February 10 –
Siege of Baghdad: Mongol forces (some 150,000 men), led by
Hulagu Khan, besiege and conquer
Baghdad after a siege of 13 days. During the first week of February, the eastern walls begin to collapse, and the Mongols swarm into the city, on
February 10. Caliph
Al-Musta'sim surrenders himself to Hulagu – together with all the Abbasid chief officers and officials. They are ordered to lay down their arms, and are massacred. Hulagu imprisons Al-Musta'sim among his treasures, to starve him to death. Meanwhile, massacres continue throughout the whole city; in 40 days about 80,000 citizens are murdered. The only survivors are the ones who are hiding in cellars which are not discovered, and a number of attractive girls and boys who are kept to be slaves, and the Christian community, who take refuge in the churches which are left undisturbed, by the special orders of Hulagu's wife,
Doquz Khatun.[1]
February 15 – Hulagu Khan enters Baghdad, where many quarters of the city are ruined by fire. The
Great Library (or House of Wisdom) is destroyed, numerous precious book collections are thrown into the
Tigris River. Before the siege, about 400,000 manuscripts are rescued by
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian
polymath and theologian, who takes them to
Maragheh (located in
East Azerbaijan Province). The sack of Baghdad brings an end to the
Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) and the
Islamic Golden Age. Many professors, physicians, scientists, clerics, artists and lecturers are also massacred.
August 25 – George Mouzalon is assassinated in
Magnesia ad Sipylum, as part of a conspiracy led by Byzantine nobles, under future Emperor
Michael VIII (Palaiologos).
May 2 – King
Henry III accepts the demand of
Simon de Montfort and his baronial supporters that the government is reformed with a committee of 22 barons, including the king. As an act of faith, Simon de Montfort hands over his estates at
Odiham and
Kenilworth as part of the proposals. The
Provisions of Oxford establish baronial control of the government, also known as the
Oxford Parliament, on
June 11.[3][4]
June 25 –
Battle of Acre: The Genoese send an armada (some 50 galleys) to relieve the blockade at
Acre and ask for the assistance of
Philip of Montfort, lord of
Tyre, and the
Knights Hospitaller for a combined attack from the land side. The Genoese fleet's arrival takes the Venetians by surprise but the superior experience and seamanship result in a crushing Venetian victory, with half the Genoese ships lost. Later, the Genoese garrison is forced to abandon Acre.[5][6]
Asia
Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under
Uriyangkhadai, son of
Subutai, invade
Vietnam. After many battles, the Vietnam army is routed and defeated. The senior leaders are able to escape on pre-prepared boats, while the remnants are destroyed on the banks of the
Red River. The Mongols occupy the capital city, Thăng Long (modern-day
Hanoi), and massacres the city's inhabitants, by the end of January.[7]
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: Kingdom of Acre, p. 253.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 161. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
ISBN0-472-08260-4.
^Marshall, Christopher (1994). Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291, pp. 39–40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN9780521477420.
^Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare, pp. 182–184. Pen and Sword.
ISBN978-1-4738-5643-1.
^Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia, p. 18. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-1-316-53131-0.
^Stothers, R. B. (2000). "Climatic and Demographic consequences of the massive volcanic eruption of 1258". Climatic Change. 45 (2): 361–374.
doi:
10.1023/A:1005523330643.
S2CID42314185.
^Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
February 10 –
Siege of Baghdad: Mongol forces (some 150,000 men), led by
Hulagu Khan, besiege and conquer
Baghdad after a siege of 13 days. During the first week of February, the eastern walls begin to collapse, and the Mongols swarm into the city, on
February 10. Caliph
Al-Musta'sim surrenders himself to Hulagu – together with all the Abbasid chief officers and officials. They are ordered to lay down their arms, and are massacred. Hulagu imprisons Al-Musta'sim among his treasures, to starve him to death. Meanwhile, massacres continue throughout the whole city; in 40 days about 80,000 citizens are murdered. The only survivors are the ones who are hiding in cellars which are not discovered, and a number of attractive girls and boys who are kept to be slaves, and the Christian community, who take refuge in the churches which are left undisturbed, by the special orders of Hulagu's wife,
Doquz Khatun.[1]
February 15 – Hulagu Khan enters Baghdad, where many quarters of the city are ruined by fire. The
Great Library (or House of Wisdom) is destroyed, numerous precious book collections are thrown into the
Tigris River. Before the siege, about 400,000 manuscripts are rescued by
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian
polymath and theologian, who takes them to
Maragheh (located in
East Azerbaijan Province). The sack of Baghdad brings an end to the
Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) and the
Islamic Golden Age. Many professors, physicians, scientists, clerics, artists and lecturers are also massacred.
August 25 – George Mouzalon is assassinated in
Magnesia ad Sipylum, as part of a conspiracy led by Byzantine nobles, under future Emperor
Michael VIII (Palaiologos).
May 2 – King
Henry III accepts the demand of
Simon de Montfort and his baronial supporters that the government is reformed with a committee of 22 barons, including the king. As an act of faith, Simon de Montfort hands over his estates at
Odiham and
Kenilworth as part of the proposals. The
Provisions of Oxford establish baronial control of the government, also known as the
Oxford Parliament, on
June 11.[3][4]
June 25 –
Battle of Acre: The Genoese send an armada (some 50 galleys) to relieve the blockade at
Acre and ask for the assistance of
Philip of Montfort, lord of
Tyre, and the
Knights Hospitaller for a combined attack from the land side. The Genoese fleet's arrival takes the Venetians by surprise but the superior experience and seamanship result in a crushing Venetian victory, with half the Genoese ships lost. Later, the Genoese garrison is forced to abandon Acre.[5][6]
Asia
Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under
Uriyangkhadai, son of
Subutai, invade
Vietnam. After many battles, the Vietnam army is routed and defeated. The senior leaders are able to escape on pre-prepared boats, while the remnants are destroyed on the banks of the
Red River. The Mongols occupy the capital city, Thăng Long (modern-day
Hanoi), and massacres the city's inhabitants, by the end of January.[7]
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: Kingdom of Acre, p. 253.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 161. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
ISBN0-472-08260-4.
^Marshall, Christopher (1994). Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291, pp. 39–40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN9780521477420.
^Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare, pp. 182–184. Pen and Sword.
ISBN978-1-4738-5643-1.
^Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia, p. 18. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-1-316-53131-0.
^Stothers, R. B. (2000). "Climatic and Demographic consequences of the massive volcanic eruption of 1258". Climatic Change. 45 (2): 361–374.
doi:
10.1023/A:1005523330643.
S2CID42314185.
^Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.