This article includes a list of general
references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding
inline citations. (December 2019) |
YumanâCochimĂ | |
---|---|
Yuman | |
Geographic distribution | Colorado River basin and Baja California |
Linguistic classification |
Hokan ?
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | coch1271 |
Pre-contact distribution of YumanâCochimĂ languages |
The YumanâCochimĂ languages are a family of languages spoken in Baja California, northern Sonora, southern California, and western Arizona. CochimĂ is no longer spoken as of the late 18th century, and most other Yuman languages are threatened.
There are approximately a dozen Yuman languages. The dormant CochimĂ, attested from the 18th century, was identified after the rest of the family had been established, and was found to be more divergent. The resulting family was therefore called YumanâCochimĂ, with Yuman being the extra-CochimĂ languages.
CochimĂ is now dormant. CucapĂĄ is the Spanish name for the Cocopa. Diegueño is the Spanish name for IpaiâKumeyaayâTipai, now often referred to collectively as Kumeyaay. Upland Yuman consists of several mutually intelligible dialects spoken by the politically distinct Yavapai, Hualapai, and Havasupai.
Proto-Yuman | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Yuman languages |
Lower-order reconstructions |
|
Mauricio Mixco of the University of Utah points to a relative lack of reconstructible Proto-Yuman terms for aquatic phenomena as evidence against a coastal, lacustrine, or riverine Urheimat. [1]
Proto-Yuman reconstructions by Mixco (1978): [2]
gloss | Proto-Yuman |
---|---|
be | *wi/*yu |
be located (sg) | *wa |
belly | *pxa; *p-xa |
big | *tay |
bird | *Ä-sa |
body hair | *mi(Ê) |
bone | *ak |
breasts | *ñ-maËy |
cat | *-mi(Ê) |
causative | *x- |
chief man | *-pa/*(ma) |
chief, lord | *-pa/*ma |
cold | *x-Äur |
cry | *mi(Ê) |
dance | *-ma(Ê) |
daughter | *p-Äay |
die | *pi |
die (sg) | *pi |
do | *wi/uËy |
do; make | *wi/*uy |
dog | *(Ä)-xat |
dove | *k-wi(Ê) |
drink | *(Ä)-si; *si ? |
ear | *áčŁma(k)l ~ *áčŁmal(k) |
earth, place | *Ê-mat |
eat (hard food) | *Ä-aw |
eat (soft food) | *ma |
extinguish | *spa |
eye | *yu(w) |
face | *yu(w) (p)-xu |
fall | *-nal |
father | *n-Êay; *-ta; *-ku ? |
feather | *-waR |
fire | *Ê-Êa(Ë)w |
give | *wi; *Êi |
he | *ña/*ya- |
head | *Êi(y) |
hear | *kÊ·i(Ë) |
heaven, sky | *Ê-ma(Ê)y |
horn | *kÊ·a ? |
hot | *paR |
house | *Ê-wa(Ê) |
husband | *miËy |
imperative prefix | *k- |
irrealis | *-x(a) |
kill | *pi |
leaf | *áčŁmak; *smaR |
lie (be prone) | *yak |
locative | *wa-l |
locative (illative) | *-l |
locative (thither) | *-m |
man, male | *-miË(y); *maË(y) |
man, person | *-pa/*ma |
mother | *-tay; *-siy |
mountain lion | *-miÊ tay |
mountain sheep | *Ê-mu(w) |
mouth | *(y-)a |
name | *maR |
navel | *-pu |
neck/nape | *iË-(m)puk ? |
non-present aspect | *t |
nose | *(p-)xu |
object, plural | *pa |
object, unspec. (anim.) | *ñ- |
perceive | *kÊ·i |
possessive prefix (inal.) | *ñ |
prefixes (trans.) | *-, *m, *Ă |
priest | *maË(y) |
pronominal prefixes (stative) | *ñ, *m-, *w- |
pronominal subject | *Ê-, *m-, *Ă |
rabbit | *pxar |
reed | *xta |
relative pronoun | *ña-/*ya |
relativizer | *kÊ·- |
salt | *-ÊiR (< *s-ÊiR) |
say | *Êi |
shaman | *-maË(y) |
sit | *waË |
skunk | *-xÊ·iw |
sleep | *áčŁma |
son (w.s.) | *s-ÊaËw ? |
star | *xmáčŁi |
subject suffix | *-Ä; *-m |
sun, day | *paR |
that | *-ña/*-ya |
there | *ña/*ya |
thing, something | *Ê-Ä |
third person | *ña-/*ya |
this | *p-u |
thorn | *Ê-ta(Ë)t |
three | *x-muk |
to blow | *p-Ä/sul |
tongue | *Êimpal; *(y)pal; *-paR |
two | *x-wak |
water | *-xa(Ê); *si |
we | *ña-p |
wife | *ku/*ki |
wing | *waR |
woman | *ki/*ku; *siñÊak |
word | *maR |
yes | *xaË |
This article includes a list of general
references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding
inline citations. (December 2019) |
YumanâCochimĂ | |
---|---|
Yuman | |
Geographic distribution | Colorado River basin and Baja California |
Linguistic classification |
Hokan ?
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | coch1271 |
Pre-contact distribution of YumanâCochimĂ languages |
The YumanâCochimĂ languages are a family of languages spoken in Baja California, northern Sonora, southern California, and western Arizona. CochimĂ is no longer spoken as of the late 18th century, and most other Yuman languages are threatened.
There are approximately a dozen Yuman languages. The dormant CochimĂ, attested from the 18th century, was identified after the rest of the family had been established, and was found to be more divergent. The resulting family was therefore called YumanâCochimĂ, with Yuman being the extra-CochimĂ languages.
CochimĂ is now dormant. CucapĂĄ is the Spanish name for the Cocopa. Diegueño is the Spanish name for IpaiâKumeyaayâTipai, now often referred to collectively as Kumeyaay. Upland Yuman consists of several mutually intelligible dialects spoken by the politically distinct Yavapai, Hualapai, and Havasupai.
Proto-Yuman | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Yuman languages |
Lower-order reconstructions |
|
Mauricio Mixco of the University of Utah points to a relative lack of reconstructible Proto-Yuman terms for aquatic phenomena as evidence against a coastal, lacustrine, or riverine Urheimat. [1]
Proto-Yuman reconstructions by Mixco (1978): [2]
gloss | Proto-Yuman |
---|---|
be | *wi/*yu |
be located (sg) | *wa |
belly | *pxa; *p-xa |
big | *tay |
bird | *Ä-sa |
body hair | *mi(Ê) |
bone | *ak |
breasts | *ñ-maËy |
cat | *-mi(Ê) |
causative | *x- |
chief man | *-pa/*(ma) |
chief, lord | *-pa/*ma |
cold | *x-Äur |
cry | *mi(Ê) |
dance | *-ma(Ê) |
daughter | *p-Äay |
die | *pi |
die (sg) | *pi |
do | *wi/uËy |
do; make | *wi/*uy |
dog | *(Ä)-xat |
dove | *k-wi(Ê) |
drink | *(Ä)-si; *si ? |
ear | *áčŁma(k)l ~ *áčŁmal(k) |
earth, place | *Ê-mat |
eat (hard food) | *Ä-aw |
eat (soft food) | *ma |
extinguish | *spa |
eye | *yu(w) |
face | *yu(w) (p)-xu |
fall | *-nal |
father | *n-Êay; *-ta; *-ku ? |
feather | *-waR |
fire | *Ê-Êa(Ë)w |
give | *wi; *Êi |
he | *ña/*ya- |
head | *Êi(y) |
hear | *kÊ·i(Ë) |
heaven, sky | *Ê-ma(Ê)y |
horn | *kÊ·a ? |
hot | *paR |
house | *Ê-wa(Ê) |
husband | *miËy |
imperative prefix | *k- |
irrealis | *-x(a) |
kill | *pi |
leaf | *áčŁmak; *smaR |
lie (be prone) | *yak |
locative | *wa-l |
locative (illative) | *-l |
locative (thither) | *-m |
man, male | *-miË(y); *maË(y) |
man, person | *-pa/*ma |
mother | *-tay; *-siy |
mountain lion | *-miÊ tay |
mountain sheep | *Ê-mu(w) |
mouth | *(y-)a |
name | *maR |
navel | *-pu |
neck/nape | *iË-(m)puk ? |
non-present aspect | *t |
nose | *(p-)xu |
object, plural | *pa |
object, unspec. (anim.) | *ñ- |
perceive | *kÊ·i |
possessive prefix (inal.) | *ñ |
prefixes (trans.) | *-, *m, *Ă |
priest | *maË(y) |
pronominal prefixes (stative) | *ñ, *m-, *w- |
pronominal subject | *Ê-, *m-, *Ă |
rabbit | *pxar |
reed | *xta |
relative pronoun | *ña-/*ya |
relativizer | *kÊ·- |
salt | *-ÊiR (< *s-ÊiR) |
say | *Êi |
shaman | *-maË(y) |
sit | *waË |
skunk | *-xÊ·iw |
sleep | *áčŁma |
son (w.s.) | *s-ÊaËw ? |
star | *xmáčŁi |
subject suffix | *-Ä; *-m |
sun, day | *paR |
that | *-ña/*-ya |
there | *ña/*ya |
thing, something | *Ê-Ä |
third person | *ña-/*ya |
this | *p-u |
thorn | *Ê-ta(Ë)t |
three | *x-muk |
to blow | *p-Ä/sul |
tongue | *Êimpal; *(y)pal; *-paR |
two | *x-wak |
water | *-xa(Ê); *si |
we | *ña-p |
wife | *ku/*ki |
wing | *waR |
woman | *ki/*ku; *siñÊak |
word | *maR |
yes | *xaË |