Willie Pastrano, a 6 to 1 underdog challenger, won the
world light heavyweight boxing championship, defeating titleholder
Harold Johnson. Although most sportswriters thought that Johnson had won the 15-round bout in
Las Vegas, Pastrano was declared the winner by the judges in a 2 to 1 decision. "I'm not saying that the underworld dictated the decision," Johnson's manager told reporters afterward, "but the betting was 5–1 and 6–1 for my boy? What do you think?"[1]
In Vietnam, President
Ngô Đình Diệm's office announced the dismissal of the three major officials involved in the Huế incident — the province chief and his deputy, and the government delegate for the Central Region of Vietnam — for failing to maintain order.
Fred Lorenzen won the
World 600 NASCAR race despite his car running out of gas on the final lap.
Junior Johnson had been leading the race until suffering a blown tire with three laps left. Lorenzen's win brought his earnings to "just under $80,000 making him the biggest money winner in stock car racing history", even though the racing season was only half over.[4]
Stage I of
Gemini launch vehicle 1 was erected in
Martin-Baltimore's vertical test facility. Stage II would follow on June 9, and inspection was completed June 12. Subsystem Functional Verification Tests began June 10.[5]
All 101 people aboard
Northwest Airlines Flight 293 were killed when the
Douglas DC-7, crashed into the Pacific Ocean west-southwest of
Annette Island,
Alaska, off the coast of
British Columbia. Chartered to carry U.S. military personnel and their families from McChord Air Force Base in Washington, to Elmendorf Air Force Base in Alaska, the plane disappeared shortly after being cleared to climb to an altitude of 18,000 feet (5,500 m).[7] Forty-seven years later, the cause of the accident remained unknown and the wreckage of the airplane remained "under more than 8,000 feet of water in the Gulf of Alaska".[8]
Pope John XXIII, 81, Italian Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. As Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, he had been the
Patriarch of Venice when elected on October 28, 1958, to succeed
Pope Pius XII. The Pope's death from
stomach cancer, complicated by
peritonitis, happened at 7:49 p.m. in Rome, leaving the papacy sede vacante.[12]
The
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, religious leader of Iran's Shi'ite Muslim community, was arrested in the city of
Qom after speaking against the emancipation of women in the regime of Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[14] Khomeini would be imprisoned for eight months, and released in April 1964. Six months later, he would be arrested again and sent into exile in Turkey, then move the following year to
Najaf, in
Iraq. In 1979, Khomeini would lead the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran.[14][15][16]
At a Gemini Abort Panel meeting,
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation recommended dropping the lower abort limit to 35,000 feet (11,000 m). The existing abort modes were mode 1,
ejection seats (up to 70,000 feet (21,000 m); mode 2, booster shutdown/retrosalvo from 70,000 feet (21,000 m) to 522,000 feet (159,000 m); and mode 3, booster shutdown/normal separation from above 522,000 feet (159,000 m) until the last few seconds of powered flight.[5]
Robert Wesley Patch, a six-year-old boy from
Chevy Chase, Maryland, was awarded United States Patent No. 3,091,888 for a toy truck that could be "readily assembled and disassembled by a child".[18][19]
Australian diver
Max Cramer became the first person to dive to the wreckage of the ship Batavia, exactly 334 years after the Dutch vessel had sunk on June 4,
1629.[20]
Political demonstrations began in Iran, protesting the arrest of
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini by the regime of Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The uprising coincided with the
10th of Muharam, an Islamic holiday marking the start of the new year, 1383 A.H., and the worldwide mourning for the Roman Catholic Pope. The martyrdom of Islamic clerics on that day, the 15th of
Khordad, 1342 on the Persian calendar, is now commemorated as a public holiday in Iran.
British Secretary of State for War
John Profumo resigned after revelations of an
extramarital affair between him and Christine Keeler, and Profumo's subsequent admission that he had lied about the affair to his fellow MPs in the House of Commons.[24]
U.S. District Judge
Seybourn H. Lynne of Alabama enjoined the state from blocking the enrollment of the University of Alabama's first two African-American students.[25]
Officials of the Manned Spacecraft Center outlined the benefits of having a Mercury 10. They thought that the
Mercury spacecraft was capable of much longer missions and that much could be learned about the effects of
space environment from a mission lasting several days, to be applied to the forthcoming
Gemini and
Apollo projects. NASA continued to reject the proposed Mercury 10 mission.[29]
A spokesman for
General Dynamics Corporation told scientists in
Denver that a crewed space mission to the planet
Mars could be launched in
1975. Andrew Kalitinsky was a speaker at a two-day symposium by the
American Astronautical Society, called "The Exploration of Mars", and envisioned that "a convoy of four multi-ton spaceships" would make the journey. The day before,
NASA announced plans to send two
satellites to Mars in
November 1964 as the first step toward a mission.[30]
Chairman
Mao Zedong of the
People's Republic of China Communist Party sent a letter to Soviet Premier
Nikita Khrushchev, stating that "The Chinese people will never accept the privileged position of one or two superpowers" with a monopoly on nuclear weapons, and then gave the go ahead for China to accelerate its own nuclear program. China would explode its first atomic bomb on October 16, 1964.[31]
Representatives of NASA, the USAF
Space Systems Division (SSD),
The Aerospace Corporation, McDonnell Aircraft and
Martin Aircraft met to investigate the structural integrity and compatibility of the
Gemini spacecraft and rocket. Contractors were instructed to furnish NASA and SSD with all available structural data by July 15.[5]
The Army of Egypt, intervening in the
North Yemen Civil War, made the first use of poison gas in warfare since World War II, dropping chemical weapons, believed to be
phosgene, on the village of
Al Kawma.[34]
Fernando Belaúnde Terry was elected
President of Peru in a repeat of the
June 10, 1962 election that had been annulled by the military five weeks later. Belaúnde and the other two major candidates from 1962 ran again, receiving 708,931 votes, 39% of those cast and more than the one-third required under the Peruvian Constitution.
Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, who had won a plurality in 1962, got only 34.3% (623,532) and
Manuel A. Odría 25.5% (463,325).[38]
In
elections for Mongolia's parliament, the Mongolian People's Republic Party, sole legal political party in the Communist nation, won 216 of the 270 seats. The remaining 54 seats went to non-party candidates.
Twelve people, 9 of them
Explorer Scouts from
Provo, Utah, were killed and 26 injured when the truck they were on had a brake failure and rolled backwards off of a steep embankment. The dead scouts ranged in age from 13 to 16 years old, and were riding in the back of the truck on their way to the
Hole in the Rock rock formation.[42][43]
Instructors from McDonnell's training department conducted two weeks of courses on Gemini spacecraft systems for
flight controllers at MSC.[5]
Alabama Governor
George C. Wallacestood in the door of the
University of Alabama to protest against integration and blocked
James Hood and
Vivian Malone from enrolling as the first African American students at the university. U.S. Defense Secretary
Robert McNamara ordered that the Alabama National Guard be placed under the command of the federal government and directed the 31st Infantry Division of the Guard to proceed to Tuscaloosa. Assistant U.S. Attorney General
Nicholas Katzenbach approached Wallace and cited the U.S. District Court order of June 5, requiring that the students be allowed to register, and Wallace replied, "We don't need a speech here," and then read aloud a statement that he did "hereby proclaim and demand and forbid this illegal and unwarranted action by the central government."[45] Governor Wallace stepped aside at 3:40 that afternoon, after the Alabama National Guard commander, Brigadier General
Henry V. Graham, told Wallace that the Guard would enforce the President's order,[46] and Wallace, who elected not to be arrested for contempt of federal court, stepped aside.[47]
South Vietnamese Buddhist
monkThích Quảng Đức, 65, committed suicide by
self-immolation, burning himself to death at a major intersection in
Saigon to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the government of President
Ngo Dinh Diem.[48]Associated Press photographer
Malcolm Browne was the only journalist "to heed Buddhist advance notices", and his photographs brought worldwide attention the next day,[49] as well as winning him a
Pulitzer Prize. "Many point to the self-immolation," one historian would later note, "as the single event that turned the U.S. government against Ngo Dinh Diem, though a series of events and personality clashes made the situation inevitable."[50]
The first
lung transplant on a human being was performed at the University of Mississippi, by Dr.
James Hardy.[51] The patient, identified twelve days later as John Richard Russell, a convicted murderer serving a life sentence for a 1957 killing, was given a full pardon by Mississippi Governor
Ross Barnett, in recognition of Russell's volunteering for the operation, which Barnett said would "alleviate human misery and suffering in years to come".[52] The donor, never identified, had arrived at the hospital emergency room in the evening after having a massive heart attack, and the family permitted the donation of the left lung for transplant; Russell survived for 18 more days after the surgery.[53]
U.S. President Kennedy delivered a historic
Civil Rights Address in which he promised a Civil Rights Bill and asked for "the kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves."
Died:
Syed Abdul Rahim, 53, Indian footballer and first manager of the Indian national team
Medgar Evers, a 37-year-old African-American civil rights activist, was shot and killed while standing in his driveway in
Jackson, Mississippi.[55][56] KKK member
Byron De La Beckwith was arrested within two weeks.[57] After two trials in 1964 that would both end without the jurors being able to reach a verdict, Beckwith would elude conviction for thirty years before being retried. He would be convicted of the murder on February 5, 1994,[58] and spend the rest of his life in prison, dying in 2001.[59] The Evers home, at 2332 Margaret Walker Alexander Drive in
Jackson, Mississippi, is now designated as a historic landmark.
U.S. Representative
Thomas F. Johnson of Maryland, and former U.S. Representative
Frank W. Boykin of Alabama, were both convicted of conspiracy to defraud the United States government and accepting bribes. Boykin would later be pardoned, while Johnson, after appealing his conviction all the way to the United States Supreme Court, would serve six months in prison.[62]
Rocketdyne completed its initial design of the thrust chamber assembly (TCA) for both the reentry control system (RCS) and
orbit attitude and maneuver system (OAMS) of the Gemini spacecraft. Less than a month later, Rocketdyne would recommend an entirely new design for installation starting with spacecraft No. 5.[5]
McDonnell Aircraft began deciding what Project Mercury equipment and personnel could be transferred to the
Gemini Program.[5]
Valery Bykovsky was launched into orbit by the Soviet Union on board
Vostok 5.[64] Bykovsky would spend almost five days in space, breaking the record recently set by American astronaut
Gordon Cooper, and making 82 orbits before returning on June 19, at the same time as
Vostok 6 and Valentina Tereshkova.
The French retailing chain
Carrefour opened the first
hypermarket in Europe. With 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft) of floor space for a grocery store and department store, parking space for 350 cars, and its own gasoline station, the first Carrefour hypermarket was opened at the Paris suburb of
Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne.[66]
Gemini Project Office (GPO) reported that the first crewed Gemini mission, Gemini 3, would be three orbits.[5]
Soviet
cosmonautValentina Tereshkova became the first woman in history to travel into
outer space as Vostok 6 was launched.[67] After Tereshkova, the 12th person ever to be sent into orbit, a woman would not travel into outer space again for 20 years until the launch of U.S. astronaut
Sally Ride on June 18, 1983, as a mission specialist on the
space shuttle Challenger. Tereshkova, who would retire from the Soviet Air Force as a colonel, would marry her fellow cosmonaut,
Andriyan Nikolayev, and go into politics, becoming a deputy of the Supreme Soviet, and a member of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee.[68]
David Ben-Gurion,
Prime Minister of Israel since it had become independent in 1948, resigned for what he described as "personal reasons". Ben-Gurion also quit his post as Israel's Defense Minister, which he had held since 1955.[69]Levi Eshkol would succeed Ben-Gurion.[70]
Outside
Xá Lợi Pagoda, in
Saigon, shortly after 9:00 a.m, a crowd of around 2000 people were confronted by police who still ringed the pagoda despite the signing of the
Joint Communique. A riot broke out and police attacked the crowd with tear gas, fire hoses, clubs and gunfire. One protester was killed and scores more injured. Moderates from both sides urged calm while some government officials blamed "extremist elements". An
Associated Press story described the riot as "the most violent anti-Government outburst in South Vietnam in years".[72][73]
ASCII (United States of America Standard Code for Information Interchange) was approved by the
American Standards Association, providing a seven-bit code of up to 128 character positions that could be used for communication between computer information processing systems.[76][77]
A flight evaluation test was conducted on the prototype recovery beacon of the Gemini spacecraft in
Galveston Bay, Texas. Ranging runs by airplanes equipped with receivers showed a maximum receiving range of 123 miles (198 km) by an aircraft at 10,000-foot (3,000 m) altitude.[5]
The Cape Gemini/Agena Test Integration Working Group met to define "Plan X" test procedures and responsibilities to verify the Gemini spacecraft's ability to command the
Agena target vehicle both by radio and hardline; to exercise all command, data, and communication links between the spacecraft, target vehicle, and
mission control in all practical combinations, first with the two vehicles about 6 feet (1.8 m) apart, then with the vehicles docked and latched but not rigidized; and to familiarize the astronauts with operating the spacecraft/target vehicle combination in a simulated
rendezvous mission. Testing took place at the Merritt Island Launch Area Radar Range Boresight Tower ("Timber Tower"), a 65-foot (20 m) high wooden structure.[5]
What would become the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 was sent by President Kennedy to the United States Congress and was introduced the next day in the House Judiciary Committee by U.S. Representative Emanuel Celler. The most comprehensive civil rights legislation in United States history, the legislation would be passed after Kennedy's assassination, with President Lyndon B. Johnson signing it into law on July 2, 1964.[78]
The Soviet Union's
Mars 1 spacecraft came within 120,000 miles (190,000 km) of the planet
Mars as the first man-made object to reach the Red Planet, but was unable to return any data to Earth because of a malfunction that occurred in its antenna on
March 21.[79]
President Kennedy secretly approved a CIA program of renewed
sabotage of the infrastructure of Cuba, though abiding by his pledge never to invade the Communist island nation.[80]
The
Moscow–Washington hotline (officially, the Direct Communications Link or DCL) was authorized by the signing of a "Memorandum of Understanding Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Line" in Geneva, Switzerland, by representatives of the Soviet Union and the United States.[83] Though depicted in fiction as a red telephone, the hotline consisted of one
teleprinter each in both nations, linked by two cable circuits routed between
Washington, D.C., and
Moscow by way of
London,
Copenhagen,
Stockholm and
Helsinki, and two backup radio circuits that used
Tangier (in Morocco) as a midpoint.[84] Initially, the American DCL teleprinter was located inside
the Pentagon, and could transmit at 65 words per minute. The first announced use of the line was in 1967 during the
Six-Day War involving Israel and its Arab neighbors.[85]
The first dynamic dual-ejection test of the Gemini escape system was run at
China Lake. Both seats ejected and all systems functioned properly, but the test had to be rerun because the sled failed to attain high enough velocity.[5] On the same day, a design review meeting began at McDonnell Aircraft to obtain comments and recommendations on the design of the Gemini spacecraft from experienced NASA personnel and produced 76 requests for review;[5] the
Bendix CorporationEclipse-Pioneer Division briefed MSC on the company's study of stabilization techniques for high-resolution
telescopes aboard crewed space vehicles.[2]
The 234th and final episode of the situation comedy Leave It to Beaver was broadcast on the ABC television network in the U.S., ending a six-season run that had started on October 4, 1957. The last episode was a "
clip show", with the Cleaver family of (played by actors
Hugh Beaumont and
Barbara Billingsley as the parents, and
Tony Dow and
Jerry Mathers as the two brothers) reminiscing in order to show scenes from the show's run.[86]
Cardinal
Giovanni Battista Montini, the
Archbishop of Milan, was elected as the 262nd
pope, succeeding the late
Pope John XXIII.[90] Cardinal Montini took the regnal name
Pope Paul VI, the first pontiff with that name since
Paul V (who reigned from 1605 to 1621), and would lead the Roman Catholic Church until his death in 1978. Theologian
Hans Küng would later write in his memoirs that "Montini got 57 votes, only two more than the two-thirds majority required," on the sixth ballot, with Cardinals
Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna,
Leo Joseph Suenens of Belgium and
Augustin Bea of Germany having been under consideration as well.[91]
Leonid Brezhnev, the ceremonial President of the Presidium of the Soviet Union, was appointed to a position in the Secretariat of the Soviet Communist Party, and viewed as "the dominant contender for succession to Premier Khrushchev as party chief and possibly as head of the government".[92] The predictions proved to be correct, as Brezhnev would be named the Communist Party First Secretary upon the removal of Nikita Khrushchev on October 14, 1964.[93]
New York Mets centerfielder
Jimmy Piersall hit the 100th home run of his major league career, and his first with the Mets, and celebrated by running backwards around the bases. The Mets beat the Phillies 5–0.[96] Piersall was dropped by the Mets soon after[97] and finished out his 1,734 game career with the Los Angeles Angels in 1967.[98]
Byron De La Beckwith was arrested by the FBI on suspicion of the murder of
Medgar Evers, and delivered to the police in Jackson, Mississippi, to be charged with violating the civil rights of Evers, rather than with his murder.[99]
Two aerospace firms,
The Boeing Company and Douglas Aircraft Company, were selected for final negotiations for study contracts of a Manned Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL) concept. Results of the comparative studies would contribute to NASA's research on ways to use
humans in space effectively. Langley's MORL concept envisioned a four-person Workshop with periodic crew change and resupply, with at least one crew performing a year-long mission to evaluate the effect of
weightlessness during long-duration
space flights.[2]
The
Telcan, the first system designed to be used at home for recording programs from a television set, was given its first demonstration. The system, shown in England in
Nottingham, was seen to record programs onto a reel of
videotape and then to play them back with "very fair video quality" on a 17-inch (430 mm) TV, could hold 30 minutes of programming, and had a suggested retail price of £60 ($175).[101]
North American Aviation began a series of five drop tests, using a boilerplate test vehicle, to qualify the parachute recovery system for the full-scale test vehicle in the Paraglider Landing System Program. A series of malfunctions in the fifth drop test on July 30 would result in a complete failure of the recovery system, and destruction on impact of the test vehicle.[5]
George Michael, top-selling British pop music singer for
Wham! and later a successful solo career (d. 2016); as Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou in
East Finchley,
Middlesex
U.S. President Kennedy delivered his famous "
Ich bin ein Berliner" speech in front of the
Berlin Wall in
West Berlin.[104] After climbing a specially built reviewing stand at the Brandenburg Gate so that he could look into East Berlin, Kennedy was driven to the West Berlin city hall, where he addressed a crowd of 150,000 people. Kennedy began his speech by saying that "2,000 years ago, the proudest boast was civis Romanus sum [Latin, "I am a Roman"]. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner [German, "I am a Berliner"]".[105]
Paul McCartney and
John Lennon wrote their hit song "
She Loves You", while staying at the Turk's Hotel in
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Paul would later recall that when he played the recording for his father, the elder McCartney suggested (unsuccessfully) that "yeah, yeah, yeah" should be replaced with "Yes! Yes! Yes!".[106]
The Soviet Union's
penal system was reformed to provide for "colony-settlements" (kolonii-poselenya) for prisoners who "displayed evidence of their aptitude for reintegration into society".[107]
The Canadian circus ship Fleurus caught fire and sank at
Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. All people and animals were saved except for some
zebras.[108]
Born:Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russian oil company owner and the wealthiest man in post-Soviet Russia, imprisoned 2003 to 2013 after opposing the government of Russian President
Vladimir Putin, exiled since 2013; in
Moscow
The Gemini Project Office reported that the launching
azimuth of the
first Gemini mission had been changed from 90 to 72.5 degrees (the same as the Mercury orbital launches) to obtain better
tracking network coverage. The spacecraft would be a complete production shell, including shingles and
heatshield, equipped with a simulated
computer,
inertial measuring unit, and environmental control system in the
reentry module. Simulated equipment would also be carried in the
adapter section. The spacecraft would carry instruments to record pressures, vibrations, temperatures, and
accelerations.[5]
In a visit to
Ireland, U.S. President Kennedy visited
Dunganstown in County Wexford, from which his great-grandfather Patrick Kennedy had left in 1843 to emigrate to the United States. "If he hadn't left," Kennedy joked, "I'd be working at the Albatross Company", a local fertilizer factory. Kennedy was hosted by his third cousin, widow Mary Ann Ryan.[109]
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., who had been the losing Republican candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1960, was nominated by the winner of that election, President Kennedy, to be the new U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam.[110]
The state of
Minnesota enacted the first law in the United States requiring modifications of buildings to provide
accessibility for handicapped persons, with Governor
Karl Rolvaag signing the bill.[111]
Two days after U.S. President Kennedy had delivered his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech on the western side of the
Berlin Wall, Soviet Premier Khrushchev gave a speech to workers at an East Berlin toolmaking factory and gave his response. According to reports, the English translation of the German translation of Khrushchev's Russian-language speech read, "I am told the President of the United States looked at the Wall with great indignation. Apparently, he didn't like it the least little bit. But I like it very much indeed. The working class of the German Democratic Republic has put up a wall and plugged the hole so that no more wolves can break in. Is that bad? It's good."[112][113]
At a meeting on spacecraft operations, McDonnell Aircraft presented a "scrub" recycle schedule (preparing a spacecraft for another launch attempt after the first one was scrubbed), and estimated 48 hours for a trouble-free recycle. The Gemini Project Office wanted recycle time reduced to 24 hours and ultimately to less than 19 hours to meet successive launch windows, possibly by replacing
fuel cells with batteries for rendezvous missions only.[5]
Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, pretender to the thrones of Parma and Spain, was officially renamed Charles Hugues, by judgment of the court of appeal of la Seine, France.
The New York Journal American newspaper published a story headlined "High U.S. Aide Implicated in V-girl Scandal". Included in the article, by
investigative reporters James D. Horan and Dom Frasca, was mention that call-girl Suzy Chang was a "former paramour" of "one of the biggest names in American politics— a man who holds a very high elective office". U.S. Attorney General
Robert F. Kennedy, aware of the sexual encounters between his brother President John F. Kennedy and Chang, summoned Horan and Frasca to Washington for an interrogation and verified that the reporters "were indeed referring to his brother", then pressured them to halt further investigation.[117]
A car bomb killed five police officers and two military engineers in Italy at
Ciaculli, a suburb of
Palermo on the island of
Sicily. A bomb that had been visible on the backseat of an Alfa Romeo car had been defused, but when a police officer opened the
trunk of the automobile, a second bomb exploded. The event was the culmination of the First Mafia War, breaking the unofficial peace pact between the police and the Mafia; over the next month, 10,000 police were sent from the Italian mainland and 250 mafiosi were arrested, suspending the activities of the
Cosa Nostra.[120]
The Alfred-Brehm-Haus, at the time the largest enclosed
zoo building in the world (5,300 m2 or 1.3 acres) was opened at
Tierpark Berlin with enclosures for the larger felines (including lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars and pumas), and a large
aviary.[121]
^Nafukho, Fredrick Muyia; Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck (2016). Informal Public Transport in Practice: Matatu Entrepreneurship.
Taylor & Francis. p. 92.
ISBN9781317116868.
^"Lorenzen 'Coasts' To Victory In '600' Despite Empty Tank". Miami News. June 3, 1963. p. 3C.
^
ab"Tehran Ablaze In Wild Riots". Miami News. June 5, 1963. p. 1.
^Baktiari, Bahman (1996). Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics.
University Press of Florida. p. 45.
^Schulze, Reinbard (2002). A Modern History of the Islamic World.
I.B.Tauris. p. 178.
^"9 Provoans, 3 Others Die, 26 Hurt in Accident on Hole-in-Rock Trip; Scout Trip Ends In Tragedy as Truck Rolls Over". The Daily Herald.
Provo, Utah. June 11, 1963. p. 1.
^"Barnett To Free Killer Who Had Lung Transplant". Miami News. June 26, 1963. p. 3A.
^Hardy, J. D. (1996). "Lung Transplantation - Experimental Background and Early Clinical Experience". In Cooper, David K. C.; et al. (eds.). The Transplantation and Replacement of Thoracic Organs: The Present Status of Biological and Mechanical Replacement of the Heart and Lungs. Springer. p. 431.
^Lindsay, Hamish (2001). Tracking Apollo to the Moon. Springer.
^Grossman, Mark, ed. (2003). "Johnson, Thomas Francis (1909-1988)". Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed.
ABC-CLIO. p. 195.
^Roberts, Graham H. (2005). "Auchan's entry into Russia: prospects and research implications". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 33 (1): 50.
doi:
10.1108/09590550510577129.
^Lindsay, Hamish (2001). Tracking Apollo to the Moon. Springer. pp. 86–88.
^"Ben-Gurion Quits Both Israel Posts". Milwaukee Sentinel. June 17, 1963. p. 2.
^Arnett, Eric H. (1996). Nuclear Weapons After the Comprehensive Test Ban: Implications for Modernization and Proliferation. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
^Jones, Howard (2003). Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 273–277.
ISBN0-19-505286-2.
^"Four Ballots— But No Pope". Miami News. June 20, 1963. p. 1.
^"Space Twins Land Safely". Miami News. June 19, 1963. p. 1.
^Larsen, Jeffrey A.; Smith, James M. (2005). "Hot Line Agreements (1963, 1971, 1984)". Historical Dictionary Of Arms Control And Disarmament. Scarecrow Press. p. 107.
^Adinolfi, Francesco (2008). Mondo Exotica: Sounds, Visions, Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation. Translated by Pinkus, Karen; Vivrette, Jason. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 5.
ISBN9780822341321.
OCLC179838406.
^Larry Flynt and David Eisenbach, Ph.D., One Nation Under Sex: How the Private Lives of Presidents, First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History (Macmillan, 2011) p183-184; Barbara Leaming, Mrs. Kennedy: The Missing History of the Kennedy Years (Simon and Schuster, 2011) pp283-284
^"Universities: East Africa", A Historical Companion To Postcolonial Thought In English (Columbia University Press, 2005) Prem Poddar and David Johnson, eds., p489
^Zvi Elpeleg, The Grand Mufti: Haj Amin al-Hussaini, Founder of the Palestinian National Movement (Routledge, 1993) p117
^John Follain, The Last Godfathers: Inside the Mafia's Most Infamous Family (Macmillan, 2009) p62
^"Tierpark Berlin-Friedrichsfelde", in Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos, Volume 3, Catharine E. Bell, ed. (Taylor & Francis, 2001) pp 1222-1223
^"Papal Coronation Sunday"(PDF). The Criterion. Vol. III, no. 38. 28 June 1963. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
^Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 109.
ISBN0851127029.
Willie Pastrano, a 6 to 1 underdog challenger, won the
world light heavyweight boxing championship, defeating titleholder
Harold Johnson. Although most sportswriters thought that Johnson had won the 15-round bout in
Las Vegas, Pastrano was declared the winner by the judges in a 2 to 1 decision. "I'm not saying that the underworld dictated the decision," Johnson's manager told reporters afterward, "but the betting was 5–1 and 6–1 for my boy? What do you think?"[1]
In Vietnam, President
Ngô Đình Diệm's office announced the dismissal of the three major officials involved in the Huế incident — the province chief and his deputy, and the government delegate for the Central Region of Vietnam — for failing to maintain order.
Fred Lorenzen won the
World 600 NASCAR race despite his car running out of gas on the final lap.
Junior Johnson had been leading the race until suffering a blown tire with three laps left. Lorenzen's win brought his earnings to "just under $80,000 making him the biggest money winner in stock car racing history", even though the racing season was only half over.[4]
Stage I of
Gemini launch vehicle 1 was erected in
Martin-Baltimore's vertical test facility. Stage II would follow on June 9, and inspection was completed June 12. Subsystem Functional Verification Tests began June 10.[5]
All 101 people aboard
Northwest Airlines Flight 293 were killed when the
Douglas DC-7, crashed into the Pacific Ocean west-southwest of
Annette Island,
Alaska, off the coast of
British Columbia. Chartered to carry U.S. military personnel and their families from McChord Air Force Base in Washington, to Elmendorf Air Force Base in Alaska, the plane disappeared shortly after being cleared to climb to an altitude of 18,000 feet (5,500 m).[7] Forty-seven years later, the cause of the accident remained unknown and the wreckage of the airplane remained "under more than 8,000 feet of water in the Gulf of Alaska".[8]
Pope John XXIII, 81, Italian Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. As Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, he had been the
Patriarch of Venice when elected on October 28, 1958, to succeed
Pope Pius XII. The Pope's death from
stomach cancer, complicated by
peritonitis, happened at 7:49 p.m. in Rome, leaving the papacy sede vacante.[12]
The
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, religious leader of Iran's Shi'ite Muslim community, was arrested in the city of
Qom after speaking against the emancipation of women in the regime of Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[14] Khomeini would be imprisoned for eight months, and released in April 1964. Six months later, he would be arrested again and sent into exile in Turkey, then move the following year to
Najaf, in
Iraq. In 1979, Khomeini would lead the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran.[14][15][16]
At a Gemini Abort Panel meeting,
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation recommended dropping the lower abort limit to 35,000 feet (11,000 m). The existing abort modes were mode 1,
ejection seats (up to 70,000 feet (21,000 m); mode 2, booster shutdown/retrosalvo from 70,000 feet (21,000 m) to 522,000 feet (159,000 m); and mode 3, booster shutdown/normal separation from above 522,000 feet (159,000 m) until the last few seconds of powered flight.[5]
Robert Wesley Patch, a six-year-old boy from
Chevy Chase, Maryland, was awarded United States Patent No. 3,091,888 for a toy truck that could be "readily assembled and disassembled by a child".[18][19]
Australian diver
Max Cramer became the first person to dive to the wreckage of the ship Batavia, exactly 334 years after the Dutch vessel had sunk on June 4,
1629.[20]
Political demonstrations began in Iran, protesting the arrest of
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini by the regime of Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The uprising coincided with the
10th of Muharam, an Islamic holiday marking the start of the new year, 1383 A.H., and the worldwide mourning for the Roman Catholic Pope. The martyrdom of Islamic clerics on that day, the 15th of
Khordad, 1342 on the Persian calendar, is now commemorated as a public holiday in Iran.
British Secretary of State for War
John Profumo resigned after revelations of an
extramarital affair between him and Christine Keeler, and Profumo's subsequent admission that he had lied about the affair to his fellow MPs in the House of Commons.[24]
U.S. District Judge
Seybourn H. Lynne of Alabama enjoined the state from blocking the enrollment of the University of Alabama's first two African-American students.[25]
Officials of the Manned Spacecraft Center outlined the benefits of having a Mercury 10. They thought that the
Mercury spacecraft was capable of much longer missions and that much could be learned about the effects of
space environment from a mission lasting several days, to be applied to the forthcoming
Gemini and
Apollo projects. NASA continued to reject the proposed Mercury 10 mission.[29]
A spokesman for
General Dynamics Corporation told scientists in
Denver that a crewed space mission to the planet
Mars could be launched in
1975. Andrew Kalitinsky was a speaker at a two-day symposium by the
American Astronautical Society, called "The Exploration of Mars", and envisioned that "a convoy of four multi-ton spaceships" would make the journey. The day before,
NASA announced plans to send two
satellites to Mars in
November 1964 as the first step toward a mission.[30]
Chairman
Mao Zedong of the
People's Republic of China Communist Party sent a letter to Soviet Premier
Nikita Khrushchev, stating that "The Chinese people will never accept the privileged position of one or two superpowers" with a monopoly on nuclear weapons, and then gave the go ahead for China to accelerate its own nuclear program. China would explode its first atomic bomb on October 16, 1964.[31]
Representatives of NASA, the USAF
Space Systems Division (SSD),
The Aerospace Corporation, McDonnell Aircraft and
Martin Aircraft met to investigate the structural integrity and compatibility of the
Gemini spacecraft and rocket. Contractors were instructed to furnish NASA and SSD with all available structural data by July 15.[5]
The Army of Egypt, intervening in the
North Yemen Civil War, made the first use of poison gas in warfare since World War II, dropping chemical weapons, believed to be
phosgene, on the village of
Al Kawma.[34]
Fernando Belaúnde Terry was elected
President of Peru in a repeat of the
June 10, 1962 election that had been annulled by the military five weeks later. Belaúnde and the other two major candidates from 1962 ran again, receiving 708,931 votes, 39% of those cast and more than the one-third required under the Peruvian Constitution.
Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, who had won a plurality in 1962, got only 34.3% (623,532) and
Manuel A. Odría 25.5% (463,325).[38]
In
elections for Mongolia's parliament, the Mongolian People's Republic Party, sole legal political party in the Communist nation, won 216 of the 270 seats. The remaining 54 seats went to non-party candidates.
Twelve people, 9 of them
Explorer Scouts from
Provo, Utah, were killed and 26 injured when the truck they were on had a brake failure and rolled backwards off of a steep embankment. The dead scouts ranged in age from 13 to 16 years old, and were riding in the back of the truck on their way to the
Hole in the Rock rock formation.[42][43]
Instructors from McDonnell's training department conducted two weeks of courses on Gemini spacecraft systems for
flight controllers at MSC.[5]
Alabama Governor
George C. Wallacestood in the door of the
University of Alabama to protest against integration and blocked
James Hood and
Vivian Malone from enrolling as the first African American students at the university. U.S. Defense Secretary
Robert McNamara ordered that the Alabama National Guard be placed under the command of the federal government and directed the 31st Infantry Division of the Guard to proceed to Tuscaloosa. Assistant U.S. Attorney General
Nicholas Katzenbach approached Wallace and cited the U.S. District Court order of June 5, requiring that the students be allowed to register, and Wallace replied, "We don't need a speech here," and then read aloud a statement that he did "hereby proclaim and demand and forbid this illegal and unwarranted action by the central government."[45] Governor Wallace stepped aside at 3:40 that afternoon, after the Alabama National Guard commander, Brigadier General
Henry V. Graham, told Wallace that the Guard would enforce the President's order,[46] and Wallace, who elected not to be arrested for contempt of federal court, stepped aside.[47]
South Vietnamese Buddhist
monkThích Quảng Đức, 65, committed suicide by
self-immolation, burning himself to death at a major intersection in
Saigon to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the government of President
Ngo Dinh Diem.[48]Associated Press photographer
Malcolm Browne was the only journalist "to heed Buddhist advance notices", and his photographs brought worldwide attention the next day,[49] as well as winning him a
Pulitzer Prize. "Many point to the self-immolation," one historian would later note, "as the single event that turned the U.S. government against Ngo Dinh Diem, though a series of events and personality clashes made the situation inevitable."[50]
The first
lung transplant on a human being was performed at the University of Mississippi, by Dr.
James Hardy.[51] The patient, identified twelve days later as John Richard Russell, a convicted murderer serving a life sentence for a 1957 killing, was given a full pardon by Mississippi Governor
Ross Barnett, in recognition of Russell's volunteering for the operation, which Barnett said would "alleviate human misery and suffering in years to come".[52] The donor, never identified, had arrived at the hospital emergency room in the evening after having a massive heart attack, and the family permitted the donation of the left lung for transplant; Russell survived for 18 more days after the surgery.[53]
U.S. President Kennedy delivered a historic
Civil Rights Address in which he promised a Civil Rights Bill and asked for "the kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves."
Died:
Syed Abdul Rahim, 53, Indian footballer and first manager of the Indian national team
Medgar Evers, a 37-year-old African-American civil rights activist, was shot and killed while standing in his driveway in
Jackson, Mississippi.[55][56] KKK member
Byron De La Beckwith was arrested within two weeks.[57] After two trials in 1964 that would both end without the jurors being able to reach a verdict, Beckwith would elude conviction for thirty years before being retried. He would be convicted of the murder on February 5, 1994,[58] and spend the rest of his life in prison, dying in 2001.[59] The Evers home, at 2332 Margaret Walker Alexander Drive in
Jackson, Mississippi, is now designated as a historic landmark.
U.S. Representative
Thomas F. Johnson of Maryland, and former U.S. Representative
Frank W. Boykin of Alabama, were both convicted of conspiracy to defraud the United States government and accepting bribes. Boykin would later be pardoned, while Johnson, after appealing his conviction all the way to the United States Supreme Court, would serve six months in prison.[62]
Rocketdyne completed its initial design of the thrust chamber assembly (TCA) for both the reentry control system (RCS) and
orbit attitude and maneuver system (OAMS) of the Gemini spacecraft. Less than a month later, Rocketdyne would recommend an entirely new design for installation starting with spacecraft No. 5.[5]
McDonnell Aircraft began deciding what Project Mercury equipment and personnel could be transferred to the
Gemini Program.[5]
Valery Bykovsky was launched into orbit by the Soviet Union on board
Vostok 5.[64] Bykovsky would spend almost five days in space, breaking the record recently set by American astronaut
Gordon Cooper, and making 82 orbits before returning on June 19, at the same time as
Vostok 6 and Valentina Tereshkova.
The French retailing chain
Carrefour opened the first
hypermarket in Europe. With 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft) of floor space for a grocery store and department store, parking space for 350 cars, and its own gasoline station, the first Carrefour hypermarket was opened at the Paris suburb of
Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne.[66]
Gemini Project Office (GPO) reported that the first crewed Gemini mission, Gemini 3, would be three orbits.[5]
Soviet
cosmonautValentina Tereshkova became the first woman in history to travel into
outer space as Vostok 6 was launched.[67] After Tereshkova, the 12th person ever to be sent into orbit, a woman would not travel into outer space again for 20 years until the launch of U.S. astronaut
Sally Ride on June 18, 1983, as a mission specialist on the
space shuttle Challenger. Tereshkova, who would retire from the Soviet Air Force as a colonel, would marry her fellow cosmonaut,
Andriyan Nikolayev, and go into politics, becoming a deputy of the Supreme Soviet, and a member of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee.[68]
David Ben-Gurion,
Prime Minister of Israel since it had become independent in 1948, resigned for what he described as "personal reasons". Ben-Gurion also quit his post as Israel's Defense Minister, which he had held since 1955.[69]Levi Eshkol would succeed Ben-Gurion.[70]
Outside
Xá Lợi Pagoda, in
Saigon, shortly after 9:00 a.m, a crowd of around 2000 people were confronted by police who still ringed the pagoda despite the signing of the
Joint Communique. A riot broke out and police attacked the crowd with tear gas, fire hoses, clubs and gunfire. One protester was killed and scores more injured. Moderates from both sides urged calm while some government officials blamed "extremist elements". An
Associated Press story described the riot as "the most violent anti-Government outburst in South Vietnam in years".[72][73]
ASCII (United States of America Standard Code for Information Interchange) was approved by the
American Standards Association, providing a seven-bit code of up to 128 character positions that could be used for communication between computer information processing systems.[76][77]
A flight evaluation test was conducted on the prototype recovery beacon of the Gemini spacecraft in
Galveston Bay, Texas. Ranging runs by airplanes equipped with receivers showed a maximum receiving range of 123 miles (198 km) by an aircraft at 10,000-foot (3,000 m) altitude.[5]
The Cape Gemini/Agena Test Integration Working Group met to define "Plan X" test procedures and responsibilities to verify the Gemini spacecraft's ability to command the
Agena target vehicle both by radio and hardline; to exercise all command, data, and communication links between the spacecraft, target vehicle, and
mission control in all practical combinations, first with the two vehicles about 6 feet (1.8 m) apart, then with the vehicles docked and latched but not rigidized; and to familiarize the astronauts with operating the spacecraft/target vehicle combination in a simulated
rendezvous mission. Testing took place at the Merritt Island Launch Area Radar Range Boresight Tower ("Timber Tower"), a 65-foot (20 m) high wooden structure.[5]
What would become the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 was sent by President Kennedy to the United States Congress and was introduced the next day in the House Judiciary Committee by U.S. Representative Emanuel Celler. The most comprehensive civil rights legislation in United States history, the legislation would be passed after Kennedy's assassination, with President Lyndon B. Johnson signing it into law on July 2, 1964.[78]
The Soviet Union's
Mars 1 spacecraft came within 120,000 miles (190,000 km) of the planet
Mars as the first man-made object to reach the Red Planet, but was unable to return any data to Earth because of a malfunction that occurred in its antenna on
March 21.[79]
President Kennedy secretly approved a CIA program of renewed
sabotage of the infrastructure of Cuba, though abiding by his pledge never to invade the Communist island nation.[80]
The
Moscow–Washington hotline (officially, the Direct Communications Link or DCL) was authorized by the signing of a "Memorandum of Understanding Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Line" in Geneva, Switzerland, by representatives of the Soviet Union and the United States.[83] Though depicted in fiction as a red telephone, the hotline consisted of one
teleprinter each in both nations, linked by two cable circuits routed between
Washington, D.C., and
Moscow by way of
London,
Copenhagen,
Stockholm and
Helsinki, and two backup radio circuits that used
Tangier (in Morocco) as a midpoint.[84] Initially, the American DCL teleprinter was located inside
the Pentagon, and could transmit at 65 words per minute. The first announced use of the line was in 1967 during the
Six-Day War involving Israel and its Arab neighbors.[85]
The first dynamic dual-ejection test of the Gemini escape system was run at
China Lake. Both seats ejected and all systems functioned properly, but the test had to be rerun because the sled failed to attain high enough velocity.[5] On the same day, a design review meeting began at McDonnell Aircraft to obtain comments and recommendations on the design of the Gemini spacecraft from experienced NASA personnel and produced 76 requests for review;[5] the
Bendix CorporationEclipse-Pioneer Division briefed MSC on the company's study of stabilization techniques for high-resolution
telescopes aboard crewed space vehicles.[2]
The 234th and final episode of the situation comedy Leave It to Beaver was broadcast on the ABC television network in the U.S., ending a six-season run that had started on October 4, 1957. The last episode was a "
clip show", with the Cleaver family of (played by actors
Hugh Beaumont and
Barbara Billingsley as the parents, and
Tony Dow and
Jerry Mathers as the two brothers) reminiscing in order to show scenes from the show's run.[86]
Cardinal
Giovanni Battista Montini, the
Archbishop of Milan, was elected as the 262nd
pope, succeeding the late
Pope John XXIII.[90] Cardinal Montini took the regnal name
Pope Paul VI, the first pontiff with that name since
Paul V (who reigned from 1605 to 1621), and would lead the Roman Catholic Church until his death in 1978. Theologian
Hans Küng would later write in his memoirs that "Montini got 57 votes, only two more than the two-thirds majority required," on the sixth ballot, with Cardinals
Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna,
Leo Joseph Suenens of Belgium and
Augustin Bea of Germany having been under consideration as well.[91]
Leonid Brezhnev, the ceremonial President of the Presidium of the Soviet Union, was appointed to a position in the Secretariat of the Soviet Communist Party, and viewed as "the dominant contender for succession to Premier Khrushchev as party chief and possibly as head of the government".[92] The predictions proved to be correct, as Brezhnev would be named the Communist Party First Secretary upon the removal of Nikita Khrushchev on October 14, 1964.[93]
New York Mets centerfielder
Jimmy Piersall hit the 100th home run of his major league career, and his first with the Mets, and celebrated by running backwards around the bases. The Mets beat the Phillies 5–0.[96] Piersall was dropped by the Mets soon after[97] and finished out his 1,734 game career with the Los Angeles Angels in 1967.[98]
Byron De La Beckwith was arrested by the FBI on suspicion of the murder of
Medgar Evers, and delivered to the police in Jackson, Mississippi, to be charged with violating the civil rights of Evers, rather than with his murder.[99]
Two aerospace firms,
The Boeing Company and Douglas Aircraft Company, were selected for final negotiations for study contracts of a Manned Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL) concept. Results of the comparative studies would contribute to NASA's research on ways to use
humans in space effectively. Langley's MORL concept envisioned a four-person Workshop with periodic crew change and resupply, with at least one crew performing a year-long mission to evaluate the effect of
weightlessness during long-duration
space flights.[2]
The
Telcan, the first system designed to be used at home for recording programs from a television set, was given its first demonstration. The system, shown in England in
Nottingham, was seen to record programs onto a reel of
videotape and then to play them back with "very fair video quality" on a 17-inch (430 mm) TV, could hold 30 minutes of programming, and had a suggested retail price of £60 ($175).[101]
North American Aviation began a series of five drop tests, using a boilerplate test vehicle, to qualify the parachute recovery system for the full-scale test vehicle in the Paraglider Landing System Program. A series of malfunctions in the fifth drop test on July 30 would result in a complete failure of the recovery system, and destruction on impact of the test vehicle.[5]
George Michael, top-selling British pop music singer for
Wham! and later a successful solo career (d. 2016); as Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou in
East Finchley,
Middlesex
U.S. President Kennedy delivered his famous "
Ich bin ein Berliner" speech in front of the
Berlin Wall in
West Berlin.[104] After climbing a specially built reviewing stand at the Brandenburg Gate so that he could look into East Berlin, Kennedy was driven to the West Berlin city hall, where he addressed a crowd of 150,000 people. Kennedy began his speech by saying that "2,000 years ago, the proudest boast was civis Romanus sum [Latin, "I am a Roman"]. Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner [German, "I am a Berliner"]".[105]
Paul McCartney and
John Lennon wrote their hit song "
She Loves You", while staying at the Turk's Hotel in
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Paul would later recall that when he played the recording for his father, the elder McCartney suggested (unsuccessfully) that "yeah, yeah, yeah" should be replaced with "Yes! Yes! Yes!".[106]
The Soviet Union's
penal system was reformed to provide for "colony-settlements" (kolonii-poselenya) for prisoners who "displayed evidence of their aptitude for reintegration into society".[107]
The Canadian circus ship Fleurus caught fire and sank at
Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. All people and animals were saved except for some
zebras.[108]
Born:Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russian oil company owner and the wealthiest man in post-Soviet Russia, imprisoned 2003 to 2013 after opposing the government of Russian President
Vladimir Putin, exiled since 2013; in
Moscow
The Gemini Project Office reported that the launching
azimuth of the
first Gemini mission had been changed from 90 to 72.5 degrees (the same as the Mercury orbital launches) to obtain better
tracking network coverage. The spacecraft would be a complete production shell, including shingles and
heatshield, equipped with a simulated
computer,
inertial measuring unit, and environmental control system in the
reentry module. Simulated equipment would also be carried in the
adapter section. The spacecraft would carry instruments to record pressures, vibrations, temperatures, and
accelerations.[5]
In a visit to
Ireland, U.S. President Kennedy visited
Dunganstown in County Wexford, from which his great-grandfather Patrick Kennedy had left in 1843 to emigrate to the United States. "If he hadn't left," Kennedy joked, "I'd be working at the Albatross Company", a local fertilizer factory. Kennedy was hosted by his third cousin, widow Mary Ann Ryan.[109]
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., who had been the losing Republican candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1960, was nominated by the winner of that election, President Kennedy, to be the new U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam.[110]
The state of
Minnesota enacted the first law in the United States requiring modifications of buildings to provide
accessibility for handicapped persons, with Governor
Karl Rolvaag signing the bill.[111]
Two days after U.S. President Kennedy had delivered his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech on the western side of the
Berlin Wall, Soviet Premier Khrushchev gave a speech to workers at an East Berlin toolmaking factory and gave his response. According to reports, the English translation of the German translation of Khrushchev's Russian-language speech read, "I am told the President of the United States looked at the Wall with great indignation. Apparently, he didn't like it the least little bit. But I like it very much indeed. The working class of the German Democratic Republic has put up a wall and plugged the hole so that no more wolves can break in. Is that bad? It's good."[112][113]
At a meeting on spacecraft operations, McDonnell Aircraft presented a "scrub" recycle schedule (preparing a spacecraft for another launch attempt after the first one was scrubbed), and estimated 48 hours for a trouble-free recycle. The Gemini Project Office wanted recycle time reduced to 24 hours and ultimately to less than 19 hours to meet successive launch windows, possibly by replacing
fuel cells with batteries for rendezvous missions only.[5]
Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, pretender to the thrones of Parma and Spain, was officially renamed Charles Hugues, by judgment of the court of appeal of la Seine, France.
The New York Journal American newspaper published a story headlined "High U.S. Aide Implicated in V-girl Scandal". Included in the article, by
investigative reporters James D. Horan and Dom Frasca, was mention that call-girl Suzy Chang was a "former paramour" of "one of the biggest names in American politics— a man who holds a very high elective office". U.S. Attorney General
Robert F. Kennedy, aware of the sexual encounters between his brother President John F. Kennedy and Chang, summoned Horan and Frasca to Washington for an interrogation and verified that the reporters "were indeed referring to his brother", then pressured them to halt further investigation.[117]
A car bomb killed five police officers and two military engineers in Italy at
Ciaculli, a suburb of
Palermo on the island of
Sicily. A bomb that had been visible on the backseat of an Alfa Romeo car had been defused, but when a police officer opened the
trunk of the automobile, a second bomb exploded. The event was the culmination of the First Mafia War, breaking the unofficial peace pact between the police and the Mafia; over the next month, 10,000 police were sent from the Italian mainland and 250 mafiosi were arrested, suspending the activities of the
Cosa Nostra.[120]
The Alfred-Brehm-Haus, at the time the largest enclosed
zoo building in the world (5,300 m2 or 1.3 acres) was opened at
Tierpark Berlin with enclosures for the larger felines (including lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars and pumas), and a large
aviary.[121]
^Nafukho, Fredrick Muyia; Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck (2016). Informal Public Transport in Practice: Matatu Entrepreneurship.
Taylor & Francis. p. 92.
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^"Lorenzen 'Coasts' To Victory In '600' Despite Empty Tank". Miami News. June 3, 1963. p. 3C.
^
ab"Tehran Ablaze In Wild Riots". Miami News. June 5, 1963. p. 1.
^Baktiari, Bahman (1996). Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics.
University Press of Florida. p. 45.
^Schulze, Reinbard (2002). A Modern History of the Islamic World.
I.B.Tauris. p. 178.
^"9 Provoans, 3 Others Die, 26 Hurt in Accident on Hole-in-Rock Trip; Scout Trip Ends In Tragedy as Truck Rolls Over". The Daily Herald.
Provo, Utah. June 11, 1963. p. 1.
^"Barnett To Free Killer Who Had Lung Transplant". Miami News. June 26, 1963. p. 3A.
^Hardy, J. D. (1996). "Lung Transplantation - Experimental Background and Early Clinical Experience". In Cooper, David K. C.; et al. (eds.). The Transplantation and Replacement of Thoracic Organs: The Present Status of Biological and Mechanical Replacement of the Heart and Lungs. Springer. p. 431.
^Lindsay, Hamish (2001). Tracking Apollo to the Moon. Springer.
^Grossman, Mark, ed. (2003). "Johnson, Thomas Francis (1909-1988)". Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed.
ABC-CLIO. p. 195.
^Roberts, Graham H. (2005). "Auchan's entry into Russia: prospects and research implications". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 33 (1): 50.
doi:
10.1108/09590550510577129.
^Lindsay, Hamish (2001). Tracking Apollo to the Moon. Springer. pp. 86–88.
^"Ben-Gurion Quits Both Israel Posts". Milwaukee Sentinel. June 17, 1963. p. 2.
^Arnett, Eric H. (1996). Nuclear Weapons After the Comprehensive Test Ban: Implications for Modernization and Proliferation. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
^Jones, Howard (2003). Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 273–277.
ISBN0-19-505286-2.
^"Four Ballots— But No Pope". Miami News. June 20, 1963. p. 1.
^"Space Twins Land Safely". Miami News. June 19, 1963. p. 1.
^Larsen, Jeffrey A.; Smith, James M. (2005). "Hot Line Agreements (1963, 1971, 1984)". Historical Dictionary Of Arms Control And Disarmament. Scarecrow Press. p. 107.
^Adinolfi, Francesco (2008). Mondo Exotica: Sounds, Visions, Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation. Translated by Pinkus, Karen; Vivrette, Jason. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 5.
ISBN9780822341321.
OCLC179838406.
^Larry Flynt and David Eisenbach, Ph.D., One Nation Under Sex: How the Private Lives of Presidents, First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History (Macmillan, 2011) p183-184; Barbara Leaming, Mrs. Kennedy: The Missing History of the Kennedy Years (Simon and Schuster, 2011) pp283-284
^"Universities: East Africa", A Historical Companion To Postcolonial Thought In English (Columbia University Press, 2005) Prem Poddar and David Johnson, eds., p489
^Zvi Elpeleg, The Grand Mufti: Haj Amin al-Hussaini, Founder of the Palestinian National Movement (Routledge, 1993) p117
^John Follain, The Last Godfathers: Inside the Mafia's Most Infamous Family (Macmillan, 2009) p62
^"Tierpark Berlin-Friedrichsfelde", in Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos, Volume 3, Catharine E. Bell, ed. (Taylor & Francis, 2001) pp 1222-1223
^"Papal Coronation Sunday"(PDF). The Criterion. Vol. III, no. 38. 28 June 1963. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
^Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 109.
ISBN0851127029.