Summer – Emperor
Frederick II sails from
Brindisi with a expeditionary force and arrives in
Acre in the
Middle East on
September 7. He disembarks a well-trained and equipped Crusader army (some 10,000 men and 2,000 knights). After his arrival in
Palestine, Frederick is again excommunicated by Pope
Gregory IX, for setting out for the Crusade before he has obtained absolution from his previous ex-communication (see
1227). Many of the local nobility, the
Knights Templar and
Knights Hospitaller deny him their support for the Crusade. Frederick can only rely on his own army and the
Teutonic Knights, whose Grand Master,
Hermann von Salza, is his friend.[1]
Autumn – Frederick II receives an embassy of Sultan
Al-Kamil, including
Fakhr al-Din ibn as-Shaikh, at the Hospitaller camp at
Recordane, near Acre. Meanwhile, Al-Kamil is engaged in suppressing a rebellion in
Syria and has concentrated his forces on a siege at
Damascus. Frederick is pressed for time, because his army is not large enough for a major campaign. Al-Kamil, who has full control of
Jerusalem, starts diplomatic negotiations.[2]
November – Frederick II puts pressure on the negotiations by a military display. He assembles his Crusader army and marches down the coast to
Jaffa – which he proceeds to refortify. At the same moment, Ayyubid forces under
An-Nasir Dawud, who are not participating in the revolt at Damascus, move to
Nablus, to intercept Al-Kamil's supply lines. Al-Kamil breaks off the negotiations, saying that the Crusaders have pillaged several Muslim villages, and only resumes them again when Frederick pays out compensation to the victims.[3]
Europe
April 25 – The 16-year-old
Isabella II, Holy Roman Empress and wife of Frederick II, dies after giving birth to her second child,
Conrad IV, at
Andria. He receives the title
King of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) – with Frederick as
regent. By his father, Conrad is the grandson of the
Hohenstaufen Emperor
Henry VI and great-grandson of the late Emperor
Frederick I (Barbarossa).
King
James I (the Conqueror) launches a major offensive against the Almohads in
Majorca. At the same moment, Emir Ibn Hud al-Yamadi (confronted by increasing Christian pressure) denounces Almohad rule in
Murcia (modern
Spain) and acknowledges the
Abbasid Caliphate as legitimate overlord, in effect declaring independence.[4] Other notable Christian success: King
Alfonso IX of León conquers
Mérida.[5]
The city of
Tournai emits its first recorded
life annuity, thus confirming a trend of consolidation of public debts started
ten years earlier, in
Reims.[7]
The first evidence is uncovered of the use of the Knights Templar as cashiers by King
Henry III of England, to safely transfer important sums to the continent, using letters of exchange. This shows that large transfers could take place across
Europe, even before the emergence of important networks of Italian
merchant-bankers.[8]
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 156.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 156.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In
Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–699 [672].
ISBN0-521-36289-X.
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, p. 124. London: reaktion Books.
ISBN1-780-23030-3.
^Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
ISBN978-9-00417565-5.
^Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review. 8 (1): 1–17.
doi:
10.2307/1832571.
JSTOR1832571.
Summer – Emperor
Frederick II sails from
Brindisi with a expeditionary force and arrives in
Acre in the
Middle East on
September 7. He disembarks a well-trained and equipped Crusader army (some 10,000 men and 2,000 knights). After his arrival in
Palestine, Frederick is again excommunicated by Pope
Gregory IX, for setting out for the Crusade before he has obtained absolution from his previous ex-communication (see
1227). Many of the local nobility, the
Knights Templar and
Knights Hospitaller deny him their support for the Crusade. Frederick can only rely on his own army and the
Teutonic Knights, whose Grand Master,
Hermann von Salza, is his friend.[1]
Autumn – Frederick II receives an embassy of Sultan
Al-Kamil, including
Fakhr al-Din ibn as-Shaikh, at the Hospitaller camp at
Recordane, near Acre. Meanwhile, Al-Kamil is engaged in suppressing a rebellion in
Syria and has concentrated his forces on a siege at
Damascus. Frederick is pressed for time, because his army is not large enough for a major campaign. Al-Kamil, who has full control of
Jerusalem, starts diplomatic negotiations.[2]
November – Frederick II puts pressure on the negotiations by a military display. He assembles his Crusader army and marches down the coast to
Jaffa – which he proceeds to refortify. At the same moment, Ayyubid forces under
An-Nasir Dawud, who are not participating in the revolt at Damascus, move to
Nablus, to intercept Al-Kamil's supply lines. Al-Kamil breaks off the negotiations, saying that the Crusaders have pillaged several Muslim villages, and only resumes them again when Frederick pays out compensation to the victims.[3]
Europe
April 25 – The 16-year-old
Isabella II, Holy Roman Empress and wife of Frederick II, dies after giving birth to her second child,
Conrad IV, at
Andria. He receives the title
King of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) – with Frederick as
regent. By his father, Conrad is the grandson of the
Hohenstaufen Emperor
Henry VI and great-grandson of the late Emperor
Frederick I (Barbarossa).
King
James I (the Conqueror) launches a major offensive against the Almohads in
Majorca. At the same moment, Emir Ibn Hud al-Yamadi (confronted by increasing Christian pressure) denounces Almohad rule in
Murcia (modern
Spain) and acknowledges the
Abbasid Caliphate as legitimate overlord, in effect declaring independence.[4] Other notable Christian success: King
Alfonso IX of León conquers
Mérida.[5]
The city of
Tournai emits its first recorded
life annuity, thus confirming a trend of consolidation of public debts started
ten years earlier, in
Reims.[7]
The first evidence is uncovered of the use of the Knights Templar as cashiers by King
Henry III of England, to safely transfer important sums to the continent, using letters of exchange. This shows that large transfers could take place across
Europe, even before the emergence of important networks of Italian
merchant-bankers.[8]
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 156.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 156.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In
Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–699 [672].
ISBN0-521-36289-X.
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, p. 124. London: reaktion Books.
ISBN1-780-23030-3.
^Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
ISBN978-9-00417565-5.
^Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review. 8 (1): 1–17.
doi:
10.2307/1832571.
JSTOR1832571.