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Flowering plants in the order Santalales recorded from South Africa
Santalales is an
order of
flowering plants . Many of the members of the order are
parasitic plants , mostly hemiparasites, able to produce sugars through
photosynthesis , but tapping the stems or roots of other plants to obtain water and minerals, though some are obligate
parasites , with low concentrations of
chlorophyll and derive the majority of their sustenance from their hosts' vascular tissues. Most have
seeds without
testae (seed coats), which is unusual for flowering plants.
The
anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a
clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the
angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as
roses and
grasses - as well as the
Gnetales and the extinct
Bennettitales .
[1]
23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.
[2] Nine
biomes have been described in South Africa:
Fynbos , Succulent
Karoo ,
desert ,
Nama Karoo ,
grassland ,
savanna ,
Albany thickets , the
Indian Ocean coastal belt , and
forests .
[3]
The 2018
South African National Biodiversity Institute 's
National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla
Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)),
Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)),
Bryophyta (mosses (685)),
Cycadophyta (cycads (42)),
Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)),
Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)),
Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and
Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).
[4]
Three
families are represented in the literature. Listed
taxa include
species ,
subspecies ,
varieties , and
forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as
synonyms , in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect
taxonomic revision over time.
Loranthaceae
Family:
Loranthaceae ,
[4]
Actinanthella
Genus
Actinanthella :
[4]
Agelanthus
Genus
Agelanthus :
[4]
Agelanthus crassifolius (Wiens) Polhill & Wiens, endemic
Agelanthus gracilis (Toelken & Wiens) Polhill & Wiens, indigenous
Agelanthus kraussianus (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens, endemic
Agelanthus lugardii (N.E.Br.) Polhill & Wiens, indigenous
Agelanthus natalitius (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens, indigenous
Agelanthus natalitius (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens subsp. natalitius , indigenous
Agelanthus natalitius (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens subsp. zeyheri (Harv.) Polhill & Wiens, indigenous
Agelanthus prunifolius (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Polhill & Wiens, endemic
Agelanthus pungu (De Wild.) Polhill & Wiens, endemic
Agelanthus sambesiacus (Engl. & Schinz) Polhill & Wiens, endemic
Agelanthus transvaalensis (Sprague) Polhill & Wiens, indigenous
Erianthemum
Genus
Erianthemum :
[4]
Helixanthera
Genus
Helixanthera :
[4]
Loranthus
Genus
Loranthus :
[4]
Moquinia
Genus
Moquinia :
[4]
Moquiniella
Genus
Moquiniella :
[4]
Odontella
Genus
Odontella :
[4]
Oncocalyx
Genus
Oncocalyx :
[4]
Pedistylis
Genus
Pedistylis :
[4]
Plicosepalus
Genus
Plicosepalus :
[4]
Septulina
Genus
Septulina :
[4]
Tapinanthus
Genus
Tapinanthus :
[4]
Tapinanthus carsonii (Baker & Sprague) Danser, accepted as
Agelanthus pungu (De Wild.) Polhill & Wiens
Tapinanthus ceciliae (N.E.Br.) Danser, accepted as
Agelanthus pungu (De Wild.) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus cinereus (Engl.) Danser, accepted as
Phragmanthera cinerea (Engl.) Balle
Tapinanthus crassifolius Wiens, accepted as
Agelanthus crassifolius (Wiens) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus discolor (Schinz) Danser, accepted as
Agelanthus discolor (Schinz) Balle
Tapinanthus forbesii (Sprague) Wiens, indigenous
Tapinanthus glaucocarpus (Peyr.) Danser, accepted as
Phragmanthera glaucocarpa (Peyr.) Balle
Tapinanthus gracilis Toelken & Wiens, accepted as
Agelanthus gracilis (Toelken & Wiens) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus guerichii (Engl.) Danser, accepted as
Phragmanthera guerichii (Engl.) Balle
Tapinanthus kraussianus (Meisn.) Tiegh. subsp. kraussianus , accepted as
Agelanthus kraussianus (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus kraussianus (Meisn.) Tiegh. subsp. transvaalensis (Sprague) Wiens, accepted as
Agelanthus transvaalensis (Sprague) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus leendertziae (Sprague) Wiens, accepted as
Tapinanthus quequensis (Weim.) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus lugardii (N.E.Br.) Danser, accepted as
Agelanthus lugardii (N.E.Br.) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus natalitius (Meisn.) Danser subsp. natalitius , accepted as
Agelanthus natalitius (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens subsp. natalitius , present
Tapinanthus natalitius (Meisn.) Danser subsp. zeyheri (Harv.) Wiens, accepted as
Agelanthus natalitius (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens subsp. zeyheri (Harv.) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus oleifolius (J.C.Wendl.) Danser, indigenous
Tapinanthus prunifolius (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Tiegh. accepted as
Agelanthus prunifolius (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus quequensis (Weim.) Polhill & Wiens, indigenous
Tapinanthus rubromarginatus (Engl.) Danser, indigenous
Tapinanthus sambesiacus (Engl. & Schinz) Danser, accepted as
Agelanthus sambesiacus (Engl. & Schinz) Polhill & Wiens, present
Tapinanthus terminaliae (Engl. & Gilg) Danser, accepted as
Agelanthus terminaliae (Engl. & Gilg) Polhill & Wiens
Tieghemia
Genus
Tieghemia :
[4]
Vanwykia
Genus
Vanwykia :
[4]
Olacaceae
Family:
Olacaceae ,
[4]
Olax
Genus
Olax :
[4]
Ximenia
Genus
Ximenia :
[4]
Ximenia americana L. indigenous
Ximenia americana L. var. microphylla Welw. ex Oliv. indigenous
Ximenia caffra Sond. indigenous
Ximenia caffra Sond. var. caffra , indigenous
Ximenia caffra Sond. var. natalensis Sond. indigenous
Santalaceae
Family:
Santalaceae ,
[4]
Colpoon
Genus
Colpoon :
[4]
Lacomucinaea
Genus
Lacomucinaea :
[4]
Osyridicarpos
Genus
Osyridicarpos :
[4]
Osyris
Genus
Osyris :
[4]
Rhoiacarpos
Genus
Rhoiacarpos :
[4]
Thesidium
Genus
Thesidium :
[4]
Thesium
Genus
Thesium :
[4]
Thesium abietinum Schltr. accepted as
Thesium imbricatum Thunb. present
Thesium acuminatum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium acutissimum A.DC. indigenous
Thesium affine Schltr. accepted as
Thesium quinqueflorum Sond. present
Thesium aggregatum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium alatum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
Thesium albomontanum Compton, endemic
Thesium angulosum DC. endemic
Thesium annulatum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium archeri Compton, endemic
Thesium aristatum Schltr. accepted as
Thesium spinulosum A.DC. present
Thesium asperifolium A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium asterias A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium bathyschistum Schltr. endemic
Thesium boissierianum A.DC. endemic
Thesium brachygyne Schltr. endemic
Thesium breyeri N.E.Br. indigenous
Thesium burchellii A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium burkei A.W.Hill, accepted as
Thesium resedoides A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium capitatum L. endemic
Thesium capitellatum A.DC. endemic
Thesium capituliflorum Sond. endemic
Thesium carinatum A.DC. indigenous
Thesium carinatum A.DC. var. carinatum , endemic
Thesium carinatum A.DC. var. pallidum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium celatum N.E.Br. indigenous
Thesium commutatum Sond. endemic
Thesium confine Sond. indigenous
Thesium confusum J.C.Manning & F.Forest, endemic
Thesium congestum R.A.Dyer, indigenous
Thesium conostylum Schltr. accepted as
Thesium hispidulum Lam. ex Sond. var. subglabrum A.W.Hill, present
Thesium cordatum A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium coriarium A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium cornigerum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium corymbuligerum Sond. accepted as
Thesium virgatum Lam. present
Thesium costatum A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium costatum A.W.Hill var. costatum , indigenous
Thesium costatum A.W.Hill var. juniperinum A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium costatum A.W.Hill var. paniculatum N.E.Br. indigenous
Thesium crassifolium Sond. endemic
Thesium cupressoides A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium cymosum A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium cytisoides A.W.Hill, accepted as
Thesium utile A.W.Hill, present
Thesium davidsonae Brenan, endemic
Thesium deceptum N.E.Br. endemic
Thesium decipiens Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
Thesium densiflorum A.DC. endemic
Thesium densum N.E.Br. endemic
Thesium disciflorum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium disparile N.E.Br. endemic
Thesium dissitiflorum Schltr. endemic
Thesium diversifolium Sond. endemic
Thesium dumale N.E.Br. accepted as
Thesium resedoides A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium durum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
Thesium ecklonianum Sond. endemic
Thesium elatius Sond. endemic
Thesium ephedroides A.W.Hill, accepted as
Lacomucinaea lineata (L.f.) Nickrent & M.A.Garcia
Thesium equisetoides Welw. ex Hiern, indigenous
Thesium ericaefolium A.DC. endemic
Thesium euphorbioides L. endemic
Thesium euphrasioides A.DC. endemic
Thesium exile N.E.Br. endemic
Thesium fallax Schltr. endemic
Thesium fimbriatum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium flexuosum A.DC. endemic
Thesium foliosum A.DC. endemic
Thesium fragile L.f. endemic
Thesium fragile Link ex A.DC. accepted as
Thesium crassifolium Sond. present
Thesium frisea L. var. frisea , endemic
Thesium frisea L. var. thunbergii A.DC. endemic
Thesium fructicosum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium fruticulosum (A.W.Hill) J.C.Manning & F.Forest, endemic
Thesium funale L. endemic
Thesium galioides A.DC. endemic
Thesium glaucescens A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium globosum A.DC. accepted as
Thesium strigulosum A.DC. indigenous
Thesium glomeratum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium glomeruliflorum Sond. endemic
Thesium gnidiaceum A.DC. indigenous
Thesium gnidiaceum A.DC. var. gnidiaceum , endemic
Thesium gnidiaceum A.DC. var. zeyheri Sond. endemic
Thesium goetzeanum Engl. indigenous
Thesium gracilarioides A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium gracile A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium gracilentum N.E.Br. indigenous
Thesium griseum Sond. indigenous
Thesium gypsophiloides A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium helichrysoides A.W.Hill, accepted as
Thesium penicillatum A.W.Hill, present
Thesium hillianum Compton, endemic
Thesium hirsutum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium hispidulum Lam. ex Sond. indigenous
Thesium hispidulum Lam. ex Sond. var. hispidulum , endemic
Thesium hispidulum Lam. ex Sond. var. subglabrum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium hispidum Schltr. accepted as
Thesium hispidulum Lam. ex Sond. var. hispidulum , present
Thesium hollandii Compton, endemic
Thesium horridum Pilg. endemic
Thesium hystricoides A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium hystrix A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium imbricatum Thunb. indigenous
Thesium impeditum A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium inversum N.E.Br. endemic
Thesium jeanae Brenan, indigenous
Thesium junceum Bernh. indigenous
Thesium junceum Bernh. var. junceum , endemic
Thesium junceum Bernh. var. mammosum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium junceum Bernh. var. plantagineum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium juncifolium DC. endemic
Thesium junodii A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium karooicum Compton, endemic
Thesium lacinulatum A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium leptocaule Sond. endemic
Thesium leptostachyum A.DC. endemic
Thesium lesliei N.E.Br. indigenous
Thesium lineatum L.f. accepted as
Lacomucinaea lineata (L.f.) Nickrent & M.A.Garcia, indigenous
Thesium lisae-mariae Stauffer, endemic
Thesium litoreum Brenan, endemic
Thesium lobelioides A.DC. indigenous
Thesium macrogyne A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium macrostachyum A.DC. endemic
Thesium magalismontanum Sond. indigenous
Thesium marlothii Schltr. endemic
Thesium maximiliani Schltr. accepted as
Thesium rariflorum Sond. present
Thesium megalocarpum A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium microcarpum A.DC. endemic
Thesium microcephalum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium micromeria A.DC. endemic
Thesium micropogon A.DC. endemic
Thesium minus (A.W.Hill) J.C.Manning & F.Forest, endemic
Thesium mossii N.E.Br. endemic
Thesium multiramulosum Pilg. indigenous
Thesium namaquense Schltr. endemic
Thesium natalense Sond. indigenous
Thesium nationae A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium nigromontanum Sond. endemic
Thesium nigrum A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium nudicaule A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium occidentale A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium oresigenum Compton, endemic
Thesium orientale A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium pallidum A.DC. indigenous
Thesium paniculatum L. endemic
Thesium paronychioides Sond. endemic
Thesium patersoniae A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium patulum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium penicillatum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium phyllostachyum Sond. endemic
Thesium pinifolium A.DC. endemic
Thesium pleuroloma A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium podocarpum A.DC. accepted as
Thesium fragile L.f. indigenous
Thesium polycephalum Schltr. endemic
Thesium polygaloides A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium pottiae N.E.Br. indigenous
Thesium procerum N.E.Br. indigenous
Thesium prostratum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium pseudovirgatum Levyns, endemic
Thesium pubescens A.DC. endemic
Thesium pungens A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium pycnanthum Schltr. endemic
Thesium quinqueflorum Sond. endemic
Thesium racemosum Bernh. indigenous
Thesium rariflorum Sond. endemic
Thesium rasum (A.W.Hill) N.E.Br. indigenous
Thesium repandum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium resedoides A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium resinifolium N.E.Br. endemic
Thesium rigidum Sond. indigenous
Thesium rogersii A.W.Hill, accepted as
Thesium goetzeanum Engl. indigenous
Thesium rufescens A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium scabrum L. endemic
Thesium scandens E.Mey. ex Sond. endemic
Thesium schumannianum Schltr. endemic
Thesium scirpioides A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium sedifolium A.DC. ex Levyns, accepted as
Thesium crassifolium Sond. present
Thesium selagineum A.DC. endemic
Thesium semotum N.E.Br. endemic
Thesium sertulariastrum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium sonderianum Schltr. endemic
Thesium spartioides A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium spicatum L. endemic
Thesium spinosum L.f. endemic
Thesium spinulosum A.DC. endemic
Thesium squarrosum L.f. indigenous
Thesium strictum P.J.Bergius, endemic
Thesium strigulosum A.DC. endemic
Thesium subnudum Sond. indigenous
Thesium subnudum Sond. var. foliosum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium subnudum Sond. var. subnudum , endemic
Thesium subsimile N.E.Br. endemic
Thesium susannae A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium thunbergianum A.DC. accepted as
Thesium selagineum A.DC. present
Thesium translucens A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium transvaalense Schltr. endemic
Thesium triflorum Thunb. ex L.f. indigenous
Thesium umbelliferum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium urceolatum A.W.Hill, endemic
Thesium utile A.W.Hill, indigenous
Thesium vahrmeijeri Brenan, endemic
Thesium virens E.Mey. ex A.DC. endemic
Thesium virgatum Lam. endemic
Thesium viridifolium Levyns, endemic
Thesium viscibaccatum Dinter, accepted as
Lacomucinaea lineata (L.f.) Nickrent & M.A.Garcia
Thesium whitehillensis Compton, endemic
Thesium zeyheri A.DC. indigenous
Viscum
Genus
Viscum :
[4]
Viscum anceps E.Mey. ex Sprague, endemic
Viscum capense L.f. indigenous
Viscum capense L.f. subsp. hoolei Wiens, accepted as
Viscum hoolei Wiens, present
Viscum combreticola Engl. indigenous
Viscum continuum E.Mey. ex Sprague, endemic
Viscum crassulae Eckl. & Zeyh. endemic
Viscum dielsianum Dinter ex Neusser, indigenous
Viscum hoolei Wiens, indigenous
Viscum menyharthii Engl. & Schinz, indigenous
Viscum minimum Harv. endemic
Viscum nervosum Hochst. ex A.Rich. accepted as
Viscum triflorum DC.
Viscum obovatum Harv. indigenous
Viscum obscurum Thunb. indigenous
Viscum oreophilum Wiens, indigenous
Viscum pauciflorum L.f. endemic
Viscum rotundifolium L.f. indigenous
Viscum schaeferi Engl. & K.Krause, indigenous
Viscum spragueanum Burtt Davy, accepted as
Viscum tuberculatum A.Rich. present
Viscum subserratum Schltr. indigenous
Viscum triflorum DC. indigenous
Viscum triflorum DC. subsp. nervosum (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) M.G.Gilbert, accepted as
Viscum triflorum DC. present
Viscum tuberculatum A.Rich. indigenous
Viscum verrucosum Harv. indigenous
References
National taxon checklists
Plants
Animals Arthropods Arachnids
Harvestmen
Microwhip scorpions
Pseudoscorpions
Scorpions
Shorttailed whipscorpions
Solifugae
Araneae
Ixodida
Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions
Insects
Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies
Beetles
Booklice, barklice and barkflies
Butterflies and moths
Caddisflies
Cockroaches and termites
Dragonflies and damselflies
Earwigs
Fleas
Flies
Jumping bristletails
Lice
Mantises
Mayflies
Net-winged insects
Notoptera
Orthoptera
Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
Scorpionflies
Silverfish and firebrats
Stick and leaf insects
Stoneflies
Strepsiptera
Termites
Thrips
True bugs
Webspinners
Molluscs Vertebrates
Seaweeds
Fungi Related
Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists
Biodiversity research in SA
Research organisations Research projects Citizen science databases
Botanical gardens Taxonomists
Related
Regional biodiversity Legislation Publications