The United States almost doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America in the
Louisiana Purchase. This begins the American westward expansion to the Pacific, later called
Manifest Destiny. It involves
annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
The
Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. Reaction and conservatism dominate all of Europe.[3] The
Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but the forces of liberalism and nationalism make for dramatic changes. It marks the beginning of a
Pax Britannica which lasts until 1914.
1816–1817: widespread economic distress in Europe.[4]
Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely influenced by the 1815 explosion of
Mount Tambora.
Cadbury opens a chocolate shop in Birmingham, England.
Gibbons v. Ogden, a landmark decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the power to regulate interstate commerce encompassed the power to regulate navigation.
Prime Minister Robert Peel secures repeal of
Test & Corporation Acts, This gives religious liberty to Nonconformists in Britain but deeply splits Tory party.
U.S. Congress passes the
Indian Removal Act which authorized the President to negotiate removal treaties with many native tribes living east of the Mississippi. This act led to the forced removal of several native tribes over the next century.
Anglo-Russian rivalry over Afghanistan,
the Great Game, commences and concludes in 1895.
End of the
Diponegoro war. The whole area of Yogyakarta and Surakarta Manca nagara Dutch seized on
September 27, Klaten Agreement determines a fixed boundary between Surakarta and Yogyakarta and permanently divide the kingdom of Mataram was signed by Sasradiningrat, Pepatih Dalem Surakarta, and Danurejo, Pepatih Dalem Yogyakarta. Mataram is de facto and de jure controlled by the Dutch East Indies.
August 22:
Nat Turner and a band of slaves lead an insurrection in
Southampton County, Virginia. The rebellion is put to an end two days later. As many as two hundred African Americans, including innocent victims, died as a result.[6]
Chief John Ross of the Cherokee Nation defends Cherokee rights and sovereignty in the U.S. Supreme Court case The Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia[6]
November Uprising ends with crushing defeat for Poland in the
Battle of Warsaw.
Samuel Colt popularizes the
revolver and sets up a firearms company to manufacture his invention of the
Colt Paterson revolver a six bullets firearm shot one by one without reloading manually.
1840s:
Oregon Trail as well as the Santa Fe Trail, Platte Road and Mormon Trail provided Westward mobility into California and Oregon. Motivations for use of such trails include market opportunity and escape from religious persecution.
First publicly funded
telegraph line in the world—between Baltimore and Washington—sends demonstration message on 24 May, ushering in the age of the telegraph. This message read "What hath God wrought?" (Bible, Numbers 23:23)
The Wilmot Proviso unsuccessfully attempts to ban slavery in western territories acquired after the Mexican-American War.
The Oregon Treaty is signed between the United Kingdom and the United States, ceding the modern states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as parts of Wyoming and Montana, to the United States.
1846–1878: Ultraconservative
Pope Pius IX battles modernity
The
Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan's policy of
isolation. This would open up two ports in Japan to American ships and offered protection to American crews.
United States President
Abraham Lincoln issues the
Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln issued a preliminary[9] on September 22, 1862, warning that in all states still in rebellion (
Confederacy) on January 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves "then, thenceforward, and forever free."[10] The
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution,[11] ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery in the entire country.
The
Expatriation Act of 1868 is approved by the U.S. Congress, one of the early blows which would eventually lead to the death of the common law doctrine of perpetual allegiance.
The Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs, better known as the
Impressionists, organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer
Nadar.
Lombok War[13] The Dutch looted and destroyed the Cakranegara palace of
Mataram.[14] J. L. A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist discovered and secured
Nagarakretagama manuscript in Lombok royal library.
^Encyclopædia Britannica: Herman Willem Daendels
[1] Access date 29 March 2009
^Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259.
Bibcode:
2003PrPG...27..230O.
doi:
10.1191/0309133303pp379ra.
S2CID131663534.
^Frederick Artz, Reaction and Revolution, 1814–1832 (1934)
^John D. Post, "The economic crisis of 1816–1817 and its social and political consequences." Journal of Economic History 30.1 (1970): 248-250.
^Wahyu Ernawati: "Chapter 8: The Lombok Treasure", in Colonial collections Revisited: Pieter ter Keurs (editor) Vol. 152, CNWS publications. Issue 36 of Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden. CNWS Publications, 2007.
ISBN978-90-5789-152-6. 296 pages. pp. 186–203
Further reading
Grant, A. J. and Harold Temperley. Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (1789-1939) (1940)
online
Langer, William, ed. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events
online
Murphy, Derrick. AS/A-level 19th & 20th century European & world history (2002)
online
Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present (1970)
online
The United States almost doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America in the
Louisiana Purchase. This begins the American westward expansion to the Pacific, later called
Manifest Destiny. It involves
annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
The
Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. Reaction and conservatism dominate all of Europe.[3] The
Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but the forces of liberalism and nationalism make for dramatic changes. It marks the beginning of a
Pax Britannica which lasts until 1914.
1816–1817: widespread economic distress in Europe.[4]
Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely influenced by the 1815 explosion of
Mount Tambora.
Cadbury opens a chocolate shop in Birmingham, England.
Gibbons v. Ogden, a landmark decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the power to regulate interstate commerce encompassed the power to regulate navigation.
Prime Minister Robert Peel secures repeal of
Test & Corporation Acts, This gives religious liberty to Nonconformists in Britain but deeply splits Tory party.
U.S. Congress passes the
Indian Removal Act which authorized the President to negotiate removal treaties with many native tribes living east of the Mississippi. This act led to the forced removal of several native tribes over the next century.
Anglo-Russian rivalry over Afghanistan,
the Great Game, commences and concludes in 1895.
End of the
Diponegoro war. The whole area of Yogyakarta and Surakarta Manca nagara Dutch seized on
September 27, Klaten Agreement determines a fixed boundary between Surakarta and Yogyakarta and permanently divide the kingdom of Mataram was signed by Sasradiningrat, Pepatih Dalem Surakarta, and Danurejo, Pepatih Dalem Yogyakarta. Mataram is de facto and de jure controlled by the Dutch East Indies.
August 22:
Nat Turner and a band of slaves lead an insurrection in
Southampton County, Virginia. The rebellion is put to an end two days later. As many as two hundred African Americans, including innocent victims, died as a result.[6]
Chief John Ross of the Cherokee Nation defends Cherokee rights and sovereignty in the U.S. Supreme Court case The Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia[6]
November Uprising ends with crushing defeat for Poland in the
Battle of Warsaw.
Samuel Colt popularizes the
revolver and sets up a firearms company to manufacture his invention of the
Colt Paterson revolver a six bullets firearm shot one by one without reloading manually.
1840s:
Oregon Trail as well as the Santa Fe Trail, Platte Road and Mormon Trail provided Westward mobility into California and Oregon. Motivations for use of such trails include market opportunity and escape from religious persecution.
First publicly funded
telegraph line in the world—between Baltimore and Washington—sends demonstration message on 24 May, ushering in the age of the telegraph. This message read "What hath God wrought?" (Bible, Numbers 23:23)
The Wilmot Proviso unsuccessfully attempts to ban slavery in western territories acquired after the Mexican-American War.
The Oregon Treaty is signed between the United Kingdom and the United States, ceding the modern states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as parts of Wyoming and Montana, to the United States.
1846–1878: Ultraconservative
Pope Pius IX battles modernity
The
Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan's policy of
isolation. This would open up two ports in Japan to American ships and offered protection to American crews.
United States President
Abraham Lincoln issues the
Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln issued a preliminary[9] on September 22, 1862, warning that in all states still in rebellion (
Confederacy) on January 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves "then, thenceforward, and forever free."[10] The
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution,[11] ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery in the entire country.
The
Expatriation Act of 1868 is approved by the U.S. Congress, one of the early blows which would eventually lead to the death of the common law doctrine of perpetual allegiance.
The Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs, better known as the
Impressionists, organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer
Nadar.
Lombok War[13] The Dutch looted and destroyed the Cakranegara palace of
Mataram.[14] J. L. A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist discovered and secured
Nagarakretagama manuscript in Lombok royal library.
^Encyclopædia Britannica: Herman Willem Daendels
[1] Access date 29 March 2009
^Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259.
Bibcode:
2003PrPG...27..230O.
doi:
10.1191/0309133303pp379ra.
S2CID131663534.
^Frederick Artz, Reaction and Revolution, 1814–1832 (1934)
^John D. Post, "The economic crisis of 1816–1817 and its social and political consequences." Journal of Economic History 30.1 (1970): 248-250.
^Wahyu Ernawati: "Chapter 8: The Lombok Treasure", in Colonial collections Revisited: Pieter ter Keurs (editor) Vol. 152, CNWS publications. Issue 36 of Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden. CNWS Publications, 2007.
ISBN978-90-5789-152-6. 296 pages. pp. 186–203
Further reading
Grant, A. J. and Harold Temperley. Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (1789-1939) (1940)
online
Langer, William, ed. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events
online
Murphy, Derrick. AS/A-level 19th & 20th century European & world history (2002)
online
Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present (1970)
online