May 22 – The Kings
John of England and
Philip II of France, sign a peace treaty at
Le Goulet, an island in the middle of the
Seine River, near
Vernon in
Normandy. The agreement recognizes John as overlord of most of the English owned lands in France, but John has to give Philip the lands of Norman
Vexin and
Évreux and a large sum of money (some 20,000 marks) – a "relief" payment for recognition of John's sovereignty of
Brittany.[2]
Temüjin (or Genghis Khan) manages to unite about half the feuding
Mongol clans under his leadership. He delegates authority based on skill and loyalty, rather than tribal affiliation or family. The main rivals of the
Mongol confederation are the
Naimans to the west, the
Merkits to the north, the
Tanguts to the south and the
Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) to the east.[5]
By topic
Education
The
University of Paris receives its charter, from Philip II. He issues a diploma "for the security of the scholars of
Paris", which affirms that students are subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
Autumn – Prince
Alexios Angelos, son of the deposed, blinded and imprisoned late Emperor
Isaac II Angelos, escapes from Constantinople. He makes his way to
Sicily and then
Rome where he is turned away by Pope
Innocent III. Next, Alexios travels to the court of his brother-in-law,
Philip of Swabia, the King of
Germany, who receives him well.[8]
Europe
Spring – A treaty is signed between the Crusade leaders and
Venice. Doge
Enrico Dandolo agrees to manufacture a fleet capable of transporting the Crusader army to the
Levant, and to provide provisions for 33,500 men and 4,500 horses, for the price of 85,000 silver marks while Venice will also take half of whatever the expedition conquers. As part of this deal the Venetians will provide – at their own expense – sufficient ships to carry the Crusader forces, plus 50 galleys to defend it.[9]
King
John (Lackland) puts an embargo on wheat exported to
Flanders, in an attempt to force an allegiance between the states. He also puts a levy of a fifteenth on the value of cargo exported to
France and disallows the export of wool to France without a special license. The levies are enforced in each port by at least six men – including one churchman and one knight. John affirms that judgments made by the court of
Westminster are as valid as those made "before the king himself or his chief justice".[11]
April –
May – The bulk of the Crusader army gathers at
Venice, although with far smaller numbers than expected: about 12,000 men (4–5,000 knights and 8,000 soldiers) instead of 33,500 men. Several contingents decide to make their own way to the
Holy Land by different routes. A Crusader fleet, sailing from
Flanders, carrying supplies for the Counts
Baldwin IX and his brother
Henry of Flanders, winters in
Marseilles, but is slowed by adverse weather. Later it sails on to the
Middle East, along with other contingents from southern
France. [12]
Summer – The Crusader army, encamped on the island of
San Niccolo di Lido, between the
Venetian Lagoon and the
Adriatic Sea, is threatened by Doge
Enrico Dandolo to keep them interned, unless full payment is made as agreed (see
1201). As the Crusaders wait on the Lido for men to arrive, they also use up food supplies that Venice has agreed to supply. Dandolo faces a financial catastrophe, who has halted its commerce for a year's time, to prepare the expedition. The Crusader lords can offer Dandolo only 51,000 silver marks.[13]
September 8 – Enrico Dandolo takes the cross and agrees to lead a Venetian force, which, in an outburst of Crusading enthusiasm, reaches some 21,000 men – the largest contingent of the
Fourth Crusade. He proclaims the debts will be wiped, if the Crusaders take the 'rebel' Dalmatian city of
Zadar, who has pledged its loyalty to
Emeric, king of
Hungary and
Croatia. The Zadar proposal causes disquiet in the Crusader ranks – but it also upset Pope
Innocent III who threatens to excommunicate those who attack Zadar.[14]
September – Prince
Alexios Angelos sends representatives from
Verona to the Crusader leaders in Venice, he promises to submit the
Greek Orthodox Church to papal obedience and to provide the Crusade with 200,000 silver marks, together with provisions for a year. Alexios also will contribute 10,000 mounted soldiers to the expedition. In return he wants the Crusade to overthrow his uncle, the Byzantine emperor
Alexios III (Angelos).[15]
November 10–
24 –
Siege of Zadar: The Crusaders under
Boniface of Montferrat besiege and conquer Zadar in
Dalmatia. Despite letters from Innocent III forbidding such an action, and threatening
excommunication. The leading citizens of Zadar hang banners of crosses along the outer walls, professing their Catholic faith. Nevertheless, the Crusaders breach and sack the city, killing many.[16]
Winter – Innocent III excommunicates the Crusader army, along with the Venetians, who winter at Zadar. Many Crusaders, including some senior men, either abandon the Fourth Crusade or make their own way to the Holy Land. However, the majority remain in Zadar, where the army receives some welcomed reinforcements. During the winter, negotiations continue with Alexios Angelos.[17]
Europe
Spring – King
Philip II (Augustus) summons King
John (Lackland) to
Paris to answer his charges against the
Lusignans. On
April 28, failing to attend Philip's court, John is declared to be a 'rebel' and to have forfeited the areas of
Aquitaine,
Poitou and
Anjou. Philip tries to mediate the political problems between John and the Lusignans (who are charged with treason) but this is ignored by John. The lands are given to
Arthur of Brittany. Philip supports Arthur's claim to the English throne and betrothes his 4-year-old daughter
Marie.[18]
August 1 –
Battle of Mirebeau: Arthur of Brittany, supported by the Lusignans, lays siege to
Mirebeau Castle trapping
Eleanor of Aquitaine inside. John launches a rescue mission to free his mother, and with a mercenary army defeats the Breton-Lusignan forces. Arthur is captured by
William de Braose and is handed over to John who imprisons him in the
Château de Falaise in
Normandy. Many other important knights are captured and shipped to
England (where John treats them badly and keeps them as prisoners in dungeons).[19]
July 27 –
Battle of Basian: Seljuk forces (some 150,000 men) under
Suleiman II of Rûm advance toward the Georgian border and are met by a 65,000-strong army led by King
David Soslan, husband of Queen
Tamar of Georgia at
Basian. The Georgians assail the enemy's camp and in a pitched battle, the Seljuk forces are overwhelmed and defeated. The loss of the sultan's banner (while Suleiman himself is wounded), results in panic within the Seljuk ranks. The victory at Basian secures the Georgian preeminence in the region.[20]
May –
June – The Crusader fleet rounds
Greece and stops at Negroponte (modern-day
Halkis), where the local authorities submit to Alexios Angelos. Encouraged by this, the Crusader leaders send him and several ships to extend his authority over the neighboring island of
Andros. Mid-June, the Crusader fleet sails from Greece to
Abydos, where it enters the
Dardanelles.[26]
June 23 – The Crusader fleet comes within sight of Constantinople, and enters the
Bosporus. The Byzantine capital is defended by a garrison of 15,000 soldiers (including 5,000 men of the
Varangian Guard), and a fleet of 20 galleys. On
June 26, the Byzantine troops skirmish with the Crusader forces, who attack, without success, the cities of
Chalcedon and
Chrysopolis.[27][28]
July 2 – Crusader leaders sail close to the city's walls in order to display the young Alexios Angelos, where they call upon the Byzantines to rise up in his favour. After rowing back and forth for a while, receiving insults and missiles, the attempt is abandoned. The Crusader leadership decides to land an invasion force north of
Galata – using prevailing currents and winds.[29]
July 5 – The Crusader fleet disembarks their horse transports, and barrels down upon the Byzantine defenders in a full cavalry charge. The Byzantines flee after brief combat, and retreat to the Tower of Galata, where they fortify themselves. After a bitter struggle, the Crusaders capture the tower and break the floating chain, and allow their fleet to enter the
Golden Horn.[30]
Siege of Constantinople: The Crusaders, led by Boniface of Montferrat, capture Constantinople, in support of the deposed Emperor
Isaac II and his son Alexios Angelos. This marks the main outcome of the
Fourth Crusade.
July 11 – The Crusaders take positions opposite the
Palace of Blachernae on the northwest corner of the city. Their first attempts are repulsed, but on
July 17 the Venetians take a section of the wall of about 25 towers, while the Varangian Guard holds off the Crusaders on the land wall, inflicting heavy casualties. The Venetians set fire to the buildings inside the Golden Horn walls, and then abandon the occupied fortifications.[31]
July 17–
18 – Alexios III tries to counterattack from the
Gate of St. Romanus but retreats without a fight. Embarrassed, he prefers to escape and abandon his subjects, fleeing with the imperial treasure to
Develtos (a fortified town on the
Gulf of Burgas) in
Thrace. Meanwhile, the Byzantine aristocracy restores the ex-emperor Isaac II to the imperial throne. On
August 1, Alexios Angelos is crowned co-emperor as Alexios IV.[32]
August – Alexios IV announces new taxes and enrages the
Orthodox Church by confiscating large quantities of Byzantine icons, many centuries old, and melts them down to produce enough silver to pay the massive debt to the Venetians. A riot breaks out in Constantinople – during which the Byzantine populace loots and burns the homes of Italian residents in the city.[33]
August 31 – The Venetians rally a rabble of soldiers and storm through the walls, attacking the Mitation Mosque which results in extensive fires in Constantinople. Finally, they are fought off by the Byzantines and Muslims standing side by side. It becomes one of the most extensive urban conflagrations in
European History and renders some 100,000 people homeless.[34]
August–October – Alexios IV leads a Crusader expedition (some 6,000 men) to extend his central-government control, against the fugitive Alexios III in Thrace. Meanwhile, a Crusader fleet operates in the
Sea of Marmara in support of the Thracian campaign. The Crusaders seize several towns, including
Adrianople, while Alexios escapes and withdraws to
Macedonia.[35]
Europe
Spring – King
Philip II of France invades
Normandy and attacks a number of castles in the surrounding region. In April,
John, King of England loses the support of his French vassals who desert him. Philip enters
Rouen, leading to the eventual
Treaty of Paris (1259) and unification of Normandy and France.
At Rouen,
William de Braose, an English nobleman, becomes the guardian of the imprisoned 16-year-old
Arthur of Brittany, designated heir to the throne of
England – who is not known to be alive after April and is probably murdered by or at the orders of his uncle, King John.
August –
Siege of Château Gaillard: French forces under Philip II begin the siege at
Château Gaillard as part of a campaign to reconquer the continental properties of King John of England. During the winter of 1203/1204, the English under
William Marshal attempt to relieve the castle.
Summer – On orders of
Al-Adil I, sultan of
Egypt, Muslim ships attack Crusader vessels off
Cyprus. Ships from
Acre retaliate this action, by capturing six Muslim ships off Acre. King
Aimery of
Jerusalem declares the truce void between Al-Aldil and the Crusaders, and raids Muslim territory in northern
Palestine. Al-Adil responds by taking his army to the outskirts of Acre – but does not launch an assault and retires afterward. A plague breaks out in Acre and half the newly arrived Crusader army dies.[37]
First evidence that the
Temple in
London is extending loans to John, King of England. The sums remain small, but are often used for critical operations, such as the ransoming of the king’s soldiers captured by the French.[41]
March 19 –
Battle of Adramyttion: The Byzantine army, under
Constantine Laskaris (brother of Theodore I), appears before the walls of
Adramyttium – surprising the Latin garrison. Meanwhile,
Henry of Flanders, not wanting to remain trapped within the city, opens the gates and charges out with his heavy cavalry. He and his knights defeat the Byzantine forces, who are scattered and forced to retreat.[60]
March – Byzantine officials in
Adrianople revolt and expel Latin administrators, requesting Bulgarian support from
Kaloyan, ruler (tsar) of the
Bulgarian Empire, against Baldwin I who assembles an army (some 40,000 men) and marches to aid the Byzantines. Meanwhile, Baldwin sets out from
Constantinople in force, he arrives at Adrianople and promptly begins to siege the city by the end of March.
April 14 –
Battle of Adrianople: Latin forces under Baldwin I are defeated and eliminated in a successful ambush by Bulgarians,
Vlachs and
Cumans. Baldwin is captured and taken as prisoner to
Veliko Tarnovo – where he is locked up at the top of a tower in the
Tsarevets fortress. Later, Baldwin is possibly executed by orders of Kaloyan (this according to the Byzantine historian
George Akropolites).[61]
May 29 –
Andrew II, brother of the late King
Emeric, is crowned ruler of
Hungary and
Croatia at
Székesfehérvár, after his 5-year-old nephew,
Ladislaus III, suddenly dies in
Vienna. Andrew introduces a new policy for royal grants, which he calls "new institutions". He distributes large portions of his domain–such as royal castles and all estates attached to them–to supporters and Hungarian nobles.[64]
Summer – King
Philip II (Augustus) conquers most of the
Angevin lands, including much of
Aquitaine. Fearing a French invasion of
England itself, King
John (Lackland) requires every English male over 12 years to enter a
mobilization "for the general defense of the realm and the preservation of peace". John prepares an expedition force of his own, but the barons refuse to cross the
Channel.[66]
January 31 –
Battle of Rusion: The Bulgarian forces (some 7,000 men), under Tsar
Kaloyan, defeat the remnants of the Latin army, near the fortress of
Rusion in
Thrace. Around 120 knights, supported by soldiers and cavalry, are killed in battle or captured.
February – The Bulgarians attack and loot the fortified town of
Rodosto (see
Battle of Rodosto), defended by a Venetian garrison. Later, Kaloyan captures many more towns and fortresses.[69]
Temüjin assembles at a Kurultai, a council of Mongol chiefs, the tribes under his rule and is elected as their leader. He is given the title of "Genghis Khan" of the Mongol people – founding the
Mongol Empire. Genghis takes immediate steps to underpin his military command, starting with a fundamental reordering of tribal loyalties. United under one
nomadic nation, under one banner and one authority.[71]
Muqali (or Mukhali), a Mongol general in service of Genghis Khan, is rewarded with the command of the left-wing of the newly reorganized Mongol army and takes control over the eastern
Mingghans.[72]
King
Valdemar II (the Conqueror) and Archbishop
Andreas Sunonis raid
Saaremaa Island (modern
Estonia), forcing the islanders to submit. The
Danes build a fortress, but finding no volunteers to man it, they burn it down themselves and leave the island.
June – King
John (Lackland) lands an expeditionary army at
La Rochelle to defend his interests in
Aquitaine, which is his from the inheritance from his mother, Queen
Eleanor of Aquitaine. Meanwhile, French forces led by King
Philip II (Augustus) move south to meet John. The year's campaign ends in a stalemate and a two-year truce is made between the two rulers.[74]
A
peasant named Thurkhill in England claims that Saint Julian took him on a tour of
Purgatory. Thurkhill includes realistic touches of descriptions of Purgatory's torture chambers. This is also believed by
Roger of Wendover, one of his society's leading historians.[76]
December – The monks of
Canterbury want their own sub-prior
Reginald for the post of archbishop, while John (Lackland) chooses
John de Gray. Pope
Innocent III appoints
Stephen Langton. Finally, the monks accept the Pope's decision and vote for Langton.
Technic
The Arab engineer
Ismail al-Jazari describes many mechanical inventions in his book (title translated to English) The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.
Spring –
Siege of Attalia: Seljuk forces led by Sultan
Kaykhusraw I besiege the city port of Attalia (modern-day
Antalya) with siege machines. After a siege of more than 2 months, the city is captured, Kaykhusraw allows his forces 3 days of looting and slaughtering. The capture of the port gives the Seljuk Turks a major path into the
Mediterranean.
February 2 –
Terra Mariana (or Medieval Livonia), comprising present-day
Estonia and
Latvia, is established as a principality of the
Holy Roman Empire. During the existence of Terra Mariana, there is a constant struggle over supremacy, between the lands ruled by the
Teutonic Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the
Hanseatic towns of
Riga and
Reval.
King
John (Lackland) introduces the first income tax. One-thirteenth of income from rents, and moveable property has to be paid. Collected locally by sheriffs and administered by the
Exchequer. The tax is unpopular with the English nobility and especially in the churches and monasteries. The tax does raise a lot of money for John, doubling his annual income for the year.
May 24 – John (Lackland) still refuses to accept
Stephen Langton as archbishop, Innocent III threatens to place
England under an
Interdict. In response, John confiscates church property. Many of the English bishops of the great churches in the country flee abroad to the
Continent.
November –
Leeds, a market town in
West Yorkshire, receives its first charter (approximate date).
Hōnen and his followers of the
Pure Land sect are persecuted and exiled to remote parts of
Japan, while a few are executed, for what the government considers heretical
Buddhist teachings.[79]
April 15 – A fire breaks out in the
Song Chinese capital city of
Hangzhou, raging for four days and nights, destroying 58,097 houses over an area of more than 3 miles (4.8 km), killing 59 people, and an unrecorded number of other people, who are trampled while attempting to flee. The government provides temporary lodging for 5,345 people, in nearby
Buddhist and
Taoist monasteries. The collective victims of the disaster are given 160,000 strings of cash, along with 400 tons of rice. Some of the government officials who lose their homes take up residence in rented
boathouses on the nearby
West Lake.
January 31 –
Battle of Lena: Swedish forces under King
Eric X defeat the invading Danish army (some 12,000 men). King
Sverker II ("the Younger") is deposed as king of
Sweden and is succeeded by Eric X.
March 24 – Innocent III places
England under
a Papal Interdict, as punishment for
John, King of England ("Lackland")'s refusal to accept
Stephen Langton as archbishop of
Canterbury. During the interdict, religious services as
marriages, burials, or baptisms cannot be performed.[83] John confiscates church property of clergy who are unwilling to conduct services. Many bishops in the country flee abroad to the
Continent.[84]
Robert of Courçon, an English cardinal, writes his Summa – devoted to questions of
canon law and ethics – dealing at length with the question of
usury.
June –
Treaty of Sapienza: The
Republic of Venice recognizes the possession of the
Peloponnese by Geoffrey I of Villehardouin – and keeps only the fortresses of
Modon and
Coron. Venice also acquires an exemption of her merchants from all tariffs, and the right to establish "a church, a market and a court" in every city of Achaea.[89]
July 22 –
Massacre at Béziers: The Crusader army, led by
Simon de Monfort, arrives in the
Languedoc area, and makes camp at
Béziers, to start a siege. The citizens, believing that their city walls are impregnable, harass the Crusaders, by sending a group of soldiers (supported by armed civilians) to launch a sortie against the enemy camp. When they are forced to retreat, the Crusaders storm the walls (which are not properly manned), and enter the gate, sacking and killing some 20,000
Cathars and
Catholics alike.[90]
August 15 – Simon de Montfort takes
Carcassonne, after negotiating the city's surrender with
Raymond Roger (or Raimond), viscount of Béziers and
Albi. He is imprisoned and dies in mysterious circumstances 3 months later in his own dungeon. The Cathars are allowed to leave and expelled with nothing more than their clothes.
Britain
November – Against the backdrop of a continuing
Papal interdict, King
John (Lackland) is ex-communicated by Pope
Innocent III. Despite the ex-communication, John will continue to make amends to the Church – including giving alms to the poor whenever he defiles a holy day by hunting during it. He feeds 100 paupers to make up for when he "went into the woods on the feast of St.
Mary Magdalen", and three years from now, he will feast 450 paupers "because the king went to take cranes, and he took nine, for each of which he feasted fifty paupers."[91]
Black Monday,
Dublin: A group of 500 recently arrived settlers from
Bristol are massacred by warriors of the Irish
O'Byrne clan. The group (accompanied by women and children) leaves the safety of the walled city of Dublin to celebrate
Easter Monday near a wood at
Ranelagh, and are attacked without warning. Although a relatively obscure event in history, it is commemorated by a mustering of the
Mayor,
Sheriffs, and soldiers on the day, as a challenge to the native tribes for centuries afterwards.
London Bridge is completed by a stone-arched structure. On the bridge are houses built; this is for paying the maintenance, though it has to be supplemented by other rents and by tolls.
Asia
Spring – The Mongols led by
Genghis Khan begin their first invasion against the
Western Xia state (or Xi Xia). They push up along the
Yellow River, capturing several garrisons and defeating an imperial army. The Mongols besiege the capital
Zhongxing – which holds a well-fortified garrison of some 70,000 men (hastily reinforced with another 50,000). Genghis lacks the proper equipment and experience to take the city. In October, an attempt to flood the city by diverting the Yellow River is disastrous and floods the Mongol camp, forcing the Mongols to withdraw.[92]
King
Philip II (Augustus) grants a "conduit" to merchants, going to the
Champagne fairs (a
trade fair organized in different towns of the
County of Champagne), guaranteeing the safety of their travel – as any attempt made against them – is now to be considered a crime of
lèse-majesté (an offense against the king). The decision increases again the appeal of the fairs, to merchants from
Italy and the
Low Countries.[93]
In
Tuscany the banking firm known as the
Gran Tavola (Great Table) is formed; most of the partners are members of the
Bonsignori family.[94]
Religion
February 24 – The
Franciscan Order is founded by the Italian priest
Francis of Assisi. He and 11 of his followers journey to
Rome where he receives approval of his rule from Pope
Innocent III. Franciscan friars can not own any possessions of any kind. They wander and preach among the people, helping the poor and the sick. They support themselves by working and by begging for food, but they are forbidden to accept money either for work or as alms. The Franciscans work at first in
Umbria and then in the rest of Italy. The impact of these street preachers and especially of their founder is immense, so that within 10 years they number some 5,000 followers.[95]
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^David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Campaign Nr. 98: Kalka River 1223. Genghis Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 19.
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^King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 111.
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^Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, p. 103. Routledge.
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^Setton, Kenneth M. (1989). A History of the Crusades, Volume VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe, p. 436. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press.
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^Nicol, Donald M. (2002). The Last Centuries of Byzantium (1261–1453), p. 12. Cambridge University Press.
^Andrew Roberts (2011). Great Commanders of the Medieval World (454–1582): Genghis Khan, p. 146–147.
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^Hope, Michael (2016). Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran, p. 36. Oxford University Press.
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^Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 133.
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^John V. A. Fine, Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 87–91. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
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^David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Campaign Nr. 98: Kalka River 1223. Genghis Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 19.
ISBN1-84176-233-4.
^Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p.133.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
^Bartlett, Robert (2000). England under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225, pp. 404–405. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
ISBN0-19-822741-8.
^Moawad, Samuel (August 2012). Thomas, David (ed.). Christian-Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History Volume 4 (1200 - 1350). Leiden Boston: Brill Publishers (published 2012). p. 566.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (
link)
^(ES)Luis Suárez Fernández, Historia de Espana antigua y media, (Ediciones Rialp, S.A., 1976), 29.
^Martin Shaw Briggs (1911). In the Heel of Italy: A Study of an Unknown City. Duffield & Company. p. 109.
^Almási, Tibor (1994). "IV. Béla; Gertrúd". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 92–93, 234.
ISBN963-05-6722-9.
^a et b Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, traduction du baron de Slane (tome III), Ed. Imprimerie du Gouvernement (Alger), 1856
(read online)
^Wilkinson, Louise J. (2000) "Pawn and Political Player: Observations on the Life of a Thirteenth-Century Countess" Historical Research Vol. 73 No. 181, pp. 105-123.
^Burgtorf, Jochen (2016). "The Antiochene war of succession". In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). The Crusader World. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 196–211.
ISBN978-0-415-82494-1.
^"Biodata". MuslimScholars.info. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
^Vannier, Jean-François (1986). "Les premiers Paléologues. Étude généalogique et prosopographique" [The First Palaiologoi. Genealogical and Prosopographical Study]. In Cheynet, Jean-Claude; Vannier, Jean-François (eds.). Études Prosopographiques [Prosopographic Studies] (in French). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. pp. 171–172.
ISBN978-2-85944-110-4.
^Oram, Richard D., "The Earls and Earldom of Mar, c1150-1300", Steve Boardman and Alasdair Ross (eds.) The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, c.1200-1500, (Dublin/Portland, 2003), pp. 46–66
^Þórðarson, Sturla (2012).
"The Saga of Hacon, Hacon's Son". Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen of the British Isles. Vol. 4: The Saga of Hacon, and a Fragment of the Saga of Magnus, with Appendices. Translated by George Webbe Dasent. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
ISBN9781108052498.
^B. Smith, "Burgh, Richard de (died 1243)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. online edition, Oxford University Press, (2004), [author states, "Burgh, Richard de (d. 1243), justiciar of Ireland, was the son of William de Burgh (d. 1206)".].
^Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280. BRILL. p. 153.
ISBN978-9-004-32501-2.
May 22 – The Kings
John of England and
Philip II of France, sign a peace treaty at
Le Goulet, an island in the middle of the
Seine River, near
Vernon in
Normandy. The agreement recognizes John as overlord of most of the English owned lands in France, but John has to give Philip the lands of Norman
Vexin and
Évreux and a large sum of money (some 20,000 marks) – a "relief" payment for recognition of John's sovereignty of
Brittany.[2]
Temüjin (or Genghis Khan) manages to unite about half the feuding
Mongol clans under his leadership. He delegates authority based on skill and loyalty, rather than tribal affiliation or family. The main rivals of the
Mongol confederation are the
Naimans to the west, the
Merkits to the north, the
Tanguts to the south and the
Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) to the east.[5]
By topic
Education
The
University of Paris receives its charter, from Philip II. He issues a diploma "for the security of the scholars of
Paris", which affirms that students are subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
Autumn – Prince
Alexios Angelos, son of the deposed, blinded and imprisoned late Emperor
Isaac II Angelos, escapes from Constantinople. He makes his way to
Sicily and then
Rome where he is turned away by Pope
Innocent III. Next, Alexios travels to the court of his brother-in-law,
Philip of Swabia, the King of
Germany, who receives him well.[8]
Europe
Spring – A treaty is signed between the Crusade leaders and
Venice. Doge
Enrico Dandolo agrees to manufacture a fleet capable of transporting the Crusader army to the
Levant, and to provide provisions for 33,500 men and 4,500 horses, for the price of 85,000 silver marks while Venice will also take half of whatever the expedition conquers. As part of this deal the Venetians will provide – at their own expense – sufficient ships to carry the Crusader forces, plus 50 galleys to defend it.[9]
King
John (Lackland) puts an embargo on wheat exported to
Flanders, in an attempt to force an allegiance between the states. He also puts a levy of a fifteenth on the value of cargo exported to
France and disallows the export of wool to France without a special license. The levies are enforced in each port by at least six men – including one churchman and one knight. John affirms that judgments made by the court of
Westminster are as valid as those made "before the king himself or his chief justice".[11]
April –
May – The bulk of the Crusader army gathers at
Venice, although with far smaller numbers than expected: about 12,000 men (4–5,000 knights and 8,000 soldiers) instead of 33,500 men. Several contingents decide to make their own way to the
Holy Land by different routes. A Crusader fleet, sailing from
Flanders, carrying supplies for the Counts
Baldwin IX and his brother
Henry of Flanders, winters in
Marseilles, but is slowed by adverse weather. Later it sails on to the
Middle East, along with other contingents from southern
France. [12]
Summer – The Crusader army, encamped on the island of
San Niccolo di Lido, between the
Venetian Lagoon and the
Adriatic Sea, is threatened by Doge
Enrico Dandolo to keep them interned, unless full payment is made as agreed (see
1201). As the Crusaders wait on the Lido for men to arrive, they also use up food supplies that Venice has agreed to supply. Dandolo faces a financial catastrophe, who has halted its commerce for a year's time, to prepare the expedition. The Crusader lords can offer Dandolo only 51,000 silver marks.[13]
September 8 – Enrico Dandolo takes the cross and agrees to lead a Venetian force, which, in an outburst of Crusading enthusiasm, reaches some 21,000 men – the largest contingent of the
Fourth Crusade. He proclaims the debts will be wiped, if the Crusaders take the 'rebel' Dalmatian city of
Zadar, who has pledged its loyalty to
Emeric, king of
Hungary and
Croatia. The Zadar proposal causes disquiet in the Crusader ranks – but it also upset Pope
Innocent III who threatens to excommunicate those who attack Zadar.[14]
September – Prince
Alexios Angelos sends representatives from
Verona to the Crusader leaders in Venice, he promises to submit the
Greek Orthodox Church to papal obedience and to provide the Crusade with 200,000 silver marks, together with provisions for a year. Alexios also will contribute 10,000 mounted soldiers to the expedition. In return he wants the Crusade to overthrow his uncle, the Byzantine emperor
Alexios III (Angelos).[15]
November 10–
24 –
Siege of Zadar: The Crusaders under
Boniface of Montferrat besiege and conquer Zadar in
Dalmatia. Despite letters from Innocent III forbidding such an action, and threatening
excommunication. The leading citizens of Zadar hang banners of crosses along the outer walls, professing their Catholic faith. Nevertheless, the Crusaders breach and sack the city, killing many.[16]
Winter – Innocent III excommunicates the Crusader army, along with the Venetians, who winter at Zadar. Many Crusaders, including some senior men, either abandon the Fourth Crusade or make their own way to the Holy Land. However, the majority remain in Zadar, where the army receives some welcomed reinforcements. During the winter, negotiations continue with Alexios Angelos.[17]
Europe
Spring – King
Philip II (Augustus) summons King
John (Lackland) to
Paris to answer his charges against the
Lusignans. On
April 28, failing to attend Philip's court, John is declared to be a 'rebel' and to have forfeited the areas of
Aquitaine,
Poitou and
Anjou. Philip tries to mediate the political problems between John and the Lusignans (who are charged with treason) but this is ignored by John. The lands are given to
Arthur of Brittany. Philip supports Arthur's claim to the English throne and betrothes his 4-year-old daughter
Marie.[18]
August 1 –
Battle of Mirebeau: Arthur of Brittany, supported by the Lusignans, lays siege to
Mirebeau Castle trapping
Eleanor of Aquitaine inside. John launches a rescue mission to free his mother, and with a mercenary army defeats the Breton-Lusignan forces. Arthur is captured by
William de Braose and is handed over to John who imprisons him in the
Château de Falaise in
Normandy. Many other important knights are captured and shipped to
England (where John treats them badly and keeps them as prisoners in dungeons).[19]
July 27 –
Battle of Basian: Seljuk forces (some 150,000 men) under
Suleiman II of Rûm advance toward the Georgian border and are met by a 65,000-strong army led by King
David Soslan, husband of Queen
Tamar of Georgia at
Basian. The Georgians assail the enemy's camp and in a pitched battle, the Seljuk forces are overwhelmed and defeated. The loss of the sultan's banner (while Suleiman himself is wounded), results in panic within the Seljuk ranks. The victory at Basian secures the Georgian preeminence in the region.[20]
May –
June – The Crusader fleet rounds
Greece and stops at Negroponte (modern-day
Halkis), where the local authorities submit to Alexios Angelos. Encouraged by this, the Crusader leaders send him and several ships to extend his authority over the neighboring island of
Andros. Mid-June, the Crusader fleet sails from Greece to
Abydos, where it enters the
Dardanelles.[26]
June 23 – The Crusader fleet comes within sight of Constantinople, and enters the
Bosporus. The Byzantine capital is defended by a garrison of 15,000 soldiers (including 5,000 men of the
Varangian Guard), and a fleet of 20 galleys. On
June 26, the Byzantine troops skirmish with the Crusader forces, who attack, without success, the cities of
Chalcedon and
Chrysopolis.[27][28]
July 2 – Crusader leaders sail close to the city's walls in order to display the young Alexios Angelos, where they call upon the Byzantines to rise up in his favour. After rowing back and forth for a while, receiving insults and missiles, the attempt is abandoned. The Crusader leadership decides to land an invasion force north of
Galata – using prevailing currents and winds.[29]
July 5 – The Crusader fleet disembarks their horse transports, and barrels down upon the Byzantine defenders in a full cavalry charge. The Byzantines flee after brief combat, and retreat to the Tower of Galata, where they fortify themselves. After a bitter struggle, the Crusaders capture the tower and break the floating chain, and allow their fleet to enter the
Golden Horn.[30]
Siege of Constantinople: The Crusaders, led by Boniface of Montferrat, capture Constantinople, in support of the deposed Emperor
Isaac II and his son Alexios Angelos. This marks the main outcome of the
Fourth Crusade.
July 11 – The Crusaders take positions opposite the
Palace of Blachernae on the northwest corner of the city. Their first attempts are repulsed, but on
July 17 the Venetians take a section of the wall of about 25 towers, while the Varangian Guard holds off the Crusaders on the land wall, inflicting heavy casualties. The Venetians set fire to the buildings inside the Golden Horn walls, and then abandon the occupied fortifications.[31]
July 17–
18 – Alexios III tries to counterattack from the
Gate of St. Romanus but retreats without a fight. Embarrassed, he prefers to escape and abandon his subjects, fleeing with the imperial treasure to
Develtos (a fortified town on the
Gulf of Burgas) in
Thrace. Meanwhile, the Byzantine aristocracy restores the ex-emperor Isaac II to the imperial throne. On
August 1, Alexios Angelos is crowned co-emperor as Alexios IV.[32]
August – Alexios IV announces new taxes and enrages the
Orthodox Church by confiscating large quantities of Byzantine icons, many centuries old, and melts them down to produce enough silver to pay the massive debt to the Venetians. A riot breaks out in Constantinople – during which the Byzantine populace loots and burns the homes of Italian residents in the city.[33]
August 31 – The Venetians rally a rabble of soldiers and storm through the walls, attacking the Mitation Mosque which results in extensive fires in Constantinople. Finally, they are fought off by the Byzantines and Muslims standing side by side. It becomes one of the most extensive urban conflagrations in
European History and renders some 100,000 people homeless.[34]
August–October – Alexios IV leads a Crusader expedition (some 6,000 men) to extend his central-government control, against the fugitive Alexios III in Thrace. Meanwhile, a Crusader fleet operates in the
Sea of Marmara in support of the Thracian campaign. The Crusaders seize several towns, including
Adrianople, while Alexios escapes and withdraws to
Macedonia.[35]
Europe
Spring – King
Philip II of France invades
Normandy and attacks a number of castles in the surrounding region. In April,
John, King of England loses the support of his French vassals who desert him. Philip enters
Rouen, leading to the eventual
Treaty of Paris (1259) and unification of Normandy and France.
At Rouen,
William de Braose, an English nobleman, becomes the guardian of the imprisoned 16-year-old
Arthur of Brittany, designated heir to the throne of
England – who is not known to be alive after April and is probably murdered by or at the orders of his uncle, King John.
August –
Siege of Château Gaillard: French forces under Philip II begin the siege at
Château Gaillard as part of a campaign to reconquer the continental properties of King John of England. During the winter of 1203/1204, the English under
William Marshal attempt to relieve the castle.
Summer – On orders of
Al-Adil I, sultan of
Egypt, Muslim ships attack Crusader vessels off
Cyprus. Ships from
Acre retaliate this action, by capturing six Muslim ships off Acre. King
Aimery of
Jerusalem declares the truce void between Al-Aldil and the Crusaders, and raids Muslim territory in northern
Palestine. Al-Adil responds by taking his army to the outskirts of Acre – but does not launch an assault and retires afterward. A plague breaks out in Acre and half the newly arrived Crusader army dies.[37]
First evidence that the
Temple in
London is extending loans to John, King of England. The sums remain small, but are often used for critical operations, such as the ransoming of the king’s soldiers captured by the French.[41]
March 19 –
Battle of Adramyttion: The Byzantine army, under
Constantine Laskaris (brother of Theodore I), appears before the walls of
Adramyttium – surprising the Latin garrison. Meanwhile,
Henry of Flanders, not wanting to remain trapped within the city, opens the gates and charges out with his heavy cavalry. He and his knights defeat the Byzantine forces, who are scattered and forced to retreat.[60]
March – Byzantine officials in
Adrianople revolt and expel Latin administrators, requesting Bulgarian support from
Kaloyan, ruler (tsar) of the
Bulgarian Empire, against Baldwin I who assembles an army (some 40,000 men) and marches to aid the Byzantines. Meanwhile, Baldwin sets out from
Constantinople in force, he arrives at Adrianople and promptly begins to siege the city by the end of March.
April 14 –
Battle of Adrianople: Latin forces under Baldwin I are defeated and eliminated in a successful ambush by Bulgarians,
Vlachs and
Cumans. Baldwin is captured and taken as prisoner to
Veliko Tarnovo – where he is locked up at the top of a tower in the
Tsarevets fortress. Later, Baldwin is possibly executed by orders of Kaloyan (this according to the Byzantine historian
George Akropolites).[61]
May 29 –
Andrew II, brother of the late King
Emeric, is crowned ruler of
Hungary and
Croatia at
Székesfehérvár, after his 5-year-old nephew,
Ladislaus III, suddenly dies in
Vienna. Andrew introduces a new policy for royal grants, which he calls "new institutions". He distributes large portions of his domain–such as royal castles and all estates attached to them–to supporters and Hungarian nobles.[64]
Summer – King
Philip II (Augustus) conquers most of the
Angevin lands, including much of
Aquitaine. Fearing a French invasion of
England itself, King
John (Lackland) requires every English male over 12 years to enter a
mobilization "for the general defense of the realm and the preservation of peace". John prepares an expedition force of his own, but the barons refuse to cross the
Channel.[66]
January 31 –
Battle of Rusion: The Bulgarian forces (some 7,000 men), under Tsar
Kaloyan, defeat the remnants of the Latin army, near the fortress of
Rusion in
Thrace. Around 120 knights, supported by soldiers and cavalry, are killed in battle or captured.
February – The Bulgarians attack and loot the fortified town of
Rodosto (see
Battle of Rodosto), defended by a Venetian garrison. Later, Kaloyan captures many more towns and fortresses.[69]
Temüjin assembles at a Kurultai, a council of Mongol chiefs, the tribes under his rule and is elected as their leader. He is given the title of "Genghis Khan" of the Mongol people – founding the
Mongol Empire. Genghis takes immediate steps to underpin his military command, starting with a fundamental reordering of tribal loyalties. United under one
nomadic nation, under one banner and one authority.[71]
Muqali (or Mukhali), a Mongol general in service of Genghis Khan, is rewarded with the command of the left-wing of the newly reorganized Mongol army and takes control over the eastern
Mingghans.[72]
King
Valdemar II (the Conqueror) and Archbishop
Andreas Sunonis raid
Saaremaa Island (modern
Estonia), forcing the islanders to submit. The
Danes build a fortress, but finding no volunteers to man it, they burn it down themselves and leave the island.
June – King
John (Lackland) lands an expeditionary army at
La Rochelle to defend his interests in
Aquitaine, which is his from the inheritance from his mother, Queen
Eleanor of Aquitaine. Meanwhile, French forces led by King
Philip II (Augustus) move south to meet John. The year's campaign ends in a stalemate and a two-year truce is made between the two rulers.[74]
A
peasant named Thurkhill in England claims that Saint Julian took him on a tour of
Purgatory. Thurkhill includes realistic touches of descriptions of Purgatory's torture chambers. This is also believed by
Roger of Wendover, one of his society's leading historians.[76]
December – The monks of
Canterbury want their own sub-prior
Reginald for the post of archbishop, while John (Lackland) chooses
John de Gray. Pope
Innocent III appoints
Stephen Langton. Finally, the monks accept the Pope's decision and vote for Langton.
Technic
The Arab engineer
Ismail al-Jazari describes many mechanical inventions in his book (title translated to English) The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.
Spring –
Siege of Attalia: Seljuk forces led by Sultan
Kaykhusraw I besiege the city port of Attalia (modern-day
Antalya) with siege machines. After a siege of more than 2 months, the city is captured, Kaykhusraw allows his forces 3 days of looting and slaughtering. The capture of the port gives the Seljuk Turks a major path into the
Mediterranean.
February 2 –
Terra Mariana (or Medieval Livonia), comprising present-day
Estonia and
Latvia, is established as a principality of the
Holy Roman Empire. During the existence of Terra Mariana, there is a constant struggle over supremacy, between the lands ruled by the
Teutonic Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the
Hanseatic towns of
Riga and
Reval.
King
John (Lackland) introduces the first income tax. One-thirteenth of income from rents, and moveable property has to be paid. Collected locally by sheriffs and administered by the
Exchequer. The tax is unpopular with the English nobility and especially in the churches and monasteries. The tax does raise a lot of money for John, doubling his annual income for the year.
May 24 – John (Lackland) still refuses to accept
Stephen Langton as archbishop, Innocent III threatens to place
England under an
Interdict. In response, John confiscates church property. Many of the English bishops of the great churches in the country flee abroad to the
Continent.
November –
Leeds, a market town in
West Yorkshire, receives its first charter (approximate date).
Hōnen and his followers of the
Pure Land sect are persecuted and exiled to remote parts of
Japan, while a few are executed, for what the government considers heretical
Buddhist teachings.[79]
April 15 – A fire breaks out in the
Song Chinese capital city of
Hangzhou, raging for four days and nights, destroying 58,097 houses over an area of more than 3 miles (4.8 km), killing 59 people, and an unrecorded number of other people, who are trampled while attempting to flee. The government provides temporary lodging for 5,345 people, in nearby
Buddhist and
Taoist monasteries. The collective victims of the disaster are given 160,000 strings of cash, along with 400 tons of rice. Some of the government officials who lose their homes take up residence in rented
boathouses on the nearby
West Lake.
January 31 –
Battle of Lena: Swedish forces under King
Eric X defeat the invading Danish army (some 12,000 men). King
Sverker II ("the Younger") is deposed as king of
Sweden and is succeeded by Eric X.
March 24 – Innocent III places
England under
a Papal Interdict, as punishment for
John, King of England ("Lackland")'s refusal to accept
Stephen Langton as archbishop of
Canterbury. During the interdict, religious services as
marriages, burials, or baptisms cannot be performed.[83] John confiscates church property of clergy who are unwilling to conduct services. Many bishops in the country flee abroad to the
Continent.[84]
Robert of Courçon, an English cardinal, writes his Summa – devoted to questions of
canon law and ethics – dealing at length with the question of
usury.
June –
Treaty of Sapienza: The
Republic of Venice recognizes the possession of the
Peloponnese by Geoffrey I of Villehardouin – and keeps only the fortresses of
Modon and
Coron. Venice also acquires an exemption of her merchants from all tariffs, and the right to establish "a church, a market and a court" in every city of Achaea.[89]
July 22 –
Massacre at Béziers: The Crusader army, led by
Simon de Monfort, arrives in the
Languedoc area, and makes camp at
Béziers, to start a siege. The citizens, believing that their city walls are impregnable, harass the Crusaders, by sending a group of soldiers (supported by armed civilians) to launch a sortie against the enemy camp. When they are forced to retreat, the Crusaders storm the walls (which are not properly manned), and enter the gate, sacking and killing some 20,000
Cathars and
Catholics alike.[90]
August 15 – Simon de Montfort takes
Carcassonne, after negotiating the city's surrender with
Raymond Roger (or Raimond), viscount of Béziers and
Albi. He is imprisoned and dies in mysterious circumstances 3 months later in his own dungeon. The Cathars are allowed to leave and expelled with nothing more than their clothes.
Britain
November – Against the backdrop of a continuing
Papal interdict, King
John (Lackland) is ex-communicated by Pope
Innocent III. Despite the ex-communication, John will continue to make amends to the Church – including giving alms to the poor whenever he defiles a holy day by hunting during it. He feeds 100 paupers to make up for when he "went into the woods on the feast of St.
Mary Magdalen", and three years from now, he will feast 450 paupers "because the king went to take cranes, and he took nine, for each of which he feasted fifty paupers."[91]
Black Monday,
Dublin: A group of 500 recently arrived settlers from
Bristol are massacred by warriors of the Irish
O'Byrne clan. The group (accompanied by women and children) leaves the safety of the walled city of Dublin to celebrate
Easter Monday near a wood at
Ranelagh, and are attacked without warning. Although a relatively obscure event in history, it is commemorated by a mustering of the
Mayor,
Sheriffs, and soldiers on the day, as a challenge to the native tribes for centuries afterwards.
London Bridge is completed by a stone-arched structure. On the bridge are houses built; this is for paying the maintenance, though it has to be supplemented by other rents and by tolls.
Asia
Spring – The Mongols led by
Genghis Khan begin their first invasion against the
Western Xia state (or Xi Xia). They push up along the
Yellow River, capturing several garrisons and defeating an imperial army. The Mongols besiege the capital
Zhongxing – which holds a well-fortified garrison of some 70,000 men (hastily reinforced with another 50,000). Genghis lacks the proper equipment and experience to take the city. In October, an attempt to flood the city by diverting the Yellow River is disastrous and floods the Mongol camp, forcing the Mongols to withdraw.[92]
King
Philip II (Augustus) grants a "conduit" to merchants, going to the
Champagne fairs (a
trade fair organized in different towns of the
County of Champagne), guaranteeing the safety of their travel – as any attempt made against them – is now to be considered a crime of
lèse-majesté (an offense against the king). The decision increases again the appeal of the fairs, to merchants from
Italy and the
Low Countries.[93]
In
Tuscany the banking firm known as the
Gran Tavola (Great Table) is formed; most of the partners are members of the
Bonsignori family.[94]
Religion
February 24 – The
Franciscan Order is founded by the Italian priest
Francis of Assisi. He and 11 of his followers journey to
Rome where he receives approval of his rule from Pope
Innocent III. Franciscan friars can not own any possessions of any kind. They wander and preach among the people, helping the poor and the sick. They support themselves by working and by begging for food, but they are forbidden to accept money either for work or as alms. The Franciscans work at first in
Umbria and then in the rest of Italy. The impact of these street preachers and especially of their founder is immense, so that within 10 years they number some 5,000 followers.[95]
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusaders. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 93–94.
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^Warren, W. L. (1978). King John. University of California Press. p.
55.
^Warren, W. L. (1978). King John. University of California Press. p. 64.
^David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Campaign - Nr. 237. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04. The betrayal of Byzantium, p. 17.
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^Andrew Roberts (2008). Great Commanders of the Medieval World (454–1582). Genghis Khan, p. 146.
ISBN978-0-85738-589-5.
^Angold, Michael (2005). "Byzantine politics vis-à-vis the Fourth Crusade", in
Laiou, Angeliki E. (ed.), Urbs capta: the Fourth Crusade and its consequences, Paris: Lethielleux, pp. 55–68.
ISBN2-283-60464-8.
^Brand, Charles M. (1968). Byzantium confronts the West, 1180–1204, pp. 123–124. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
^David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Campaign - Nr. 237. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04. The betrayal of Byzantium, p. 43.
ISBN978-1-84908-319-5.
^David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Campaign - Nr. 237. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04. The betrayal of Byzantium, p. 42.
ISBN978-1-84908-319-5.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 94.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. University of California Press. pp. 122–31.
^David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Campaign - Nr. 237. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04. The betrayal of Byzantium, p. 44.
ISBN978-1-84908-319-5.
^David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Campaign - Nr. 237. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04. The betrayal of Byzantium, p. 45.
ISBN978-1-84908-319-5.
^David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Campaign - Nr. 237. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04. The betrayal of Byzantium, pp. 45–46.
ISBN978-1-84908-319-5.
^David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Campaign - Nr. 237. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04. The betrayal of Byzantium, pp. 46–48.
ISBN978-1-84908-319-5.
^David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Campaign - Nr. 237. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04. The betrayal of Byzantium, p. 48.
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