Flowering plants in the order Malpighiales recorded from South Africa
The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest
orders of
flowering plants , containing about 36 families and more than 16,000
species , about 7.8% of the
eudicots .
[1]
[2] The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the
willow ,
violet ,
poinsettia ,
manchineel ,
rafflesia and
coca plant , and are hard to recognize except with
molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is not part of any of the
classification systems based only on
plant morphology .
Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of
stem group Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago (
Mya ) and the origin of
crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.
[3]
The
anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a
clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the
angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as
roses and
grasses - as well as the
Gnetales and the extinct
Bennettitales .
[4]
23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.
[5] Nine
biomes have been described in South Africa:
Fynbos , Succulent
Karoo ,
desert ,
Nama Karoo ,
grassland ,
savanna ,
Albany thickets , the
Indian Ocean coastal belt , and
forests .
[6]
The 2018
South African National Biodiversity Institute 's
National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla
Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)),
Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)),
Bryophyta (mosses (685)),
Cycadophyta (cycads (42)),
Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)),
Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)),
Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and
Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).
[7]
20
families are represented in the literature. Listed
taxa include
species ,
subspecies ,
varieties , and
forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as
synonyms , in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect
taxonomic revision over time.
Achariaceae
Family:
Achariaceae ,
[7]
Acharia
Genus
Acharia :
[7]
Ceratiosicyos
Genus
Ceratiosicyos :
[7]
Guthriea
Genus
Guthriea :
[7]
Kiggelaria
Genus
Kiggelaria :
[7]
Rawsonia
Genus
Rawsonia :
[7]
Xylotheca
Genus
Xylotheca :
[7]
Chrysobalanaceae
Family:
Chrysobalanaceae ,
[7]
Parinari
Genus
Parinari :
[7]
Clusiaceae
Family:
Clusiaceae ,
[7]
Clusia
Genus
Clusia :
[7]
Clusia rosea Jacq. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
Garcinia
Genus
Garcinia :
[7]
Dichapetalaceae
Family:
Dichapetalaceae ,
[7]
Dichapetalum
Genus
Dichapetalum :
[7]
Tapura
Genus
Tapura :
[7]
Elatinaceae
Family:
Elatinaceae ,
[7]
Bergia
Genus
Bergia :
[7]
Elatine
Genus
Elatine :
[7]
Erythroxylaceae
Family:
Erythroxylaceae ,
[7]
Erythroxylum
Genus
Erythroxylum :
[7]
Nectaropetalum
Genus
Nectaropetalum :
[7]
Euphorbiaceae
Family:
Euphorbiaceae ,
[7] 47 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.
Hypericaceae
Family:
Hypericaceae ,
[7]
Hypericum
Genus
Hypericum :
[7]
Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. indigenous
Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. subsp. aethiopicum , indigenous
Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. subsp. sonderi (Bredell) N.Robson, indigenous
Hypericum androsaemum L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Hypericum canariense L. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
Hypericum forrestii (Chitt.) N.Robson, not indigenous, naturalised
Hypericum hookerianum Wight & Arn. not indigenous, naturalised
Hypericum lalandii Choisy, indigenous
Hypericum natalense J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans, indigenous
Hypericum perforatum L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Hypericum pseudohenryi N.Robson, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Hypericum revolutum Vahl, indigenous
Hypericum revolutum Vahl subsp. revolutum , indigenous
Hypericum roeperianum G.W.Schimp. ex A.Rich. indigenous
Hypericum roeperianum G.W.Schimp. ex A.Rich. var. roeperianum , indigenous
Hypericum wilmsii R.Keller, indigenous
Linaceae
Family:
Linaceae ,
[7]
Hugonia
Genus
Hugonia :
[7]
Linum
Genus
Linum :
[7]
Malpighiaceae
Family:
Malpighiaceae ,
[7]
Acridocarpus
Genus
Acridocarpus :
[7]
Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. indigenous
Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. linearifolius Launert, indigenous
Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. natalitius , indigenous
Sphedamnocarpus
Genus
Sphedamnocarpus :
[7]
Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. indigenous
Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. galphimiifolius (A.Juss.) P.D.de Villiers & D.J.B, indigenous
Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. pruriens , indigenous
Sphedamnocarpus transvalicus (Kuntze) Burtt Davy, accepted as
Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. galphimiifolius (A.Juss.) P.D.de Villiers & D.J.B, present
Triaspis
Genus
Triaspis :
[7]
Triaspis glaucophylla Engl. endemic
Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. indigenous
Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. canescens (Engl.) Immelman, indigenous
Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. hypericoides , indigenous
Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. nelsonii (Oliv.) Immelman, indigenous
Ochnaceae
Family:
Ochnaceae ,
[7]
Brackenridgea
Genus
Brackenridgea :
[7]
Ochna
Genus
Ochna :
[7]
Passifloraceae
Family:
Passifloraceae ,
[7]
Adenia
Genus
Adenia :
[7]
Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. indigenous
Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy, indigenous
Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy subsp. fruticosa , endemic
Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy subsp. simplicifolia W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy subsp. trifoliata W.J.de Wilde, endemic
Adenia glauca Schinz, indigenous
Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms, indigenous
Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. gummifera , indigenous
Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz, indigenous
Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz var. glandulifera W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz var. hastata , indigenous
Adenia natalensis W.J.de Wilde, endemic
Adenia repanda (Burch.) Engl. indigenous
Adenia spinosa Burtt Davy, indigenous
Adenia wilmsii Harms, endemic
Basananthe
Genus
Basananthe :
[7]
Paropsia
Genus
Paropsia :
[7]
Passiflora
Genus
Passiflora :
[7]
Passiflora caerulea L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Passiflora edulis Sims, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Passiflora foetida L. not indigenous, naturalised
Passiflora manicata (Juss.) Pers. not indigenous, naturalised
Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L.H.Bailey, accepted as
Passiflora tripartita Breiter var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P.Jorg. not indigenous, naturalised
Passiflora suberosa L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Passiflora tripartita Breiter var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P.Jorg. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Schlechterina
Genus
Schlechterina :
[7]
Phyllanthaceae
Family:
Phyllanthaceae ,
[7]
Andrachne
Genus
Andrachne :
[7]
Antidesma
Genus
Antidesma :
[7]
Bridelia
Genus
Bridelia :
[7]
Bridelia cathartica G.Bertol. indigenous
Bridelia cathartica G.Bertol. subsp. cathartica , indigenous
Bridelia cathartica G.Bertol. var. melanthesoides forma melanthesoides , indigenous
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. indigenous
Bridelia mollis Hutch. indigenous
Cleistanthus
Genus
Cleistanthus :
[7]
Flueggea
Genus
Flueggea :
[7]
Flueggea verrucosa (Thunb.) G.L.Webster, endemic
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt, indigenous
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt subsp. virosa , indigenous
Heywoodia
Genus
Heywoodia :
[7]
Hymenocardia
Genus
Hymenocardia :
[7]
Lachnostylis
Genus
Lachnostylis :
[7]
Margaritaria
Genus
Margaritaria :
[7]
Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster, indigenous
Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster var. fagifolia (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster var. nitida (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
Phyllanthus
Genus
Phyllanthus :
[7]
Phyllanthus asperulatus Hutch. indigenous
Phyllanthus burchellii Mull.Arg. accepted as
Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Radcl.-Sm. present
Phyllanthus cedrelifolius I.Verd. accepted as
Phyllanthus polyanthus Pax, present
Phyllanthus delagoensis Hutch. indigenous
Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster, not indigenous, naturalised
Phyllanthus genistoides Sond. accepted as
Phyllanthus incurvus Thunb. present
Phyllanthus glaucophyllus Sond. indigenous
Phyllanthus graminicola Hutch. ex S.Moore, indigenous
Phyllanthus heterophyllus E.Mey. ex Mull.Arg. indigenous
Phyllanthus incurvus Thunb. indigenous
Phyllanthus loandensis Welw. ex Mull.Arg. indigenous
Phyllanthus macranthus Pax, indigenous
Phyllanthus macranthus Pax var. macranthus , indigenous
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. indigenous
Phyllanthus meyerianus Mull.Arg. indigenous
Phyllanthus myrtaceus Sond. indigenous
Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. indigenous
Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. var. nummulariifolius , indigenous
Phyllanthus omahakensis Dinter & Pax, indigenous
Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. indigenous
Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. parvulus , indigenous
Phyllanthus pentandrus Schumach. & Thonn. indigenous
Phyllanthus pinnatus (Wight) G.L.Webster, indigenous
Phyllanthus polyanthus Pax, indigenous
Phyllanthus polyspermus Schumach. indigenous
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. indigenous
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. var. reticulatus , indigenous
Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Mull.Arg. accepted as
Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Radcl.-Sm. present
Pseudolachnostylis
Genus
Pseudolachnostylis :
[7]
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax, indigenous
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax var. dekindtii (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax var. glabra (Pax) Brenan, indigenous
Picrodendraceae
Family:
Picrodendraceae ,
[7]
Androstachys
Genus
Androstachys :
[7]
Hyaenanche
Genus
Hyaenanche :
[7]
Podostemaceae
Family:
Podostemaceae ,
[7]
Leiothylax
Genus
Leiothylax :
[7]
Sphaerothylax
Genus
Sphaerothylax :
[7]
Tristicha
Genus
Tristicha :
[7]
Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Spreng. indigenous
Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Spreng. subsp. trifaria , indigenous
Putranjivaceae
Family:
Putranjivaceae ,
[7]
Drypetes
Genus
Drypetes :
[7]
Rhizophoraceae
Family:
Rhizophoraceae ,
[7]
Bruguiera
Genus
Bruguiera :
[7]
Cassipourea
Genus
Cassipourea :
[7]
Ceriops
Genus
Ceriops :
[7]
Rhizophora
Genus
Rhizophora :
[7]
Salicaceae
Family:
Salicaceae ,
[7]
Casearia
Genus
Casearia :
[7]
Dovyalis
Genus
Dovyalis :
[7]
Flacourtia
Genus
Flacourtia :
[7]
Homalium
Genus
Homalium :
[7]
Oncoba
Genus
Oncoba :
[7]
Oncoba spinosa Forssk. indigenous
Oncoba spinosa Forssk. subsp. spinosa , indigenous
Populus
Genus
Populus :
[7]
Populus alba L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Populus alba L. var. alba , not indigenous, naturalised
Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall subsp. deltoides , not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Populus nigra L. not indigenous, naturalised
Populus nigra L. var. italica Munchh. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Pseudoscolopia
Genus
Pseudoscolopia :
[7]
Salix
Genus
Salix :
[7]
Salix babylonica L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Salix babylonica L. var. babylonica , not indigenous, naturalised
Salix caprea L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Salix mucronata Thunb. indigenous
Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Immelman, accepted as
Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. mucronata , present
Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. hirsuta (Thunb.) Immelman, endemic
Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. mucronata , indigenous
Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. wilmsii (Seemen) Immelman, accepted as
Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. woodii (Seemen) Immelman, present
Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. woodii (Seemen) Immelman, indigenous
Salix subserrata Willd. accepted as
Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. subserrata (Willd.) R.H.Archer & Jordaan
Salix x fragilis L. var. fragilis , not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Scolopia
Genus
Scolopia :
[7]
Trimeria
Genus
Trimeria :
[7]
Turneraceae
Family:
Turneraceae ,
[7]
Afroqueta
Genus
Afroqueta :
[7]
Piriqueta
Genus
Piriqueta :
[7]
Streptopetalum
Genus
Streptopetalum :
[7]
Tricliceras
Genus
Tricliceras :
[7]
Violaceae
Family:
Violaceae ,
[7]
Hybanthus
Genus
Hybanthus :
[7]
Hybanthus capensis (Thunb.) Engl. indigenous
Hybanthus densifolius Engl. indigenous
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. not indigenous, naturalised
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. var. caffer (Sond.) N.Robson, not indigenous, naturalised
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. var. enneaspermus , not indigenous, naturalised
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. var. serratus Engl. not indigenous, naturalised
Hybanthus parviflorus (L.f.) Baill. not indigenous, naturalised
Rinorea
Genus
Rinorea :
[7]
Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. indigenous
Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. subsp. natalensis (Engl.) Grey-Wilson, indigenous
Rinorea domatiosa A.E.van Wyk, endemic
Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze, indigenous
Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze subsp. ilicifolia , indigenous
Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze subsp. ilicifolia var. ilicifolia , indigenous
Viola
Genus
Viola :
[7]
References
^ Endress, Peter K.; Davis, Charles C.; Matthews, Merran L. (May 2013).
"Advances in the floral structural characterization of the major subclades of Malpighiales, one of the largest orders of flowering plants" .
Annals of Botany . 111 (5): 969–985.
doi :
10.1093/aob/mct056 .
PMC
3631340 .
^
Stevens, P.F. (2020) [2001].
"Malpighiales" .
AP Web v. 14 .
Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 28 April 2020 .
^ Magallón, Susana; Castillo, Amanda (2009). "Angiosperm diversification through time". American Journal of Botany . 96 (1): 349–365.
doi :
10.3732/ajb.0800060 .
PMID
21628193 .
^ Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review . 52 (4): 321–431.
doi :
10.1007/bf02861082 .
^ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019).
"Total number of plant species by country" . Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019 .
^
"Vegetation of South Africa" . PlantZAfrica.com . SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019 .
^
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"species_checklist_20180710.csv" . South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020 .
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