January 16 –
Council of Nablus: King
Baldwin II and Patriarch
Warmund convenes an assembly at
Nablus – establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader
Kingdom of Jerusalem. The prelates and noblemen who attend the meeting confirm the clergy's right to collect the tithe and to bear arms "in the cause of defense".[2]
Fang La, a Chinese rebel leader, leads an uprising against the
Song Dynasty in Qixian Village (modern-day
Zhejiang) in southeast
China. He raises an army and captures
Hangzhou.
Summer – Seljuk forces under
Toghtekin make extensive raids into
Galilee. King
Baldwin II, in reprisal, crosses the
Jordan River with a Crusader army, and ravages the countryside. He occupies and destroys a fortress that Toghtekin has built at
Jerash.[7]
Emperor
Hui Zong sends an expedition to crush the rebellion at
Hangzhou (modern-day
Zhejiang) in
China. The rebels are defeated, their leader
Fang La is captured and executed.
Battle of Beroia: Emperor
John II Komnenos transfers the
Byzantine field army from
Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the
Seljuk Turks) to the
Balkans. The
Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near
Beroia (modern
Bulgaria) are defeated. John orders the
Varangian Guard (some 480 men), the elite Palace Guard to hack their way through the Pecheneg circle of wagons, causing a general rout in their camp. Pecheneg survivors are taken captive and enlisted into the Byzantine army.[13]
September 13 – Count
Joscelin I and
Waleran of Le Puiset are taken prisoner by Turkish forces led by
Belek Ghazi near
Saruj in northern
Syria. Belek offers Joscelin liberty in return for the cession of
Edessa. He refuses to accept these terms; Joscelin and Waleran and 60 other Crusaders are taken to the castle at
Kharput.[15]
Europe
August 8 – A
Venetian fleet under Doge
Domenico Michiel with well over a hundred ships sets sail from
Venice, carrying an army of around 15,000 men and siege-material on the
Venetian Crusade. The fleet departs for
Palestine – but the Venetians pause to attack
Corfu (this in retaliation for the refusal of John II to renew exclusive trading privileges). For six months, throughout the winter of 1122–23, the Venetians lay siege to the Byzantine island.[16]
The coronation of Japan's Emperor Sutoku takes place.
March 25 –
St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London, commonly known as Barts, is founded by
Rahere, a favourite courtier of
King Henry I; it is now the oldest hospital in the United Kingdom operating on its original site.[20]
May 30 – The Venetian fleet arrives at
Ascalon and instantly sets about attacking the Fatimid fleet. The Egyptians fall into a trap, caught between two Venetian squadrons, and are destroyed or captured. While sailing back to Acre, the Venetians capture a merchant-fleet of ten richly laden vessels.[24]
May – Baldwin II and
Joscelin I are rescued by 50
Armenian soldiers (disguised as monks and merchants) at Kharput. They kill the guards, and infiltrate the castle where the prisoners are kept. Joscelin escapes to seek help. However, the castle is soon besieged by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – and is after some time recaptured. Baldwin and
Waleran of Le Puiset are moved for greater safety to the castle of
Harran.[25]
The
Pactum Warmundi: A treaty of alliance, is established between the
Kingdom of Jerusalem and the
Republic of Venice at Acre. The Venetians receive a street, with a church, baths and a bakery, free of all obligations, in every town of the kingdom. They are also excused of all tolls and taxes.[33]
Lothair II (supported by Pope
Honorius II) asks Frederick II to restore to the crown the estates that he has inherited from Henry V. Frederick refuses, and by year's end a succession dispute breaks out between the
House of Welf and the
House of Hohenstaufen. The latter is led by Frederick and his brother
Conrad III, duke of
Franconia.
King
Henry I arranges the marriage between his nephew
Stephen of Blois and the 20-year-old
Matilda, daughter and heiress of
Eustace III, count of Boulogne. This gives Stephen control of the
County of Boulogne and also lands in
England that has belonged to Eustace (who dies on his return from the
Holy Land).
Asia
November –
Jin–Song War: Emperor
Taizong of the
Jurchen-led
Jin Dynasty declares war on the Chinese
Song Dynasty – and orders his armies to invade Song territory. He sends the Western army to the city of
Taiyuan in
Shanxi province and the Eastern army to Bianjing (modern-day
Kaifeng), the Song capital. The Song forces are not expecting an invasion and are caught off guard.[39]
Summer – Emperor
John II Komnenos re-confirms the treaty of
1082. This ends the hostilities with
Hungary and
Venice. John secures
Braničevo, and recovers the region of
Sirmium on the
Danube, but is forced by Venice to renew the exclusive commercial privileges.
Levant
Spring – The Crusaders under
Pons, count of
Tripoli, attack the fortress of
Rafaniya (once held by Pons' grandfather
Raymond IV), which dominates the entry of the
Buqaia from the
Orontes Valley. They besiege the fortress for 18 days and capture it on
March 31.[41]
Autumn –
Bohemond II takes over his inheritance of the
Principality of Antioch. He sails from
Otranto with a Norman fleet of 24 ships, carrying a number of troops and horses. Bohemond lands at the port of
St. Symeon early in October and is welcomed at
Antioch.[41]
Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing.
Sweden is without a ruler, but
Magnus I ("the Strong") claims sovereignty over
Gothenland.
Spring – In
China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around the capital city of
Kaifeng, for the restoration of a trusted military official,
Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the government.
Jin–Song War: Jurchen forces reach the
Yellow River Valley, two days after
New Year. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace, and communities such as the
Kaifeng Jews.[45]
January 31 – Jurchen forces lay siege to Kaifeng. Qin Zong negotiates the terms of surrender, agreeing an annual
indemnity. He orders Song forces to defend the prefectures of the Northern Song.
Two previously written Chinese
pharmaceutical works, one by
Shen Kuo and one by
Su Shi, are combined into one written work.
Religion
Olegarius, archbishop of
Tarragona, creates a community of knights (known as the "Confraternity of Tarragona"), to combat the Almoravids in
Catalonia.[46]
Roger II establishes a pact with the maritime Republic of
Savona to guarantee the security of the
Mediterranean Sea,[49] probably following an
Almoravid raid against the Sicilian realm.[50]
King
Henry I arranges the marriage of his daughter
Matilda (the widow of Emperor
Henry V) to the 14-year-old
Geoffrey of Anjou (son of Count
Fulk V). This is done to ensure an alliance between
England and
Anjou, and to prevent Fulk allying with Louis VI.
Henry I has the English nobles swear
allegiance to Matilda as the rightful heir to the throne. Upon his death, her cousin
Stephen of Blois crosses the channel and usurps her throne, becoming the
King of England. She wages a lengthy civil war known as
the Anarchy, which lasted from 1135-1154.
June 12 – Qin Zong's younger brother, the 20-year-old
Gao Zong, re-establishes the Song Dynasty (as the Southern Song Dynasty) in Lin'an (modern-day
Hangzhou) and is proclaimed emperor.
March 26 – Gao Zong abdicates the throne after a mutiny of the palace guard. His 2-year-old son
Zhao Fu succeeds him, but Empress
Meng becomes
regent and the sole ruler.
April 20 – Gao Zong regains the throne (with the support of the imperial army led by General
Han Shizhong). Zhao Fu is forced to abdicate with Meng having ruled for 25 days.
Possible date –
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Duchess of Aquitaine, queen consort successively of France and England, and patron of the arts (d.
1204)[61][62][63]
^Santoro, Nicholas J. (2011). Mary In Our Life: Atlas of the Names and Titles of Mary, The Mother of Jesus, and Their Place in Marian Devotion. Bloomington: University. p. 195.
^Cinnamus, Ioannes (1976). Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, p. 16. New York, New York and West Sussex, United Kingdom: Columbia University Press.
ISBN978-0-23-104080-8.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 134.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 37: 31–47 [45].
doi:
10.2307/3679149.
JSTOR3679149.
S2CID154629568.
^Picard, C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p.72.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 133–134.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 134.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 132–133.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Lorenzo Pubblici, Mongol Caucasia: Invasions, Conquest, and Government of a Frontier Region in Thirteenth-Century Eurasia (1204–1295) (Brill, 2022) p.20
^"Corbeil, William de (d. 1136), by Frank Barlow, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
^Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 56.
^Paul Fridolin Kehr, Italia pontificia, Vol. IX (Weidmann 1962) p.474
^Bernard F. Reilly, The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126 (Princeton University Press, 1982) p.176
^Jonathan Lyon, (2007). "The Withdrawal of Aged Noblemen into Monastic Communities: Interpreting the Sources from Twelfth-Century Germany", in Old Age in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (De Gruyter, 2007) p.147
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 135.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050–1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [43].
doi:
10.2307/3679149.
JSTOR3679149.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 140.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
^de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique (1998). Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial. Paris: Karthala. p. 44.
ISBN2-86537-844-6.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
^Mole, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800, p. 196. Harvard University Press.
ISBN978-0-674-01212-7.
^Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800, p. 196. Harvard University Press.
ISBN978-0-674-01212-7.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [46].
doi:
10.2307/3679149.
JSTOR3679149.
^Lorge, Peter (2005). War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795, pp. 53–54. Routledge.
ISBN978-0-203-96929-8.
^Angold, Michael (1997). The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History, p. 153.
ISBN978-0-5822-9468-4.
^Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, pp. 140–141. Trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
ISBN978-0-8248-0368-1.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [45].
JSTOR3679149.
^Beech, George T. (1992). "The Eleanor of Aquitaine Vase: Its Origins and History to the Early Twelfth Century". Ars Orientalis. 22: 69–79.
ISSN0571-1371.
JSTOR4629425.
^Jeong, Chang-hyeon (March 28, 2020).
예종 유릉서 다양한 청동제품 쏟아져 [Various bronze products pouring out of King Yejong's Yureung tomb]. Newsis (in Korean).
Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2024 – via Chosun.
^Lang, Andrew (2016).
The History Of Scotland. Vol. 1: From The Romans to Mary of Guise. Altenmünster, Germany and North Charleston, SC: Jazzybee Verlag. p. 75.
ISBN9783849685621.
^Daftary, Farhad (1996). "Hasan-i Sabbāh and the Origins of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī movement". Mediaeval Ismā'īlī History and Thought. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–204.
^McGurk, Patrick, ed. (1998). The Chronicle of John of Worcester (in Latin and English). Vol. III. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 156–157 and n. 5.
ISBN978-0-19-820702-3.
^Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (2004).
"Calixtus II, Pope". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 171–172.
ISBN9781135948801.
^Pelikan, Jaroslav (1979).
"A First-Generation Anselmian, Guibert of Nogent". In Williams, George Huntston; Church, Frank Forrester; George, Timothy Francis (eds.). Continuity and Discontinuity in Church History: Essays Presented to George Huntston Williams on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. p. 71.
ISBN9789004058798.
^Hammond, Peter W., ed. (1998), The Complete Peerage; or, A history of the House of lords and all its members from the earliest times, vol. XIV: Addenda & Corrigenda, Stroud:
Sutton Publishing, p. 170,
ISBN978-0-904387-82-7
January 16 –
Council of Nablus: King
Baldwin II and Patriarch
Warmund convenes an assembly at
Nablus – establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader
Kingdom of Jerusalem. The prelates and noblemen who attend the meeting confirm the clergy's right to collect the tithe and to bear arms "in the cause of defense".[2]
Fang La, a Chinese rebel leader, leads an uprising against the
Song Dynasty in Qixian Village (modern-day
Zhejiang) in southeast
China. He raises an army and captures
Hangzhou.
Summer – Seljuk forces under
Toghtekin make extensive raids into
Galilee. King
Baldwin II, in reprisal, crosses the
Jordan River with a Crusader army, and ravages the countryside. He occupies and destroys a fortress that Toghtekin has built at
Jerash.[7]
Emperor
Hui Zong sends an expedition to crush the rebellion at
Hangzhou (modern-day
Zhejiang) in
China. The rebels are defeated, their leader
Fang La is captured and executed.
Battle of Beroia: Emperor
John II Komnenos transfers the
Byzantine field army from
Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the
Seljuk Turks) to the
Balkans. The
Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near
Beroia (modern
Bulgaria) are defeated. John orders the
Varangian Guard (some 480 men), the elite Palace Guard to hack their way through the Pecheneg circle of wagons, causing a general rout in their camp. Pecheneg survivors are taken captive and enlisted into the Byzantine army.[13]
September 13 – Count
Joscelin I and
Waleran of Le Puiset are taken prisoner by Turkish forces led by
Belek Ghazi near
Saruj in northern
Syria. Belek offers Joscelin liberty in return for the cession of
Edessa. He refuses to accept these terms; Joscelin and Waleran and 60 other Crusaders are taken to the castle at
Kharput.[15]
Europe
August 8 – A
Venetian fleet under Doge
Domenico Michiel with well over a hundred ships sets sail from
Venice, carrying an army of around 15,000 men and siege-material on the
Venetian Crusade. The fleet departs for
Palestine – but the Venetians pause to attack
Corfu (this in retaliation for the refusal of John II to renew exclusive trading privileges). For six months, throughout the winter of 1122–23, the Venetians lay siege to the Byzantine island.[16]
The coronation of Japan's Emperor Sutoku takes place.
March 25 –
St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London, commonly known as Barts, is founded by
Rahere, a favourite courtier of
King Henry I; it is now the oldest hospital in the United Kingdom operating on its original site.[20]
May 30 – The Venetian fleet arrives at
Ascalon and instantly sets about attacking the Fatimid fleet. The Egyptians fall into a trap, caught between two Venetian squadrons, and are destroyed or captured. While sailing back to Acre, the Venetians capture a merchant-fleet of ten richly laden vessels.[24]
May – Baldwin II and
Joscelin I are rescued by 50
Armenian soldiers (disguised as monks and merchants) at Kharput. They kill the guards, and infiltrate the castle where the prisoners are kept. Joscelin escapes to seek help. However, the castle is soon besieged by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – and is after some time recaptured. Baldwin and
Waleran of Le Puiset are moved for greater safety to the castle of
Harran.[25]
The
Pactum Warmundi: A treaty of alliance, is established between the
Kingdom of Jerusalem and the
Republic of Venice at Acre. The Venetians receive a street, with a church, baths and a bakery, free of all obligations, in every town of the kingdom. They are also excused of all tolls and taxes.[33]
Lothair II (supported by Pope
Honorius II) asks Frederick II to restore to the crown the estates that he has inherited from Henry V. Frederick refuses, and by year's end a succession dispute breaks out between the
House of Welf and the
House of Hohenstaufen. The latter is led by Frederick and his brother
Conrad III, duke of
Franconia.
King
Henry I arranges the marriage between his nephew
Stephen of Blois and the 20-year-old
Matilda, daughter and heiress of
Eustace III, count of Boulogne. This gives Stephen control of the
County of Boulogne and also lands in
England that has belonged to Eustace (who dies on his return from the
Holy Land).
Asia
November –
Jin–Song War: Emperor
Taizong of the
Jurchen-led
Jin Dynasty declares war on the Chinese
Song Dynasty – and orders his armies to invade Song territory. He sends the Western army to the city of
Taiyuan in
Shanxi province and the Eastern army to Bianjing (modern-day
Kaifeng), the Song capital. The Song forces are not expecting an invasion and are caught off guard.[39]
Summer – Emperor
John II Komnenos re-confirms the treaty of
1082. This ends the hostilities with
Hungary and
Venice. John secures
Braničevo, and recovers the region of
Sirmium on the
Danube, but is forced by Venice to renew the exclusive commercial privileges.
Levant
Spring – The Crusaders under
Pons, count of
Tripoli, attack the fortress of
Rafaniya (once held by Pons' grandfather
Raymond IV), which dominates the entry of the
Buqaia from the
Orontes Valley. They besiege the fortress for 18 days and capture it on
March 31.[41]
Autumn –
Bohemond II takes over his inheritance of the
Principality of Antioch. He sails from
Otranto with a Norman fleet of 24 ships, carrying a number of troops and horses. Bohemond lands at the port of
St. Symeon early in October and is welcomed at
Antioch.[41]
Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing.
Sweden is without a ruler, but
Magnus I ("the Strong") claims sovereignty over
Gothenland.
Spring – In
China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around the capital city of
Kaifeng, for the restoration of a trusted military official,
Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the government.
Jin–Song War: Jurchen forces reach the
Yellow River Valley, two days after
New Year. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace, and communities such as the
Kaifeng Jews.[45]
January 31 – Jurchen forces lay siege to Kaifeng. Qin Zong negotiates the terms of surrender, agreeing an annual
indemnity. He orders Song forces to defend the prefectures of the Northern Song.
Two previously written Chinese
pharmaceutical works, one by
Shen Kuo and one by
Su Shi, are combined into one written work.
Religion
Olegarius, archbishop of
Tarragona, creates a community of knights (known as the "Confraternity of Tarragona"), to combat the Almoravids in
Catalonia.[46]
Roger II establishes a pact with the maritime Republic of
Savona to guarantee the security of the
Mediterranean Sea,[49] probably following an
Almoravid raid against the Sicilian realm.[50]
King
Henry I arranges the marriage of his daughter
Matilda (the widow of Emperor
Henry V) to the 14-year-old
Geoffrey of Anjou (son of Count
Fulk V). This is done to ensure an alliance between
England and
Anjou, and to prevent Fulk allying with Louis VI.
Henry I has the English nobles swear
allegiance to Matilda as the rightful heir to the throne. Upon his death, her cousin
Stephen of Blois crosses the channel and usurps her throne, becoming the
King of England. She wages a lengthy civil war known as
the Anarchy, which lasted from 1135-1154.
June 12 – Qin Zong's younger brother, the 20-year-old
Gao Zong, re-establishes the Song Dynasty (as the Southern Song Dynasty) in Lin'an (modern-day
Hangzhou) and is proclaimed emperor.
March 26 – Gao Zong abdicates the throne after a mutiny of the palace guard. His 2-year-old son
Zhao Fu succeeds him, but Empress
Meng becomes
regent and the sole ruler.
April 20 – Gao Zong regains the throne (with the support of the imperial army led by General
Han Shizhong). Zhao Fu is forced to abdicate with Meng having ruled for 25 days.
Possible date –
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Duchess of Aquitaine, queen consort successively of France and England, and patron of the arts (d.
1204)[61][62][63]
^Santoro, Nicholas J. (2011). Mary In Our Life: Atlas of the Names and Titles of Mary, The Mother of Jesus, and Their Place in Marian Devotion. Bloomington: University. p. 195.
^Cinnamus, Ioannes (1976). Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, p. 16. New York, New York and West Sussex, United Kingdom: Columbia University Press.
ISBN978-0-23-104080-8.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 134.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 37: 31–47 [45].
doi:
10.2307/3679149.
JSTOR3679149.
S2CID154629568.
^Picard, C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p.72.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 133–134.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 134.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 132–133.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Lorenzo Pubblici, Mongol Caucasia: Invasions, Conquest, and Government of a Frontier Region in Thirteenth-Century Eurasia (1204–1295) (Brill, 2022) p.20
^"Corbeil, William de (d. 1136), by Frank Barlow, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
^Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 56.
^Paul Fridolin Kehr, Italia pontificia, Vol. IX (Weidmann 1962) p.474
^Bernard F. Reilly, The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126 (Princeton University Press, 1982) p.176
^Jonathan Lyon, (2007). "The Withdrawal of Aged Noblemen into Monastic Communities: Interpreting the Sources from Twelfth-Century Germany", in Old Age in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (De Gruyter, 2007) p.147
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 135.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050–1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [43].
doi:
10.2307/3679149.
JSTOR3679149.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 140.
ISBN978-0-241-29876-3.
^Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
^de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique (1998). Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial. Paris: Karthala. p. 44.
ISBN2-86537-844-6.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
^Mole, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800, p. 196. Harvard University Press.
ISBN978-0-674-01212-7.
^Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800, p. 196. Harvard University Press.
ISBN978-0-674-01212-7.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [46].
doi:
10.2307/3679149.
JSTOR3679149.
^Lorge, Peter (2005). War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795, pp. 53–54. Routledge.
ISBN978-0-203-96929-8.
^Angold, Michael (1997). The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History, p. 153.
ISBN978-0-5822-9468-4.
^Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, pp. 140–141. Trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
ISBN978-0-8248-0368-1.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [45].
JSTOR3679149.
^Beech, George T. (1992). "The Eleanor of Aquitaine Vase: Its Origins and History to the Early Twelfth Century". Ars Orientalis. 22: 69–79.
ISSN0571-1371.
JSTOR4629425.
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