Shen Kuo, Chinese
polymath scientist and statesman, begins his defensive military campaign against the
Tanguts of the
Western Xia. He successfully defends the invasion route to
Yanzhou (
Shaanxi province).
May – A Norman fleet of 150 ships (including 60
horse transports), led by Duke
Robert Guiscard, sets off towards the
Dalmatian coast. An army of 15,000 men (including about 1,300 Norman knights) sails to the city of
Avalona (modern
Albania); they are joined by several ships from
Ragusa, a republic in the
Balkans who are enemies of the Byzantines.[7]
October 18 –
Battle of Dyrrhachium: After taking the island of
Corfu, Robert Guiscard advances to Dyrrhachium (modern-day
Durrës), and lays siege to the city. Alexios I Komnenos attempts to defend
Illyria from the
Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated by Guiscard, outside Dyrrhachium, the Byzantine capital city of Illyria.
King
William I (the Conqueror) orders the creation of a castle at
Cardiff during his tour of southern Wales. The first castle on the site would be a
motte and bailey type and is built on existing Roman fortifications.
Seljuk Empire
Seljuk emir
Tzachas (or Chaka Bey) conquers
Smyrna (modern-day
İzmir) and founds a short-lived independent state, which emerges as the first sea power in
Turkish history.
By topic
Religion
Pope Gregory VII writes a letter to Hermann, bishop of
Metz, about the behavior of Emperor
Henry IV (approximate date).
Spring – The
Normans under Duke
Robert Guiscard take Dyrrhachium (modern-day
Durrës) in
Illyria and advance inland, capturing most of
Macedonia and
Thessaly. Robert is forced to leave
Greece to deal with an uprising in
Italy. He leaves his son
Bohemond in charge of the army, who lays siege to the city of
Larissa. Emperor
Alexios I mobilizes a new army, and with the support of 7,000
Seljuk Turks he clears Thessaly from the Normans.[9]
Winter – Emperor
Henry IV leads an expedition into Italy and besieges
Rome. He gains entry; a
synod is agreed upon by the Romans, to rule on the dispute between Henry and Pope
Gregory VII.
Adalbero, margrave of
Styria, is forced to resign in favor of his brother
Ottokar II, who is an ally of Gregory VII.
The first mention of the town of
Hofgeismar (modern
Germany) is recorded.
Asia
The Korean printing of the entire
BuddhismTripitaka is completed (approximate date).
January 6 – A Castilian army, under Count
Gonzalo Salvadórez and his son-in-law
Ramiro Garcés, Lord of Calahorra, child of the late King
García Sánchez III of Pamplona, enters the surrendered bastian of
Rueda, but are then treacherously set upon and killed. Gonzalo, Ramiro, and Ramiro's illegitimate half-brother
Sancho Garcés are among the many nobles to lose their lives, in what will be remembered as the 'disaster' or 'treachery of Rueda'.[12]
March 31 – Emperor
Henry IV besieges
Rome and enters the city. He is crowned emperor by Antipope
Clement III at Rome and receives the patrician authority.[16]
May –
Sack of Rome: Duke
Robert Guiscard leads a Norman army (36,000 men) north and enters Rome; the city is sacked, and Henry IV is forced to retreat.
The
Domesday Survey is commissioned by King
William I (the Conqueror),[19] apparently prompted by the abortive invasion of Canute IV, to ensure proper taxation and levies.[20]
China
April 1 – Emperor
Zhe Zong ascends the throne at the age of 8 under the supervision of his grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager
Gao. She cancels the reform policy of Chancellor
Wang Anshi.
The output of
copper currency for the Chinese
Song Dynasty reaches 6 billion coins a year, prompting the Chinese government to adopt the world's first
paper-printed money later in the
1120s.
Norman forces under Count
Roger I (Bosso) conquer
Syracuse, the last Muslim stronghold in
Sicily.[21]
England
August 1 – King
William I (the Conqueror) calls for a meeting at
Old Sarum, where he invites his major vassals and tenants-in-chief to swear allegiance to him. The oath is known as the
Oath of Salisbury.
The
Domesday Book is completed, which is drawn up on the orders of William I. It describes in detail the landholdings and resources in
England.
The population in England is estimated to be 1.25 million citizens with 10% living in boroughs.[22]
Summer – The
Taifa of Valencia falls under the domination of
El Cid. He stabilizes the region around
Valencia, which has revolted against the Moorish puppet ruler
Al-Qadir.[24]
Inge the Elder returns to
Svealand and kills his brother-in-law
Blot-Sweyn after a 3-year reign. Inge again proclaims himself king of
Sweden (approximate date).
Mahdia campaign: The navies of
Genoa and
Pisa take the capital of the
Zirids, and occupy
Mahdia for a year. Subsequently, both republics obtain trading privileges.[25]
January 3 – Emperor
Shirakawa abdicates in favor of his 7-year-old son
Horikawa after a 14-year reign. He exerts his personal power to set the
cloistered rule system further in motion.
Middle East
May: The marriage of Caliph
al-Muqtadi and
Mah-i Mulk is consummated. This marriage strengthens the political relation of
Malik-Shah I and the Caliph.
The
Worcestershire rebellion led by
Robert de Lacy (a son of
Ilbert de Lacy) is dealt with quickly by
Wulfstan, bishop of
Worcester, who calls on those knights and local landowners still loyal to William II to defend Worcester. Many of the rebels are captured or killed.
William II calls the representatives of the
fyrd to a meeting in
London. He promises (with the support of
Lanfranc, bishop of
Canterbury) the people better laws, and the removal of taxes if they support him against the rebels.
William II lays siege to
Pevensey Castle where Odo of Bayeux has taken shelter with Robert. Odo is forced to surrender, and agrees to go to
Rochester to convince the rebels to accept William as the rightful king of
England.
Summer – William II lays siege to
Rochester Castle and puts down the revolt. Odo of Bayeux and the rebels surrender (only agreeing that their lives will be spared). William takes Odo's lands and exiles him to
Normandy.
Su Song, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, invents the pilot model for his
astronomicalclock tower constructed in
Kaifeng. It features an
escapement mechanism – and the world's oldest known power-transmitting
chain drive to operate the
armillary sphere, opening doors, and mechanical-driven
mannequins, that would rotate in shifts to announce the time on
plaques.
^Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 158.
ISBN978-1-84884-215-1.
^
abJohn France (1994).
Victory in the East (Book extract).
ISBN9780521589871. Godfrey was almost certainly present in support of Henry IV at the battle of Elster in 1080 (sic 1085... an error or typo), when the forces of the anti-king Rudolf triumphed on the field only to see their victory nullified because Rudolf was killed.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pp. 113–114.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658–1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 83.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129–55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
Shen Kuo, Chinese
polymath scientist and statesman, begins his defensive military campaign against the
Tanguts of the
Western Xia. He successfully defends the invasion route to
Yanzhou (
Shaanxi province).
May – A Norman fleet of 150 ships (including 60
horse transports), led by Duke
Robert Guiscard, sets off towards the
Dalmatian coast. An army of 15,000 men (including about 1,300 Norman knights) sails to the city of
Avalona (modern
Albania); they are joined by several ships from
Ragusa, a republic in the
Balkans who are enemies of the Byzantines.[7]
October 18 –
Battle of Dyrrhachium: After taking the island of
Corfu, Robert Guiscard advances to Dyrrhachium (modern-day
Durrës), and lays siege to the city. Alexios I Komnenos attempts to defend
Illyria from the
Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated by Guiscard, outside Dyrrhachium, the Byzantine capital city of Illyria.
King
William I (the Conqueror) orders the creation of a castle at
Cardiff during his tour of southern Wales. The first castle on the site would be a
motte and bailey type and is built on existing Roman fortifications.
Seljuk Empire
Seljuk emir
Tzachas (or Chaka Bey) conquers
Smyrna (modern-day
İzmir) and founds a short-lived independent state, which emerges as the first sea power in
Turkish history.
By topic
Religion
Pope Gregory VII writes a letter to Hermann, bishop of
Metz, about the behavior of Emperor
Henry IV (approximate date).
Spring – The
Normans under Duke
Robert Guiscard take Dyrrhachium (modern-day
Durrës) in
Illyria and advance inland, capturing most of
Macedonia and
Thessaly. Robert is forced to leave
Greece to deal with an uprising in
Italy. He leaves his son
Bohemond in charge of the army, who lays siege to the city of
Larissa. Emperor
Alexios I mobilizes a new army, and with the support of 7,000
Seljuk Turks he clears Thessaly from the Normans.[9]
Winter – Emperor
Henry IV leads an expedition into Italy and besieges
Rome. He gains entry; a
synod is agreed upon by the Romans, to rule on the dispute between Henry and Pope
Gregory VII.
Adalbero, margrave of
Styria, is forced to resign in favor of his brother
Ottokar II, who is an ally of Gregory VII.
The first mention of the town of
Hofgeismar (modern
Germany) is recorded.
Asia
The Korean printing of the entire
BuddhismTripitaka is completed (approximate date).
January 6 – A Castilian army, under Count
Gonzalo Salvadórez and his son-in-law
Ramiro Garcés, Lord of Calahorra, child of the late King
García Sánchez III of Pamplona, enters the surrendered bastian of
Rueda, but are then treacherously set upon and killed. Gonzalo, Ramiro, and Ramiro's illegitimate half-brother
Sancho Garcés are among the many nobles to lose their lives, in what will be remembered as the 'disaster' or 'treachery of Rueda'.[12]
March 31 – Emperor
Henry IV besieges
Rome and enters the city. He is crowned emperor by Antipope
Clement III at Rome and receives the patrician authority.[16]
May –
Sack of Rome: Duke
Robert Guiscard leads a Norman army (36,000 men) north and enters Rome; the city is sacked, and Henry IV is forced to retreat.
The
Domesday Survey is commissioned by King
William I (the Conqueror),[19] apparently prompted by the abortive invasion of Canute IV, to ensure proper taxation and levies.[20]
China
April 1 – Emperor
Zhe Zong ascends the throne at the age of 8 under the supervision of his grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager
Gao. She cancels the reform policy of Chancellor
Wang Anshi.
The output of
copper currency for the Chinese
Song Dynasty reaches 6 billion coins a year, prompting the Chinese government to adopt the world's first
paper-printed money later in the
1120s.
Norman forces under Count
Roger I (Bosso) conquer
Syracuse, the last Muslim stronghold in
Sicily.[21]
England
August 1 – King
William I (the Conqueror) calls for a meeting at
Old Sarum, where he invites his major vassals and tenants-in-chief to swear allegiance to him. The oath is known as the
Oath of Salisbury.
The
Domesday Book is completed, which is drawn up on the orders of William I. It describes in detail the landholdings and resources in
England.
The population in England is estimated to be 1.25 million citizens with 10% living in boroughs.[22]
Summer – The
Taifa of Valencia falls under the domination of
El Cid. He stabilizes the region around
Valencia, which has revolted against the Moorish puppet ruler
Al-Qadir.[24]
Inge the Elder returns to
Svealand and kills his brother-in-law
Blot-Sweyn after a 3-year reign. Inge again proclaims himself king of
Sweden (approximate date).
Mahdia campaign: The navies of
Genoa and
Pisa take the capital of the
Zirids, and occupy
Mahdia for a year. Subsequently, both republics obtain trading privileges.[25]
January 3 – Emperor
Shirakawa abdicates in favor of his 7-year-old son
Horikawa after a 14-year reign. He exerts his personal power to set the
cloistered rule system further in motion.
Middle East
May: The marriage of Caliph
al-Muqtadi and
Mah-i Mulk is consummated. This marriage strengthens the political relation of
Malik-Shah I and the Caliph.
The
Worcestershire rebellion led by
Robert de Lacy (a son of
Ilbert de Lacy) is dealt with quickly by
Wulfstan, bishop of
Worcester, who calls on those knights and local landowners still loyal to William II to defend Worcester. Many of the rebels are captured or killed.
William II calls the representatives of the
fyrd to a meeting in
London. He promises (with the support of
Lanfranc, bishop of
Canterbury) the people better laws, and the removal of taxes if they support him against the rebels.
William II lays siege to
Pevensey Castle where Odo of Bayeux has taken shelter with Robert. Odo is forced to surrender, and agrees to go to
Rochester to convince the rebels to accept William as the rightful king of
England.
Summer – William II lays siege to
Rochester Castle and puts down the revolt. Odo of Bayeux and the rebels surrender (only agreeing that their lives will be spared). William takes Odo's lands and exiles him to
Normandy.
Su Song, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, invents the pilot model for his
astronomicalclock tower constructed in
Kaifeng. It features an
escapement mechanism – and the world's oldest known power-transmitting
chain drive to operate the
armillary sphere, opening doors, and mechanical-driven
mannequins, that would rotate in shifts to announce the time on
plaques.
^Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 158.
ISBN978-1-84884-215-1.
^
abJohn France (1994).
Victory in the East (Book extract).
ISBN9780521589871. Godfrey was almost certainly present in support of Henry IV at the battle of Elster in 1080 (sic 1085... an error or typo), when the forces of the anti-king Rudolf triumphed on the field only to see their victory nullified because Rudolf was killed.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pp. 113–114.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Picard C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658–1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 83.
^McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129–55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82.
doi:
10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.