February 15 – King
John (Lackland) lands with an invasion force (accompanied by mercenaries) at
La Rochelle; many barons of
England refuse to join him in the campaign. John sends his half-brother
William Longespée (Long Sword) to
Flanders, with money to assemble a mercenary army there. John pushes the French forces northeast from
Poitou towards
Paris, while Emperor
Otto IV marches southwest from Flanders.[2]
King
Philip II (Augustus) decides to defend the French territories by leaving a third of his army under his son, Prince
Louis to confront John (Lackland) in the
Loire Valley – while Philip heads for Flanders to raid the region. On
July 2, John's forces are confronted by a French relief force while they besiege the castle of
Roche-au-Moine. John retreats back to La Rochelle, but his rearguard suffers immensely by the French army.[3]
June – Otto IV arrives in Flanders with a small army; four German nobles have joined him, but he is soon reinforced by troops of
Renaud I, duke of
Boulogne,
Ferdinand, (jure uxoris) count of
Flanders and the mercenaries under William Longespée. On July 26, Philip II arrives at the Flemish town of
Tournai with his army (some 7,000 men), while the allied forces encamp 12 kilometers south at the Castle of
Mortagne (
France).
July 27 –
Battle of Bouvines: Philip II defeats an army (some 9,000 men) of German, English and Flemish soldiers led by Otto IV near
Bouvines, ending the
Anglo-French War. The French forces have taken a considerable number of soldiers prisoner, including 131 knights and five counts with Ferdinand, Renaud I and William Longespée among them.[2]
November 20 – A group of English nobles, after finding a copy of the
Charter of Liberties, swear an oath at the altar of
Bury St. Edmunds, to force John (Lackland) to acknowledge their rights.
Spring – Emperor
Xuan Zong of the
Jurchen-led Chinese
Jin Dynasty surrenders to the Mongols under
Genghis khan – who have besieged the capital of
Zhongdu (modern-day
Beijing) for a year. He is forced to pay
tribute (including some 3,000 horses, 10,000 'bolts' of silk and his daughter), along with subjugation to the Mongol Khan. Xuan Zong abandons northern China and moves his court to
Kaifeng.[5]
After securing all Jin lands north of the
Yellow River, Genghis Khan receives a message that Xuan Zong has moved his capital to Kaifeng. He returns to Zhongdu and precedes the city with the help of thousands of Chinese engineers. The Mongols starve the city out (the inhabitants are forced to eat the dead). The garrison, with a short supply of ammunition for the cannons holds out for the winter.[6]
In his campaigns in
Liaodong, the Mongol general
Muqali (or Mukhali) forms a newly
Khitan-Chinese army and a special corps of some 12,000 Chinese auxiliary troops.
^Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society, p. 718. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
ISBN0-804-72630-2.
^
abcdPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 77–79.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^Oman, Charles (2012). A History of the Art of War: The Middle Ages from the Fourth to the Fourteenth Century, p. 539.
ISBN978-1-62358-003-2.
^Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In
David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–671.
ISBN0-521-36289-X.
^Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, pp. 169–170.
ISBN978-0-553-81498-9.
^Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 171.
ISBN978-0-553-81498-9.
February 15 – King
John (Lackland) lands with an invasion force (accompanied by mercenaries) at
La Rochelle; many barons of
England refuse to join him in the campaign. John sends his half-brother
William Longespée (Long Sword) to
Flanders, with money to assemble a mercenary army there. John pushes the French forces northeast from
Poitou towards
Paris, while Emperor
Otto IV marches southwest from Flanders.[2]
King
Philip II (Augustus) decides to defend the French territories by leaving a third of his army under his son, Prince
Louis to confront John (Lackland) in the
Loire Valley – while Philip heads for Flanders to raid the region. On
July 2, John's forces are confronted by a French relief force while they besiege the castle of
Roche-au-Moine. John retreats back to La Rochelle, but his rearguard suffers immensely by the French army.[3]
June – Otto IV arrives in Flanders with a small army; four German nobles have joined him, but he is soon reinforced by troops of
Renaud I, duke of
Boulogne,
Ferdinand, (jure uxoris) count of
Flanders and the mercenaries under William Longespée. On July 26, Philip II arrives at the Flemish town of
Tournai with his army (some 7,000 men), while the allied forces encamp 12 kilometers south at the Castle of
Mortagne (
France).
July 27 –
Battle of Bouvines: Philip II defeats an army (some 9,000 men) of German, English and Flemish soldiers led by Otto IV near
Bouvines, ending the
Anglo-French War. The French forces have taken a considerable number of soldiers prisoner, including 131 knights and five counts with Ferdinand, Renaud I and William Longespée among them.[2]
November 20 – A group of English nobles, after finding a copy of the
Charter of Liberties, swear an oath at the altar of
Bury St. Edmunds, to force John (Lackland) to acknowledge their rights.
Spring – Emperor
Xuan Zong of the
Jurchen-led Chinese
Jin Dynasty surrenders to the Mongols under
Genghis khan – who have besieged the capital of
Zhongdu (modern-day
Beijing) for a year. He is forced to pay
tribute (including some 3,000 horses, 10,000 'bolts' of silk and his daughter), along with subjugation to the Mongol Khan. Xuan Zong abandons northern China and moves his court to
Kaifeng.[5]
After securing all Jin lands north of the
Yellow River, Genghis Khan receives a message that Xuan Zong has moved his capital to Kaifeng. He returns to Zhongdu and precedes the city with the help of thousands of Chinese engineers. The Mongols starve the city out (the inhabitants are forced to eat the dead). The garrison, with a short supply of ammunition for the cannons holds out for the winter.[6]
In his campaigns in
Liaodong, the Mongol general
Muqali (or Mukhali) forms a newly
Khitan-Chinese army and a special corps of some 12,000 Chinese auxiliary troops.
^Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society, p. 718. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
ISBN0-804-72630-2.
^
abcdPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 77–79.
ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^Oman, Charles (2012). A History of the Art of War: The Middle Ages from the Fourth to the Fourteenth Century, p. 539.
ISBN978-1-62358-003-2.
^Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In
David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–671.
ISBN0-521-36289-X.
^Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, pp. 169–170.
ISBN978-0-553-81498-9.
^Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 171.
ISBN978-0-553-81498-9.