Calusa–Tunica | |
---|---|
Tunica–Calusa | |
(proposed) | |
Geographic distribution | Southeastern United States |
Linguistic classification |
Gulf ?
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | None |
The Calusa–Tunica languages are a proposed small language family that comprises the Tunica language of Louisiana and the extinct Calusa language of Florida. [1]
Julian Granberry (1994) suggests that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley, with Calusa possibly being relatively a recent arrival from the lower Mississippi region. Another possibility was that similarities between the languages were derived from long-term mutual contact. [1]
Granberry (1994: 510–512) compares the following Tunica and Calusa morphemes. The Tunica data is from Mary Haas, [2] [3] while the Proto-Tunica reconstructions are Granberry's own work. [1] The Calusa data is primarily drawn from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda's 16th-century writings.
gloss | Proto-Tunica | Tunica | Calusa B | Calusa A |
---|---|---|---|---|
fem. sg. noun | *-hki ~ *-hÄi | -hÄi | -(h)ki | *-hki |
imperative verb | *-k... | -ki | -ka | |
over there, yonder | *-mi | mÃ-, -mà | -mi | |
very much | *-štʔɛ | -štʔɛ | *st(ʔ)a | |
this (noun designator) | *ka- | ká- | ka- | |
all around, about | *te- | té- | te- | |
watch (over, for), guard, wait | *hÉ›Ìra | hÉ›Ìra | Å›er(a) | |
fast, prayer (noun) (húma = berry) | *huma | húma-ra | homa | |
destroy, crush, mash | *kuÄ... | kúÄa | kuÄi | |
assemble, gather together | *kunpa ([kuNpa] > kuhpa ?) | kúhpa | kupe ~ kunpe | *kuhpe ~ *kuNpe |
settle, camp dwell, sit (down), stay, remain | *ʔuki | ʔúk(i) | (ʔ)uk(i) | |
run | *lÉ”ta | lÉ”Ìta | lÉ›te | |
tongue(d), language | *lu | -lu | -lo ~ -lu | |
make, build | *mašu | mášu | maś(u) | |
on the other side | *may... | máyi | mayai | |
come to rest, stop, lie down | *ña | ná | ño | |
war, warrior | *ñaka | náka | ñoka | |
look, find, see, watch | *po ~ *pe; *wo ~ *we | pó | we | |
firm, hard, strong | *ra | rá | r(a) | |
house, home, dwelling, building | *ri | r(Ã) | r(i) | |
tree, branch, wood | *šahka | -šáhka | *śa(h)ka | *śahka |
examine, look at | *sÉ›ha | sÉ›Ìha | Å›e(h)(a) | |
brave, bold | *Å¡i | -Å¡(Ã) | -Å›(i) | |
stick, impale, harpoon | *Å¡ihpu | Å¡Ãhpu | Å›i(h)pi | *Å›ihpi |
prairie | *tahta | táhta | ta(h)te | *tahte |
join, connect | *tepi | -tépi | -tepe | |
cry, weep | *waha | wáha | wa(h)(a) | |
water, liquid | *wiÅ¡i ~ *Ê”...Å¡i | wÃÅ¡(i) | (Ê”)eÅ›(i) | |
bring, arrive | *yaka | yáka | yaka |
Calusa–Tunica | |
---|---|
Tunica–Calusa | |
(proposed) | |
Geographic distribution | Southeastern United States |
Linguistic classification |
Gulf ?
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | None |
The Calusa–Tunica languages are a proposed small language family that comprises the Tunica language of Louisiana and the extinct Calusa language of Florida. [1]
Julian Granberry (1994) suggests that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley, with Calusa possibly being relatively a recent arrival from the lower Mississippi region. Another possibility was that similarities between the languages were derived from long-term mutual contact. [1]
Granberry (1994: 510–512) compares the following Tunica and Calusa morphemes. The Tunica data is from Mary Haas, [2] [3] while the Proto-Tunica reconstructions are Granberry's own work. [1] The Calusa data is primarily drawn from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda's 16th-century writings.
gloss | Proto-Tunica | Tunica | Calusa B | Calusa A |
---|---|---|---|---|
fem. sg. noun | *-hki ~ *-hÄi | -hÄi | -(h)ki | *-hki |
imperative verb | *-k... | -ki | -ka | |
over there, yonder | *-mi | mÃ-, -mà | -mi | |
very much | *-štʔɛ | -štʔɛ | *st(ʔ)a | |
this (noun designator) | *ka- | ká- | ka- | |
all around, about | *te- | té- | te- | |
watch (over, for), guard, wait | *hÉ›Ìra | hÉ›Ìra | Å›er(a) | |
fast, prayer (noun) (húma = berry) | *huma | húma-ra | homa | |
destroy, crush, mash | *kuÄ... | kúÄa | kuÄi | |
assemble, gather together | *kunpa ([kuNpa] > kuhpa ?) | kúhpa | kupe ~ kunpe | *kuhpe ~ *kuNpe |
settle, camp dwell, sit (down), stay, remain | *ʔuki | ʔúk(i) | (ʔ)uk(i) | |
run | *lÉ”ta | lÉ”Ìta | lÉ›te | |
tongue(d), language | *lu | -lu | -lo ~ -lu | |
make, build | *mašu | mášu | maś(u) | |
on the other side | *may... | máyi | mayai | |
come to rest, stop, lie down | *ña | ná | ño | |
war, warrior | *ñaka | náka | ñoka | |
look, find, see, watch | *po ~ *pe; *wo ~ *we | pó | we | |
firm, hard, strong | *ra | rá | r(a) | |
house, home, dwelling, building | *ri | r(Ã) | r(i) | |
tree, branch, wood | *šahka | -šáhka | *śa(h)ka | *śahka |
examine, look at | *sÉ›ha | sÉ›Ìha | Å›e(h)(a) | |
brave, bold | *Å¡i | -Å¡(Ã) | -Å›(i) | |
stick, impale, harpoon | *Å¡ihpu | Å¡Ãhpu | Å›i(h)pi | *Å›ihpi |
prairie | *tahta | táhta | ta(h)te | *tahte |
join, connect | *tepi | -tépi | -tepe | |
cry, weep | *waha | wáha | wa(h)(a) | |
water, liquid | *wiÅ¡i ~ *Ê”...Å¡i | wÃÅ¡(i) | (Ê”)eÅ›(i) | |
bring, arrive | *yaka | yáka | yaka |