked students who held a meeting against the U.S. war in Vietnam. Several students were beaten and 17 were arrested and got one-month jail sentences.[110]
Starting at 9:30 p.m., New York City's
WPIX television station began a tradition of a broadcasting a show called WPIX Yule Log Christmas Greeting. In order to allow the Channel 11 employees to spend Christmas Eve with their families,[111] station president Fred M. Thrower canceled its regular programming (at the cost of $4,000 in advertising) in favor of three hours of a looped film of a log burning in a fireplace. The picture was accompanied by Christmas music from the WPIX-FM radio station. The annual broadcast would be halted after 1989, but would be revived in 2001.[112]
Luna 13, an uncrewed spacecraft launched toward the Moon by the Soviet Union from an Earth-orbiting platform,[113] made a soft landing at 1801 UTC (9:01 p.m. in Moscow) between craters
Seleucus and
Krafft[114] in the region of
Oceanus Procellarum.[2][115][116] On its first day on the Moon, the space probe deployed two rods that could penetrate a foot deep into the lunar surface, and determined that the lunar soil was strong enough to support the weight of a large crewed spacecraft and that humans could walk on the hard soil without sinking.[117]
Starting at 7:00 in the morning in Vietnam, a 48-hour holiday truce went into effect by agreement between the
United States,
South Vietnam and their allies, and
North Vietnam and the
Viet Cong.[118] Five hours into the ceasefire, however, Viet Cong guerrillas fired upon Australian troops near
Saigon, and six other incidents took place, including a small arms and mortar fire attack near
Phú Lộc in the
Thừa Thiên Province that killed a South Vietnamese soldier.[119]
Avianca Airlines Flight 729, a twin-engine DC-3, crashed in the Andes Mountains during a flight between
Bogotá and
Pasto, Colombia, killing all 29 people on board.[120][121] The wreckage of the Christmas Eve flight would finally be spotted 11 days later[122] on the side of "Las Animas", a mountain 20 minutes away from Pasto, in the mountain range separating the departments of
Cauca and
Nariño.[123]
A
Flying Tiger Line cargo plane crashed into the
Hòa Vang District of the South Vietnamese city of
Da Nang, killing at least 125 civilians and the plane's crew of four. The four-engine turboprop plane was arriving at Da Nang after taking off from
Tachikawa Airfield in Japan and fell short of the runway as it attempted to land.[125]
Frank Mitchell, 37, British armed robber known as "The Mad Axeman", twelve days after escaping
Dartmoor Prison. The
Kray twins, who had masterminded his escape, ordered his murder after quickly becoming tired of their friend, and Mitchell was shot to death.[127]
The New York Times published a front page investigative report, "A Visitor to Hanoi Inspects Damage Laid to U.S. Raids", filed by editor
Harrison E. Salisbury from the capital of
North Vietnam. "Contrary to the impression given by U.S. communiques," Salisbury told an American audience, "on-the-spot inspection indicates that U.S. bombing has been inflicting considerable civilian casualties and its environs for some time past." The report, first of several dispatches that would appear over the next few days in newspapers around the world, "confirmed what foreign media and the domestic radical press had long reported", an historian would later note.[128]
Peng Dehuai, at one time the Minister of Defense for the
People's Republic of China until his purge in 1959 and replacement by
Lin Biao was arrested by the
Red Guards. For the remaining eight years of his life, Peng would be publicly humiliated, tortured and kept in prison until dying in his cell on November 29, 1974. After the death of
Mao Zedong, the
Chinese Communist Party would rehabilitate his reputation, and on December 22, 1978, would declare that Peng had been "a great revolutionary fighter and loyal member of the Party".[129]
A fire on board the British fishing trawler St. Finbarr killed eleven crewmen while they were at sea, 100 miles (160 km) northeast of
Cartwright, Newfoundland and Labrador. The blaze broke out during a storm in the North Atlantic Ocean. Another 14 crew members were rescued by a sister ship.[130]
The Angolan liberation group
UNITA made its first guerrilla attack against the Portuguese colonial government, invading from the Congo and raiding the border city of
Teixeira de Sousa (now Luau) to disrupt the
Benguela railway line.[131]
Died:Nicholas Dandolos, Greek-born American gambler known as "Nick the Greek". An obituary would note that "Possibly half a billion dollars passed through Nick's fingers during a lifetime of wagering on dice, at card tables, and at race tracks... He was alternately a millionaire and penniless 73 times in his lifetime." Anecdotes about his winnings included $1,600,000 won on rolls of the dice in the game of
craps, and $605,000 won on a single bet in
poker.[132]
Maulana Karenga (formerly Ronald M. Everett) and other members of the black nationalist US (United Slaves) Organization celebrated the first
Kwanzaa.[2][133] The Kwanzaa celebration is held during the seven days from December 26 to January 1, with each day celebrating a particular principle. Seven years later, a newspaper article from the Los Angeles Times Syndicate would provide the first national news about an alternative to
Christmas and
Hanukkah,[134] and by the end of the century, Kwanzaa would be celebrated by over 13,000,000 worldwide.[135]
The third phase of the
Cultural Revolution, referred to as the "Economic Warfare and Revolutionary Rebels" phase, began as the Chinese Communist Party printed editorials directing the Red Guards to become "revolutionary rebels" and to "carry the Revolution into the factories and farms".[136] Within less than a month,
Mao Zedong would send word to the Guards to take power from "those in authority who are taking the capitalist road", and to identify and depose anyone labeled a "
capitalist roader".[137]
In
Amritsar, Sikh leader
Fateh Singh, and six of his followers, were persuaded to end their plans for
self-immolation. Fateh, who had been fasting for nine days, accepted a glass of fruit juice from an emissary from India's Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi,[138] after agreeing to a plan by the national government to mediate the group's complaints that
Chandigarh and some other Punjabi-speaking areas had been left out of the reorganized Punjab State in India.[139]
Born:J. (stage name for Jay Yuenger), American heavy metal guitarist for
White Zombie; in
Chicago
Vladimir Matskevich, the Soviet Union's
Minister of Agriculture and Food, announced that his nation had reaped an all-time record for grain harvests, and would be able to restock granaries that had been depleted by several previous years of shortages that had required the USSR to buy wheat from western nations. Matskevich said that the 171,000,000 tons of grain was 11 million more than had been expected, but that it would still be cheaper to have wheat shipped from Canada to the eastern republics, rather than to transport domestic produce by railroad.[141]
Nearly eight years after
Fidel Castro assumed control of the nation of
Cuba, the Communist government there permitted 2,700 people to freely depart, as 89 people departed
Havana on a Mexican DC-6 airplane. After diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States were severed, hundreds of American citizens and a larger number of their Cuban relatives remained on the island and had not been allowed to depart. As 1966 drew to a close, there were still 880 Americans, and 1,820 members of their family living in Cuba. Their departure represented the largest government-approved exodus from Cuba up to that time.[144]
China conducted its fifth nuclear test, and a subsequent analysis of the radioactive fallout from the test indicated that China had developed a "triple stage bomb", considered the precursor to a
hydrogen bomb because the second stage produced a fusion reaction necessary to trigger the thermonuclear explosion.[145] The 300-kiloton bomb, the
United States Atomic Energy Commission concluded, was also the "dirtiest" of the bombs, maximizing both radiation and fallout. The next test, on June 17, 1967, would be China's detonation of a hydrogen bomb.[146][147]
Twelve train passengers in the Boston suburb of
Everett, Massachusetts were burned to death, and another 20 seriously injured, when the
train they were on crashed into a heating oil truck that had stalled on the tracks.[148]
In
New Orleans, the
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ordered three school systems in
Alabama and four in
Louisiana to desegregate their classrooms before the beginning of the next school year, and to immediately raise the quality level of all-Negro schools to that of all-white schools. "The clock has ticked to the last 'tick' for tokenism and delay in the name of deliberate speed," wrote Judge
John Minor Wisdom, who delivered the unanimous decision of the three-judge panel. The reference to "
deliberate speed" was from the U.S. Supreme Court decision, 11 years earlier, in the followup to Brown v. Board of Education; Chief Justice
Earl Warren's use of the phrase in the majority opinion had been interpreted by opponents of desegregation as a reference to the slow process of
deliberation rather than an intention to move speedily.[149] Affected were the city schools of
Fairfield and
Bessemer, and
Jefferson County, Alabama; and the schools in the Louisiana parishes of
Bossier,
Caddo,
Claiborne and
Jackson.[150]
The "Kangping Avenue Incident" took place on a major thoroughfare in
Shanghai, in a street battle between thousands of members of two of China's labor organizations. The 30,000 members of the "Red Defenders Battalion" marched to the Shanghai City Hall and the offices of Mayor
Cao Diqiu and First Secretary
Chen Pixian of the city's Communist Party organization. Upon learning what was happening,
Wang Hongwen, leader of the Workers Command Post, ordered 100,000 members of his organization to head off the Defenders. The two groups met each other on Kangping Avenue and a violent clash broke out. According to historians of the
Cultural Revolution, "this event was generally considered to be the beginning of the massive factional violence that subsequently occurred throughout China."[152]
The United States and the United Kingdom entered into an agreement for American use of the island of
Diego Garcia in the
British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) for fifty years, giving the U.S. a base in the
Indian Ocean, but at the cost of the forced relocation of 2,000 other residents of the other 59 islands in the
Chagos Archipelago.[153][154] The lease is set to expire on December 30, 2016, and has not been renewed pending threatened litigation by former residents.[155]
NASA Headquarters officially promulgated mission objectives of the AAP-l and AAP-2 flights. They were to conduct a low-altitude, low-inclination Earth-orbital mission with a three-person crew for a maximum of 28 days using a
spent S-IVB stage as an OWS; to provide for reactivation and reuse of the OWS for subsequent missions within one year from initial launch; and to perform test operations with the
lunar mapping and survey system in Earth orbit.[3]
American and South Vietnamese troops crossed the border into the
Svay Rieng Province of
Cambodia in pursuit of a fleeing Viet Cong force, and conducted a ground and air assault on the village of Ba Thu with 40 helicopters and two
F-105 fighters. In 1970, the U.S. would invade Cambodia in an expansion of the Vietnam War.[157]
In the most expensive art theft in history up to that time, thieves stole eight paintings from London's
Dulwich Art Gallery, the oldest art museum in the United Kingdom, and demanded a ransom of 100,000 pounds sterling (worth, at the time, $280,000) for their safe return. The paintings themselves were considered worth more than $20,000,000. Taken were three works by
Peter Paul Rubens (Ceres and Two Nymphs with a Cornucopia, The Three Graces and Saint Barbara fleeing from her Father) and three by
Rembrandt van Rijn (Girl at a Window, A Young Man, and Jacob III de Gheyn), along with A Woman playing a Clavichord, by
Gerrit Dou and Susannah and the Elders by
Adam Elsheimer).[158] Three of the paintings would be recovered a couple of days later, and the next evening, the other five would be found "wrapped in old newspapers behind a bush" at
Streatham Common, a few miles from the gallery.[159]
In
Ollolai, a
Barbagia village, Francesco Pira, his wife Francesca and his nephew Michele, 10 years old, were shot dead in the back of the head by the outlaw Antonio Casula while they were watching the end-of-the-year show on television. Pira, a blacksmith by profession, had a criminal record and was a
carabineers’ informant. The crime shook Italian public opinion; the Minister of the Interior
Paolo Emilio Taviani sent a special unit of 500 police agents (the blue berets) to Sardinia.[160] Casula would die in a shootout with the blue berets on April 23, 1967.
The Congolese government seized control over the Belgian copper mining company,
Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK), in retaliation for UMHK's failure to pay taxes owed to the Congo government, and for UHMK's support of the attempted secession of
Katanga. The corporate assets were acquired by the government-operated Générale Congolaise des Minerais, later
Gécamines (Générale des Carieres et des Mines).[162]
Former
Yugoslav Vice-President
Milovan Djilas, who had been imprisoned in 1962 after criticizing the Communist Party, was freed from the
Sremska Mitrovica prison. President
Josip Broz Tito ordered the release of Djilas, who had been considered Tito's political heir prior to the arrest on charges of disclosing state secrets in the book Conversations with Stalin.[163]
The Soviet
reefer ship, Refrizheratornoe 10, sank in the
Bering Sea, 25 miles (40 km) north of
Unimak Island, Alaska, killing about 50 people of its 100-member crew. The others were rescued alive; the U.S. Coast Guard said that it had offered assistance but was declined because there were other Soviet vessels in the general area.[164]
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