January – The Seljuk ruler
Mahmud I is expelled from
Baghdad by his brother
Barkiyaruq, but Mahmud manages to retake the city, during his spring offensive.[1]
August 30 – After the failure of the
Council of Liubech in
1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in
Kievan Rus; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them.
Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.
December 25 – Philip I elevates his son
Louis VI as co-ruler to the government of the realm.
In
Iceland, the
Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date).
Intense urban activity in north and central Europe:
Kalmar (
Kungälv) and
Varberg (
Sweden) are chartered; The cities of
Aach (southern
Germany) and Nakléřov in
Bohemia are created. The castle of
Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.
Philip I conquers the
Vexin area, and adds the city of
Bourges and the province of
Berry to his estate.[10]
Africa
A collective of
Tuareg trading clans decide to permanently settle the city of
Timbuktu (modern
Mali) north of
Djenné along the
Niger River. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The
Sankore,
Djinguereber and
Sidi Yahya mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date).
China
February 23 –
Emperor Zhezong dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother
Huizong as ruler of the
Song dynasty. At about this date, the Chinese population reaches around 100 million and in
Kaifeng, his capital, the number of registered citizens within the walls is about 1,050,000 with the army stationed here boosting the overall populace to some 1.4 million people.
November – The council of Poitiers decrees that the followers of
Robert of Arbrissel have to settle down and live under a rule, leading to the foundation of
Fontevraud Abbey.[11]
Frederick I becomes archbishop of
Cologne, and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein.
Spring – King
Baldwin I concludes an alliance with the
Genoese fleet, offering them commercial privileges and booty. He captures the towns of
Arsuf and
Caesarea. Baldwin's crusaders pillage Caesarea and massacre the majority of the local population.
Spring – A Fatimid expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) invades
Palestine and launches attacks into the
Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Crusaders defeat a Fatimid rearguard near
Ascalon, and capture the city after a 3-year siege. The Crusaders capture
Caesarea Maritima with support of the Genoese fleet. A number of
Genoese trading colonies are established along the Mediterranean coast.[19]
May 17 –
Battle of Ramla: The Crusaders (500 knights) under King
Baldwin I are defeated by the Fatimid army at
Ramla (modern
Israel). Baldwin and his companions escape through the enemy lines to
Arsuf.[20]
May 27 – The Crusaders under Baldwin I break their way out of
Jaffa, which is encircled by the Fatimid Army. A charge of the French cavalry breaks the enemy's ranks, and forces them to retreat to
Ascalon.[21]
The
Pacta Conventa formed by the
Croatian nobility, recognize King
Coloman as their overlord, initiating the personal union between the two kingdoms. Coloman is crowned king of
Croatia (until
1116).
Henry I orders the tomb of
Edward the Confessor be opened; the body of the former king is supposedly found undecayed. The
Westminster monks start to claim Edward as a saint.
Spring –
Bohemond I, Norman
prince of Antioch, is released from Seljuk imprisonment at
Niksar, after a ransom is paid of 100,000 gold pieces. During his absence,
Tancred (Bohemond's nephew) attacks the Byzantines, and re-captures the cities of
Tarsus,
Adana and
Mamistra in
Cilicia. Tancred is deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return, and is rewarded with a small fief within the
Principality of Antioch.[25]
Summer – The Crusaders led by Bohemond I and
Joscelin of Courtenay raid the territory of
Aleppo to gain supplies. They capture the town of
Muslimiyah, and extract a large
tribute. Sultan
Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, the Seljuk ruler of Aleppo, agrees to pay 7,000 gold pieces and ten horses to the Crusaders while Bohemond agrees to release all Seljuk prisoners captured at Muslimiyah.[27]
April 27 –
Anselm, archbishop of
Canterbury, again goes into
exile after a dispute with King
Henry I over the appointment of bishops and abbots to important Church positions.
Summer – The
Byzantines re-occupy the Cilician cities of
Tarsus,
Adana and
Mamistra. A naval squadron, under Admiral
Cantacuzenus, pursues in Cypriot waters a
Genoese raiding fleet, and sails on to
Latakia, where they capture the harbour and the lower city.
Bohemond I reinforces the garrison in the citadel.[28]
Levant
Spring – The Crusaders, led by Bohemond I, re-invade the territory of
Aleppo, and try to capture the town of
Kafar Latha. The attack fails, owing to the resistance of the local
Banu tribe. Meanwhile,
Joscelin of Courtenay cuts the communications between Aleppo and the
Euphrates.[29]
May 26 – King
Baldwin I captures
Acre, the port is besieged from April, and blockaded by the Genoese and
Pisan fleet. Baldwin promises a free passage to those who want to move to
Ascalon, but the Italian sailors plunder the wealthy Muslim emigrants and kill many of them.[30]
Autumn – Bohemond I departs to
Italy for reinforcements. He takes with him gold and silver, and precious stuff to raise an army against Emperor
Alexios I (Komnenos). Tancred becomes co-ruler over
Antioch – and appoints his brother-in-law,
Richard of Salerno, as his deputy.[31]
Toghtekin, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of
Damascus, founds a short-lived principality in
Syria (the first example of a series of Seljuk ruled dynasties).
August 27 –
Battle of Ramla: The Crusaders under King
Baldwin I defeat a Fatimid expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) at
Ramla. Baldwin pillages the enemy camp – but does not further pursue the
Fatimids. The battle ends in the last large-scale attempt of the Fatimids to reconquer
Palestine.[36]
Europe
The
Almoravid emir,
Yusuf ibn Tashfin, sends a maritime expedition to Palestine from
Sevilla to ward off the Crusaders and perhaps to reconquer
Jerusalem. The fleet of about seventy ships rushes into a storm in the
Mediterranean Sea, and is never seen again.[37]
Autumn – Bohemond I and papal legate Bruno travel to the north of
France and visit the court of King
Philip I (the Amorous). Bohemond gets permission to recruit men throughout the kingdom.[38]
Summer – King
Henry I invades
Normandy, takes
Bayeux (after a short siege) and
Caen. He advances on
Falaise, and starts inconclusive peace negotiations with Duke
Robert II. Henry withdraws to deal with political issues at home.
Henry I meets
Anselm, archbishop of
Canterbury, under threat of excommunication at
L'Aigle in Normandy to settle their disputes that has led to Anselm's exile from
England (see
1103).
Autumn –
Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the
Sultanate of Rum, leads a Seljuk expedition to take over
Melitene (modern
Turkey). He attempts to capture
Edessa, but the Crusader fortress is too strongly defended by its garrison. Kilij Arslan then moves on to
Harran, which surrenders to him.[39]
Spring –
Bohemond I, prince of
Antioch, marries
Constance of France (daughter of King
Philip I) in the cathedral of
Chartres. Philip agrees to marry his second daughter, the 9-year-old
Cecile of France, to
Tancred (nephew of Bohemond). Meanwhile, Bohemond mobilises an expeditionary force (some 30,000 men) to begin a campaign against Emperor
Alexios I.[40]
August 7 – Emperor
Henry IV escapes his captors at
Ingelheim. He enters into negotiations at
Cologne with English, French and Danish noblemen, and begins to collect an army to oppose his son
Henry V but dies at
Liège after a 49-year reign. Henry leads a successful expedition against Count
Robert II of
Flanders and is forced to swear his
allegiance to him.
Autumn – Bohemond I returns to
Apulia (Southern
Italy) with an expeditionary force to prepare an offensive against the
Byzantines. He is accompanied by his newlywed wife Constance (who is pregnant by him) and followers.
February 2 – A
comet (the
Great Comet of 1106) is seen and reported by several civilisations around the world. Lasting for 40 days, the comet grows steadily in brightness until finally fading away.[43]
Autumn – King
Sigurd I sails for the
Holy Land with 60 ships (with some 5,000 men) on the first stage of the
Norwegian Crusade to
Palestine. Now 17, he is the first European king to support the Crusaders in the
Levant. Sigurd leaves his older brother
Eystein I to rule the kingdom in his absence – and visits
England,
France,
Galicia and
Sicily en route.
July 29 – King
Philip I dies at
Melun, after a 48-year reign. He is succeeded by his son
Louis VI, who, at the start of his rule, faces insurrections from feudal brigands and rebellious
robber barons.
Baldwin I marches out against
Sidon, with the support of a squadron of sailor-adventurers from various Italian cities. A
Fatimid fleet from
Egypt defeats the Italians in a sea-battle outside the harbour.[56]
Asia
The
Taira and
Minamoto clans join forces to rule
Japan, after defeating the warrior monks of the
Enryaku-ji temple near
Kyoto. The Taira replace many
Fujiwara nobles in important offices – while the Minamoto gain more military experience by bringing parts of Northern
Honshu under Japanese control (approximate date).
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 20.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 264.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Lagardère, Vincent (1989). Les Almoravides jusqu'au règne de Yūsuf b. Tāšfīn (1039-1106). Paris: L'Harmattan.
ISBN978-2-7384-0467-1.
^
ab"Norman Britain". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
^Gaier, Claude (2004). Armes et combats dans l'univers médiéval. Paris: De Boeck Supérieur.
ISBN2-8041-4543-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 62–63.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 64.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Matthew of Edessa (1967). Recueil des historiens des croisades, Documents arméniens, p.57. Vol I: reprint: Farnborough.
^Touba, Keltoum (2006). Le travail dans les cultures monothéistes: judaïsme, christianisme, islam de l'Antiquité au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: L'Harmattan.
ISBN2-296-00923-9.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 72–73.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 39.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 87.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 39.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^C. Warren Hollister (2003). Henry I, p. 206. (Yale University Press, New Haven & London)
^Muir, Tom (2005). Orkney in the Sagas: The Story of the Earldom of Orkney as told in the Icelandic Sagas. Kirkwall: The Orcadian. p. 63.
ISBN0954886232.
^
abBarlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church. New York: Longman. pp. 78–79.
ISBN0-582-50236-5.
^Hollister, C. Warren; Frost, Amanda Clark, eds. (2001). Henry I. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 209–210.
ISBN0-300-08858-2.
^Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 246.
ISBN0-521-56350-X.
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 58–60.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem (1100–1187), p. 110. (Cambridge University Press).
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem., p. 90.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
ISBN2130488102.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and the principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
January – The Seljuk ruler
Mahmud I is expelled from
Baghdad by his brother
Barkiyaruq, but Mahmud manages to retake the city, during his spring offensive.[1]
August 30 – After the failure of the
Council of Liubech in
1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in
Kievan Rus; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them.
Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.
December 25 – Philip I elevates his son
Louis VI as co-ruler to the government of the realm.
In
Iceland, the
Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date).
Intense urban activity in north and central Europe:
Kalmar (
Kungälv) and
Varberg (
Sweden) are chartered; The cities of
Aach (southern
Germany) and Nakléřov in
Bohemia are created. The castle of
Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.
Philip I conquers the
Vexin area, and adds the city of
Bourges and the province of
Berry to his estate.[10]
Africa
A collective of
Tuareg trading clans decide to permanently settle the city of
Timbuktu (modern
Mali) north of
Djenné along the
Niger River. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The
Sankore,
Djinguereber and
Sidi Yahya mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date).
China
February 23 –
Emperor Zhezong dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother
Huizong as ruler of the
Song dynasty. At about this date, the Chinese population reaches around 100 million and in
Kaifeng, his capital, the number of registered citizens within the walls is about 1,050,000 with the army stationed here boosting the overall populace to some 1.4 million people.
November – The council of Poitiers decrees that the followers of
Robert of Arbrissel have to settle down and live under a rule, leading to the foundation of
Fontevraud Abbey.[11]
Frederick I becomes archbishop of
Cologne, and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein.
Spring – King
Baldwin I concludes an alliance with the
Genoese fleet, offering them commercial privileges and booty. He captures the towns of
Arsuf and
Caesarea. Baldwin's crusaders pillage Caesarea and massacre the majority of the local population.
Spring – A Fatimid expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) invades
Palestine and launches attacks into the
Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Crusaders defeat a Fatimid rearguard near
Ascalon, and capture the city after a 3-year siege. The Crusaders capture
Caesarea Maritima with support of the Genoese fleet. A number of
Genoese trading colonies are established along the Mediterranean coast.[19]
May 17 –
Battle of Ramla: The Crusaders (500 knights) under King
Baldwin I are defeated by the Fatimid army at
Ramla (modern
Israel). Baldwin and his companions escape through the enemy lines to
Arsuf.[20]
May 27 – The Crusaders under Baldwin I break their way out of
Jaffa, which is encircled by the Fatimid Army. A charge of the French cavalry breaks the enemy's ranks, and forces them to retreat to
Ascalon.[21]
The
Pacta Conventa formed by the
Croatian nobility, recognize King
Coloman as their overlord, initiating the personal union between the two kingdoms. Coloman is crowned king of
Croatia (until
1116).
Henry I orders the tomb of
Edward the Confessor be opened; the body of the former king is supposedly found undecayed. The
Westminster monks start to claim Edward as a saint.
Spring –
Bohemond I, Norman
prince of Antioch, is released from Seljuk imprisonment at
Niksar, after a ransom is paid of 100,000 gold pieces. During his absence,
Tancred (Bohemond's nephew) attacks the Byzantines, and re-captures the cities of
Tarsus,
Adana and
Mamistra in
Cilicia. Tancred is deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return, and is rewarded with a small fief within the
Principality of Antioch.[25]
Summer – The Crusaders led by Bohemond I and
Joscelin of Courtenay raid the territory of
Aleppo to gain supplies. They capture the town of
Muslimiyah, and extract a large
tribute. Sultan
Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, the Seljuk ruler of Aleppo, agrees to pay 7,000 gold pieces and ten horses to the Crusaders while Bohemond agrees to release all Seljuk prisoners captured at Muslimiyah.[27]
April 27 –
Anselm, archbishop of
Canterbury, again goes into
exile after a dispute with King
Henry I over the appointment of bishops and abbots to important Church positions.
Summer – The
Byzantines re-occupy the Cilician cities of
Tarsus,
Adana and
Mamistra. A naval squadron, under Admiral
Cantacuzenus, pursues in Cypriot waters a
Genoese raiding fleet, and sails on to
Latakia, where they capture the harbour and the lower city.
Bohemond I reinforces the garrison in the citadel.[28]
Levant
Spring – The Crusaders, led by Bohemond I, re-invade the territory of
Aleppo, and try to capture the town of
Kafar Latha. The attack fails, owing to the resistance of the local
Banu tribe. Meanwhile,
Joscelin of Courtenay cuts the communications between Aleppo and the
Euphrates.[29]
May 26 – King
Baldwin I captures
Acre, the port is besieged from April, and blockaded by the Genoese and
Pisan fleet. Baldwin promises a free passage to those who want to move to
Ascalon, but the Italian sailors plunder the wealthy Muslim emigrants and kill many of them.[30]
Autumn – Bohemond I departs to
Italy for reinforcements. He takes with him gold and silver, and precious stuff to raise an army against Emperor
Alexios I (Komnenos). Tancred becomes co-ruler over
Antioch – and appoints his brother-in-law,
Richard of Salerno, as his deputy.[31]
Toghtekin, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of
Damascus, founds a short-lived principality in
Syria (the first example of a series of Seljuk ruled dynasties).
August 27 –
Battle of Ramla: The Crusaders under King
Baldwin I defeat a Fatimid expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) at
Ramla. Baldwin pillages the enemy camp – but does not further pursue the
Fatimids. The battle ends in the last large-scale attempt of the Fatimids to reconquer
Palestine.[36]
Europe
The
Almoravid emir,
Yusuf ibn Tashfin, sends a maritime expedition to Palestine from
Sevilla to ward off the Crusaders and perhaps to reconquer
Jerusalem. The fleet of about seventy ships rushes into a storm in the
Mediterranean Sea, and is never seen again.[37]
Autumn – Bohemond I and papal legate Bruno travel to the north of
France and visit the court of King
Philip I (the Amorous). Bohemond gets permission to recruit men throughout the kingdom.[38]
Summer – King
Henry I invades
Normandy, takes
Bayeux (after a short siege) and
Caen. He advances on
Falaise, and starts inconclusive peace negotiations with Duke
Robert II. Henry withdraws to deal with political issues at home.
Henry I meets
Anselm, archbishop of
Canterbury, under threat of excommunication at
L'Aigle in Normandy to settle their disputes that has led to Anselm's exile from
England (see
1103).
Autumn –
Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the
Sultanate of Rum, leads a Seljuk expedition to take over
Melitene (modern
Turkey). He attempts to capture
Edessa, but the Crusader fortress is too strongly defended by its garrison. Kilij Arslan then moves on to
Harran, which surrenders to him.[39]
Spring –
Bohemond I, prince of
Antioch, marries
Constance of France (daughter of King
Philip I) in the cathedral of
Chartres. Philip agrees to marry his second daughter, the 9-year-old
Cecile of France, to
Tancred (nephew of Bohemond). Meanwhile, Bohemond mobilises an expeditionary force (some 30,000 men) to begin a campaign against Emperor
Alexios I.[40]
August 7 – Emperor
Henry IV escapes his captors at
Ingelheim. He enters into negotiations at
Cologne with English, French and Danish noblemen, and begins to collect an army to oppose his son
Henry V but dies at
Liège after a 49-year reign. Henry leads a successful expedition against Count
Robert II of
Flanders and is forced to swear his
allegiance to him.
Autumn – Bohemond I returns to
Apulia (Southern
Italy) with an expeditionary force to prepare an offensive against the
Byzantines. He is accompanied by his newlywed wife Constance (who is pregnant by him) and followers.
February 2 – A
comet (the
Great Comet of 1106) is seen and reported by several civilisations around the world. Lasting for 40 days, the comet grows steadily in brightness until finally fading away.[43]
Autumn – King
Sigurd I sails for the
Holy Land with 60 ships (with some 5,000 men) on the first stage of the
Norwegian Crusade to
Palestine. Now 17, he is the first European king to support the Crusaders in the
Levant. Sigurd leaves his older brother
Eystein I to rule the kingdom in his absence – and visits
England,
France,
Galicia and
Sicily en route.
July 29 – King
Philip I dies at
Melun, after a 48-year reign. He is succeeded by his son
Louis VI, who, at the start of his rule, faces insurrections from feudal brigands and rebellious
robber barons.
Baldwin I marches out against
Sidon, with the support of a squadron of sailor-adventurers from various Italian cities. A
Fatimid fleet from
Egypt defeats the Italians in a sea-battle outside the harbour.[56]
Asia
The
Taira and
Minamoto clans join forces to rule
Japan, after defeating the warrior monks of the
Enryaku-ji temple near
Kyoto. The Taira replace many
Fujiwara nobles in important offices – while the Minamoto gain more military experience by bringing parts of Northern
Honshu under Japanese control (approximate date).
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 20.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 264.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Lagardère, Vincent (1989). Les Almoravides jusqu'au règne de Yūsuf b. Tāšfīn (1039-1106). Paris: L'Harmattan.
ISBN978-2-7384-0467-1.
^
ab"Norman Britain". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
^Gaier, Claude (2004). Armes et combats dans l'univers médiéval. Paris: De Boeck Supérieur.
ISBN2-8041-4543-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 62–63.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 64.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Matthew of Edessa (1967). Recueil des historiens des croisades, Documents arméniens, p.57. Vol I: reprint: Farnborough.
^Touba, Keltoum (2006). Le travail dans les cultures monothéistes: judaïsme, christianisme, islam de l'Antiquité au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: L'Harmattan.
ISBN2-296-00923-9.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 72–73.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 39.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 87.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of the Crusades. Vol: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 39.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^C. Warren Hollister (2003). Henry I, p. 206. (Yale University Press, New Haven & London)
^Muir, Tom (2005). Orkney in the Sagas: The Story of the Earldom of Orkney as told in the Icelandic Sagas. Kirkwall: The Orcadian. p. 63.
ISBN0954886232.
^
abBarlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church. New York: Longman. pp. 78–79.
ISBN0-582-50236-5.
^Hollister, C. Warren; Frost, Amanda Clark, eds. (2001). Henry I. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 209–210.
ISBN0-300-08858-2.
^Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 246.
ISBN0-521-56350-X.
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 58–60.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem (1100–1187), p. 110. (Cambridge University Press).
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem., p. 90.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
ISBN2130488102.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and the principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.