January 2 –
Siege of Murcia: King
James I of Aragon (the Conqueror) marches with his army from
Orihuela and lays siege at
Murcia on the
Segura River. Skirmishes break out between the defenders and the Aragonese forces. The Muslim garrison, realizing that they are outnumbered and cut off from reinforcements, asks for terms. James offers to ask King
Alfonso X of Castile (the Wise) to restore the Murcians' legal rights (see
1244) from before the rebellion: self-government under Castilian suzerainty, freedom of worship, and preservation of lands and properties. They agree to this offer but request Alfonso's explicit agreement rather than just James' promise to ask him. James refuses to get Alfonso's agreement before the city surrenders. Finally, the Moors yield Murcia to James on
January 31. Seeing his standard on the walls, James enters the city on
February 3, accepting its surrender.[1]
February 26 –
Battle of Benevento: Guelph forces (some 12,000 men), led by
Charles of Anjou, brother of King
Louis IX (the Saint), defeat a combined German and Sicilian army under King
Manfred of Sicily, during a long-running power struggle in
Italy. Manfred takes up a strong position near
Benevento. As the French infantry advances, he unleashes his Saracen archers and light cavalry, which scatters the French. But the Saracens leave themselves exposed to the French heavy cavalry, and are overwhelmed. Manfred orders his heavy cavalry (some 1,200 German mercenary knights) into the attack, but they are defeated by the Guelph forces, and take heavy losses. Manfred is killed, and Pope
Clement IV invests Charles as ruler of
Sicily and
Naples. Meanwhile,
Michael II, despot of
Epirus, invades
Albania, and recovers the lands that Manfred has taken from him.[2]
June – The
Mudéjar Revolt ends. The rebels make their formal submission to Alfonso X (the Wise). They recognize the error that the Moors of Murcia have committed against their overlord Alfonso. Representatives of the aljama, or municipal council, renew their allegiance and humbly beg for pardon, mercy and favour. With this, the Mudéjar uprising in the
Kingdom of Murcia is formally ended.[3]
June 23 –
Battle of Trapani: The Venetian fleet (24 galleys) led by Admiral
Jacopo Dondulo moves to
Marsala and attacks the larger Genoese fleet anchored at
Trapani, capturing all its ships. Some 1,200 Genoese drown and many are killed. Dondulo is acclaimed a hero on his return to
Venice in July. He is elected as
Captain General of the Sea, Venice's highest naval command position.[4]
July 23 –
Siege of Safed: Mamluk forces capture the castle of
Safed, defended by a garrison of 1,700 men (including some 500
Knights Templar), after a 6-week siege. Sultan
Baibars promises
safe conduct but when the Christians and Templars are on their way towards
Acre, they are seized and beheaded.[6]
October 28 – A Crusader advance guard is ambushed by the Egyptian garrison of Safed, while local Arabs attack the Crusader camp. The 13-year-old
Hugh II, ruler of
Cyprus, is advised to retire and withdraw with heavy losses. Meanwhile, Baibars campaigns in
Galilee and leads a lightning raid to
Tripoli.[7]
Asia
Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of
Marco Polo, reach the Mongol capital
Khanbaliq (modern-day
Beijing), setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later.
Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message, requesting that Clement IV dispatch western scholars to teach in the
Mongol Empire; however, this request is largely ignored.
America
In the modern-day
United States, a period of drought begins in the
Four Corners Region (this period is up until the year
1299), putting an end to the ancient
Puebloans Civilization.
By topic
Economics
In
France, the
goldécu (or crown) and
silvergrosh coins are minted for the first time during the reign of Louis IX (the Saint).
^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 46. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-0463-6.
^Esposito, Gabriele (2019). Armies of the Medieval Italian Wars 1125–1325, p. 39. Bloomsbury Publishing.
ISBN9781472833426.
^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle of the Strait, p. 47. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-0463-6.
^Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare, p. 165. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword.
ISBN978-1-4738-5643-1.
January 2 –
Siege of Murcia: King
James I of Aragon (the Conqueror) marches with his army from
Orihuela and lays siege at
Murcia on the
Segura River. Skirmishes break out between the defenders and the Aragonese forces. The Muslim garrison, realizing that they are outnumbered and cut off from reinforcements, asks for terms. James offers to ask King
Alfonso X of Castile (the Wise) to restore the Murcians' legal rights (see
1244) from before the rebellion: self-government under Castilian suzerainty, freedom of worship, and preservation of lands and properties. They agree to this offer but request Alfonso's explicit agreement rather than just James' promise to ask him. James refuses to get Alfonso's agreement before the city surrenders. Finally, the Moors yield Murcia to James on
January 31. Seeing his standard on the walls, James enters the city on
February 3, accepting its surrender.[1]
February 26 –
Battle of Benevento: Guelph forces (some 12,000 men), led by
Charles of Anjou, brother of King
Louis IX (the Saint), defeat a combined German and Sicilian army under King
Manfred of Sicily, during a long-running power struggle in
Italy. Manfred takes up a strong position near
Benevento. As the French infantry advances, he unleashes his Saracen archers and light cavalry, which scatters the French. But the Saracens leave themselves exposed to the French heavy cavalry, and are overwhelmed. Manfred orders his heavy cavalry (some 1,200 German mercenary knights) into the attack, but they are defeated by the Guelph forces, and take heavy losses. Manfred is killed, and Pope
Clement IV invests Charles as ruler of
Sicily and
Naples. Meanwhile,
Michael II, despot of
Epirus, invades
Albania, and recovers the lands that Manfred has taken from him.[2]
June – The
Mudéjar Revolt ends. The rebels make their formal submission to Alfonso X (the Wise). They recognize the error that the Moors of Murcia have committed against their overlord Alfonso. Representatives of the aljama, or municipal council, renew their allegiance and humbly beg for pardon, mercy and favour. With this, the Mudéjar uprising in the
Kingdom of Murcia is formally ended.[3]
June 23 –
Battle of Trapani: The Venetian fleet (24 galleys) led by Admiral
Jacopo Dondulo moves to
Marsala and attacks the larger Genoese fleet anchored at
Trapani, capturing all its ships. Some 1,200 Genoese drown and many are killed. Dondulo is acclaimed a hero on his return to
Venice in July. He is elected as
Captain General of the Sea, Venice's highest naval command position.[4]
July 23 –
Siege of Safed: Mamluk forces capture the castle of
Safed, defended by a garrison of 1,700 men (including some 500
Knights Templar), after a 6-week siege. Sultan
Baibars promises
safe conduct but when the Christians and Templars are on their way towards
Acre, they are seized and beheaded.[6]
October 28 – A Crusader advance guard is ambushed by the Egyptian garrison of Safed, while local Arabs attack the Crusader camp. The 13-year-old
Hugh II, ruler of
Cyprus, is advised to retire and withdraw with heavy losses. Meanwhile, Baibars campaigns in
Galilee and leads a lightning raid to
Tripoli.[7]
Asia
Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of
Marco Polo, reach the Mongol capital
Khanbaliq (modern-day
Beijing), setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later.
Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message, requesting that Clement IV dispatch western scholars to teach in the
Mongol Empire; however, this request is largely ignored.
America
In the modern-day
United States, a period of drought begins in the
Four Corners Region (this period is up until the year
1299), putting an end to the ancient
Puebloans Civilization.
By topic
Economics
In
France, the
goldécu (or crown) and
silvergrosh coins are minted for the first time during the reign of Louis IX (the Saint).
^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 46. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-0463-6.
^Esposito, Gabriele (2019). Armies of the Medieval Italian Wars 1125–1325, p. 39. Bloomsbury Publishing.
ISBN9781472833426.
^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle of the Strait, p. 47. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-0463-6.
^Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare, p. 165. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword.
ISBN978-1-4738-5643-1.