Ur-Nanshe, seated, wearing flounced skirt. The text to the right of his head reads "Ur-Nanshe" (𒌨𒀭𒀏, UR-NAN). The text in front of him reads "Boats from the land of
Dilmun carried the wood" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘
𒄑𒈬-𒅅,
ma2dilmun kur-ta gu2giš mu-gal2).[1][2][3] Limestone, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh (ancient city of Girsu).
Louvre Museum.
Ur-Nanshe (
Sumerian: 𒌨𒀭𒀏, UR-
NANŠE) also Ur-Nina, was the first king of the First Dynasty of
Lagash (approx. 2500 BCE) in the
Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III. He is known through inscriptions to have commissioned many buildings projects, including canals and temples, in the state of Lagash,[7] and defending Lagash from its rival state
Umma.[8] He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu (𒄖𒉌𒁺) who was recorded without an accompanying royal title.[8][9] He was the father of
Akurgal, who succeeded him, and grandfather of
Eanatum.[9] Eanatum expanded the kingdom of Lagash by defeating Umma as illustrated in the
Stele of the Vultures and continue building and renovation of Ur-Nanshe's original buildings.[10]
He ascended after
Lugalshaengur (lugal-ša-engur), who was the
ensi, or high priest of Lagash, and is only known from the macehead inscription of
Mesilim.[11]
Temples
According to
the Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe, temples attributed to Ur-Nanshe include
Ningirsu's temple in
Girsu,
Nanshe's temple in
Nina, and Apsubanda.[7] He is known to have originally built the Ibgal of
Inanna, because of Eanatum's honorary inscriptions left after temple renovation.[10] The Ibgal of Inanna is located in modern-day al-Hiba (ancient city of Lagash). An oval wall surrounds the main mud brick temple and it is located on the southwest edge of the city. This placement within the city is different because temples were usually centrally positioned in ancient Sumer.[10]
Inscriptions
Ur-Nanshe has left behind many inscriptions and plates that depict him, his family, and court.[8]
The
Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe is on display at the
Louvre. The king is portrayed as a builder of temples and canals, thus a preserver of order perceived to be bestowed upon them by the gods.[7] It is a perforated limestone slab that was probably part of a wall as a votive decoration and is inscribed in Sumerian:
“Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, son of Gunidu, son of Gurmu, built the temple of Ningirsu, built Apsubanda, built the temple of Nanshe.”
— Dedication inscription of Ur-Nanshe (top left corner)[7][15]
The carved illustration is in two registers, top and bottom, both depicting Ur-Nanshe in different roles as king. In the top register he is dressed in a kaunakes (tufted wool skirt), carrying a basket of bricks on his head while surrounded by other Lagash elite, his wife, and seven of his sons[12] (though it is possible female figure is instead the king's daughter[16]). Inscriptions on their respective garments identify each person. On the bottom register, Ur-Nanshe is at a banquet, which is to celebrate the building of the temple. He is seated on a throne wearing the same outfit as the top register surrounded by other court members. In both registers Ur-Nanshe is shown using
hierarchical proportion in which he is considerably larger than everyone surrounding him.[7]
A part of the inscriptions, in front of the seated king, reads: “Boats from the (distant) land of
Dilmun carried the wood (for him)”.[7] This is the oldest known written record of Dilmun and importation of goods into
Mesopotamia.[8]
The relief at time of discovery
Ur-Nanshe on the relief. He is also depicted wearing a basket for the construction of a temple.
Inscription in front of Ur-Nanshe: "The ships of Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him wood as a tribute" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘
𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2dilmun kur-ta gu2giš mu-gal2).[17][8][7]
Perforated relief of Ur-Nanshe at the Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul, Turkey. Very similar to the Louvre's plaque. From Girsu, Iraq[18]
Door socket
An inscribed door socket from Ur-Nanshe is also known, now in the
Louvre Museum. The full inscription of the door socket has been translated as:
"Ur-Nanshe, the king of Lagash, the son of Gunidu, the son of Gurmu, built the house of
Ningirsu; built the house of
Nanshe; built the house of
Gatumdug; built the harem; built the house of
Ninmar. The ships of
Dilmun brought him wood as a tribute from foreign lands. He built the
Ibgal; built the
Kinir; built the scepter (?)-house."
— Inscription on the perforated relief of Ur-Nanshe.[20][21]
The door socket of Ur-Nanshe at time of discovery.
"The ships of
Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him (Ur-Nanshe) wood as a tribute (?)" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘
𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2dilmun kur-ta gu2giš mu-gal2). Door socket of Ur-Nanshe.[22][23]
The Plaque of Ur Nanshe
The Plaque of Ur Nanshe is a limestone plaque currently located at the Louvre Museum that honors Ur Nanshe. The figures displayed are the king and his court standing rigid and wide eyed, paying homage to the god Nanshe. They are dressed in kaunakes with their hands clasped together over their chest. Hierarchical scale of the king and the use of
cuneiform on the figures to identify them[26] are employed as in the Perforated Relief.
Fragmentary stele bearing from right to left the inscription "Ur-Nanshe/ King of/ Lagash/ son of Gunidu/ to
Ningirsu..." (
Louvre)
There are many other inscriptions found by or mentioning Ur-Nanshe. Some of them include a listing of rulers of Lagash and a Hymn to Nashe.[8]
Excerpt from Ruler of Lagash:
“Ur-Nanše, the son of ......, who built the E-Sirara, her temple of happiness and Niĝin, her beloved city, acted for 1080 years. Ane-tum, the son of Ur-Nanše”[29]
Excerpt from A Hymn to Nashe:
“There is perfection in the presence of the lady. Lagaš thrives in abundance in the presence of Nanše. She chose the šennu in her holy heart and seated Ur-Nanše, the beloved lord of Lagaš, on the throne. She gave the lofty scepter to the shepherd.”[30]
Tablet of Ur-Nanshe (Urn 24): "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, son of Gunidu, the son of Gurmu, built the house of
Nanshe, fashioned (the statue of) Nanshe (...) Boats from the land of Dilmun carried the wood".[31][32][33]
"The ships of Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him (Ur-Nanshe) wood as a tribute (?)" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘
𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2dilmun kur-ta gu2giš mu-gal2). Tablet of Ur-Nanshe (Urn 24).[34][35][36][37]
Inscription in the name of Ur-Nanshe, an incantation to the reed and to
Enki, before the foundation of the
Girsu sanctuary for god
Ningirsu.[38][39]
Goddess
Shul-utul, foundation peg, with inscription "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, son of Gunidu, built the shrine Girsu", probably Girsu, Tell Telloh, Iraq, mid 3rd millennium BCE. Harvard Semitic Museum, Cambridge, MA
Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, representing the bird-god
Anzû (or Im-dugud) as a lion-headed eagle. Alabaster, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh, ancient city of Girsu.
Temple foundation figurine in the name of Ur-Nanshe. Inscription "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, has built the shrine of
Girsu". British Museum, BM 96565.[42][43]
Stele of Ur-Nanshe with goddess Nisaba, ruler of Lagash, from Lagash, Iraq, 26th century BCE. Iraq Museum
Ur-Nanshe, seated, wearing flounced skirt. The text to the right of his head reads "Ur-Nanshe" (𒌨𒀭𒀏, UR-NAN). The text in front of him reads "Boats from the land of
Dilmun carried the wood" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘
𒄑𒈬-𒅅,
ma2dilmun kur-ta gu2giš mu-gal2).[1][2][3] Limestone, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh (ancient city of Girsu).
Louvre Museum.
Ur-Nanshe (
Sumerian: 𒌨𒀭𒀏, UR-
NANŠE) also Ur-Nina, was the first king of the First Dynasty of
Lagash (approx. 2500 BCE) in the
Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III. He is known through inscriptions to have commissioned many buildings projects, including canals and temples, in the state of Lagash,[7] and defending Lagash from its rival state
Umma.[8] He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu (𒄖𒉌𒁺) who was recorded without an accompanying royal title.[8][9] He was the father of
Akurgal, who succeeded him, and grandfather of
Eanatum.[9] Eanatum expanded the kingdom of Lagash by defeating Umma as illustrated in the
Stele of the Vultures and continue building and renovation of Ur-Nanshe's original buildings.[10]
He ascended after
Lugalshaengur (lugal-ša-engur), who was the
ensi, or high priest of Lagash, and is only known from the macehead inscription of
Mesilim.[11]
Temples
According to
the Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe, temples attributed to Ur-Nanshe include
Ningirsu's temple in
Girsu,
Nanshe's temple in
Nina, and Apsubanda.[7] He is known to have originally built the Ibgal of
Inanna, because of Eanatum's honorary inscriptions left after temple renovation.[10] The Ibgal of Inanna is located in modern-day al-Hiba (ancient city of Lagash). An oval wall surrounds the main mud brick temple and it is located on the southwest edge of the city. This placement within the city is different because temples were usually centrally positioned in ancient Sumer.[10]
Inscriptions
Ur-Nanshe has left behind many inscriptions and plates that depict him, his family, and court.[8]
The
Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe is on display at the
Louvre. The king is portrayed as a builder of temples and canals, thus a preserver of order perceived to be bestowed upon them by the gods.[7] It is a perforated limestone slab that was probably part of a wall as a votive decoration and is inscribed in Sumerian:
“Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, son of Gunidu, son of Gurmu, built the temple of Ningirsu, built Apsubanda, built the temple of Nanshe.”
— Dedication inscription of Ur-Nanshe (top left corner)[7][15]
The carved illustration is in two registers, top and bottom, both depicting Ur-Nanshe in different roles as king. In the top register he is dressed in a kaunakes (tufted wool skirt), carrying a basket of bricks on his head while surrounded by other Lagash elite, his wife, and seven of his sons[12] (though it is possible female figure is instead the king's daughter[16]). Inscriptions on their respective garments identify each person. On the bottom register, Ur-Nanshe is at a banquet, which is to celebrate the building of the temple. He is seated on a throne wearing the same outfit as the top register surrounded by other court members. In both registers Ur-Nanshe is shown using
hierarchical proportion in which he is considerably larger than everyone surrounding him.[7]
A part of the inscriptions, in front of the seated king, reads: “Boats from the (distant) land of
Dilmun carried the wood (for him)”.[7] This is the oldest known written record of Dilmun and importation of goods into
Mesopotamia.[8]
The relief at time of discovery
Ur-Nanshe on the relief. He is also depicted wearing a basket for the construction of a temple.
Inscription in front of Ur-Nanshe: "The ships of Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him wood as a tribute" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘
𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2dilmun kur-ta gu2giš mu-gal2).[17][8][7]
Perforated relief of Ur-Nanshe at the Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul, Turkey. Very similar to the Louvre's plaque. From Girsu, Iraq[18]
Door socket
An inscribed door socket from Ur-Nanshe is also known, now in the
Louvre Museum. The full inscription of the door socket has been translated as:
"Ur-Nanshe, the king of Lagash, the son of Gunidu, the son of Gurmu, built the house of
Ningirsu; built the house of
Nanshe; built the house of
Gatumdug; built the harem; built the house of
Ninmar. The ships of
Dilmun brought him wood as a tribute from foreign lands. He built the
Ibgal; built the
Kinir; built the scepter (?)-house."
— Inscription on the perforated relief of Ur-Nanshe.[20][21]
The door socket of Ur-Nanshe at time of discovery.
"The ships of
Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him (Ur-Nanshe) wood as a tribute (?)" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘
𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2dilmun kur-ta gu2giš mu-gal2). Door socket of Ur-Nanshe.[22][23]
The Plaque of Ur Nanshe
The Plaque of Ur Nanshe is a limestone plaque currently located at the Louvre Museum that honors Ur Nanshe. The figures displayed are the king and his court standing rigid and wide eyed, paying homage to the god Nanshe. They are dressed in kaunakes with their hands clasped together over their chest. Hierarchical scale of the king and the use of
cuneiform on the figures to identify them[26] are employed as in the Perforated Relief.
Fragmentary stele bearing from right to left the inscription "Ur-Nanshe/ King of/ Lagash/ son of Gunidu/ to
Ningirsu..." (
Louvre)
There are many other inscriptions found by or mentioning Ur-Nanshe. Some of them include a listing of rulers of Lagash and a Hymn to Nashe.[8]
Excerpt from Ruler of Lagash:
“Ur-Nanše, the son of ......, who built the E-Sirara, her temple of happiness and Niĝin, her beloved city, acted for 1080 years. Ane-tum, the son of Ur-Nanše”[29]
Excerpt from A Hymn to Nashe:
“There is perfection in the presence of the lady. Lagaš thrives in abundance in the presence of Nanše. She chose the šennu in her holy heart and seated Ur-Nanše, the beloved lord of Lagaš, on the throne. She gave the lofty scepter to the shepherd.”[30]
Tablet of Ur-Nanshe (Urn 24): "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, son of Gunidu, the son of Gurmu, built the house of
Nanshe, fashioned (the statue of) Nanshe (...) Boats from the land of Dilmun carried the wood".[31][32][33]
"The ships of Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him (Ur-Nanshe) wood as a tribute (?)" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘
𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2dilmun kur-ta gu2giš mu-gal2). Tablet of Ur-Nanshe (Urn 24).[34][35][36][37]
Inscription in the name of Ur-Nanshe, an incantation to the reed and to
Enki, before the foundation of the
Girsu sanctuary for god
Ningirsu.[38][39]
Goddess
Shul-utul, foundation peg, with inscription "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, son of Gunidu, built the shrine Girsu", probably Girsu, Tell Telloh, Iraq, mid 3rd millennium BCE. Harvard Semitic Museum, Cambridge, MA
Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, representing the bird-god
Anzû (or Im-dugud) as a lion-headed eagle. Alabaster, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh, ancient city of Girsu.
Temple foundation figurine in the name of Ur-Nanshe. Inscription "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, has built the shrine of
Girsu". British Museum, BM 96565.[42][43]
Stele of Ur-Nanshe with goddess Nisaba, ruler of Lagash, from Lagash, Iraq, 26th century BCE. Iraq Museum