This article lists a number of significant events in
science that have occurred in the first quarter of
2023.
Events
January
3 January – Researchers report molecular mechanisms that appear to underlie some of the reported health benefits of periods of
intermittent fasting: changes to
gene expression or rhythmicity of ~80% of all mouse genes in at least one tissue.[1][2]
4 January: A
metascience study delivers various insights and theories about the growth, practices, and changes of
science overall from citation analysis of a large corpus of scientific papers.
4 January –
Metascientists introduce the 'CD index' intended to characterize "how papers and patents change networks of
citations in
science and
technology" and report
that it has declined, which they interpret as "
slowing rates of disruption". They propose linking this to changes to three "use of previous knowledge"-indicators which they interpret as "contemporary
discovery and
invention" being informed by "a narrower scope of existing
knowledge". The overall number of papers has risen while the total of "highly disruptive" papers hasn't. The
1998 discovery of the
accelerating expansion of the universe has a CD index of 0. Their results also suggest scientists and inventors "may be struggling to keep up with the pace of knowledge expansion".[3][4]
5 January
Scientists report the discovery of an unknown thin
membranemeningeal layer in
brain anatomy, the
SLYM, that likely plays a role in
CSF functions and is both a protective barrier and hosting immune cells that monitor the brain for infection and
inflammation.[5][6]
Archaeologists report that notational signs
from ~37,000 years ago in caves, apparently conveying
calendaric meaning about the behaviour of animal species drawn next to them, are
the first known (proto-)
writing in history.[7][8]
A study (30 Jan) outlines challenges of
aviation decarbonization by 2050 whose identified factors mainly are future demand, continuous
efficiency improvements, new short-haul engines, higher
SAF (biofuel) production,
CO2 removal to compensate for non-CO2 forcing, and related policy-options. With constant air transport demand and aircraft efficiency, decarbonizing aviation would require nearly five times the 2019 worldwide
biofuel production, competing with other hard-to-decarbonize sectors and land-use (or
food security).[13]
5 January: Archaeologists report that notational signs
from ~37,000 years ago in caves, apparently conveying
calendaric meaning about the behaviour of animal species drawn next to them, are
the first known (proto-)
writing in history.
The long-term impact of
biodiversity loss in
Madagascar is modelled, suggesting that recovery from extinctions could take as long as 23 million years.[22][23]
NASA publishes images of a
debris disk surrounding the red dwarf
AU Mic, taken by the James Webb Space Telescope, capturing details as close to the star as 5 astronomical units (~750 million km) â the equivalent of Jupiter's orbit in the Solar System.[27]
A team led by
David Sinclair shows how
DNA breaks are a major driver of
epigenetic change, and how the loss of epigenetic information is a cause of
aging in mammals. Using a treatment based on
Yamanaka factors, they demonstrate an ability to drive aging in both the forward and reverse directions in mice.[35][36][37]
In a
review, the authors of a heavily cited paper on the
hallmarks of aging update the set of proposed hallmarks after a decade (3 Jan).[38][39] On the same day, a review with overlapping authors merge or link various hallmarks of cancer with those of aging.[40][additional citation(s) needed]
A study reports the development of
deep learning software using anatomic magnetic resonance images to
estimatebrain age with the highest accuracy for AI so far, including detecting early signs of Alzheimer's disease and varying
neuroanatomical patterns of neurological aging (3 Jan).[41][42]
In a
preprint, another team of researchers reports the use of
reprogramming to modestly extend the lifespan in elderly mice. However, if it was also applicable to humans, risks reportedly may include the formation of cancer (5 Jan).[36][43][44]
News outlets report on an
investigation and a set of recent studies that indicate that carbon emission reductions from projects launched to earn
carbon-offset credits have been vastly overstated to the extent that ~90% of
rainforest offset credits of the
Verified Carbon Standard are called likely to be "phantom credits".[69]
A
metagenomic analysis provides data and insights into microbial sharing between individuals, finding substantial strain sharing among cohabiting individuals, with median strain-sharing rates for the gut and oral
microbiomes being 12% (34% for mothers and their 0â3-years-old offspring) and 32% (38% for partners) in the used data. Time since cohabitation was the largest factor and bacterial strain sharing "recapitulated host population structures better[clarification needed] than species-level profiles did".[70][71]
A novel potentially significantly more efficient
text-to-image approach, as implemented in MUSE, is reported (2 Jan).[94][95]
A first successful autonomous long-duration operation (Dec 21 and/or Dec 22), including simulated
combat, of a modified
F-16 fighter jet,
X-62A, by two AI software is reported (4 Jan).[96][97][98]
A
text-to-speech synthesizer,
VALL-E, that can be trained to mimic anybody's
voice with just three seconds of voice data and may produce the most natural-sounding results to date is reported in a preprint (5 Jan).[99][100]
A use of world models for a wide range of domains that makes decisions using e.g. different 3D worlds and reward frequencies and outperforms previous approaches, DreamerV3, is reported as a step towards
general artificial intelligence in a preprint (10 Jan).[101][102]
A study reports the development of
deep learning algorithms to identify
technosignature candidates, finding 8 potential alien signals not detected earlier (30 Jan).[109][110]
Chatbot and text-generating AI,
ChatGPT (released on 30 Nov 2022), a
large language model, becomes highly popular, with some considering the large public's attention as unwarranted hype as potential applications are limited, similar software such as
Cleverbot existed for many years, and the software is, on the fundamental level, not structured toward accuracy â e.g. providing seemingly credible but incorrect answers to queries and operating "without a contextual
understanding of the language" â but only toward essentially the authenticity of mimicked human language (~Jan).[111][112][113][114][115] It was estimated that only two months after its launch, it had 100 million active users.[116] Applications may include solving or supporting school writing assignments,[117] malicious
social bots (e.g. for
misinformation, propaganda, and scams),[118][119] and providing inspiration (e.g.
for artistic writing or in design or
ideation in general).[120][121]
23 January
The most affordable
carbon capture and conversion system to date, bringing the cost down to just $39 per metric ton, is revealed. The process takes
flue gas from power plants, uses a solvent to strip out the CO2, then converts it to industrially-useful
methanol.[122][123]
A
geophysical study reports that the spin of the
Earth's inner core has stopped
spinning faster than the
planet's surface and likely is now rotating slower than it. This is not thought to have major effects and one cycle of the oscillation is about seven decades, coinciding with several other geophysical periodicities.[127][128]
25 January
Engineers report the design of millimetre-sized robots able to rapidly shift between liquid and solid states. The devices could be used to fix electronics or remove objects from the body.[129][130]
The US
NIH begins "requiring most of the 300,000 researchers and 2,500 institutions it funds annually to include a data-management plan in their grant applications â and to eventually make their data publicly available".
Advantages of such requirements may include making science more accessible, increasing public trust in science and increasing efficiency and
reproducibility.[141]
ESA reports the successful demonstration of a braking sail-based satellite deorbiter, ADEO, which could be used by
space debris mitigation measures.[144][145]
30 January
Climate scientists predict, using
artificial intelligence, that
global warming will exceed 1.5 °C in the next decade (scenario
SSP2-4.5), and a nearly 70% chance of 2 °C between 2044 and 2065 (~2054) â a substantial probability of exceeding the 2 °C threshold â even if emissions rapidly decline (scenario
SSP1-2.6).[146][147]
In two studies (4 & 30 Jan) separate teams of researchers report substantial improvements to
green hydrogenproduction methods, enabling higher efficiencies and durable use of untreated seawater.[148][149][150][151]
31 January – A news outlet reports on a study (9 Nov 2022) that concludes that a "visual flicker paradigm to
entrain individuals at their own brain rhythm (i.e. peak
alpha frequency)"
results in substantially faster perceptual visual
learning, maintained the day following training.[152][153]
February
6 February: A previously unknown cell mechanism explains how cells 'remember' their identity when they divide.8 February: The dwarf planet
Quaoar is found to have a ring system.
A previously unknown cell mechanism involved in
aging is discovered, which explains how cells 'remember' their identity when they divide â the cells' so-called
epigenetic memory.[159][additional citation(s) needed]
The first direct transfer of
qubits between
quantum computer microchips is demonstrated, with a 99.999993% accuracy rate and connection speed of 2424/s. The research team suggests their work has "the potential to scale-up by connecting hundreds or even thousands of quantum computing microchips."[180][181]
A study reports results of the first
longevitycaloric restriction (CR) trial,
CALERIE, finding that two years of nonintermittent CR slowed the pace of aging as measured by one of three
aging clocks (modest DunedinPACE effects).[188][189]
13 February â
Publichealth knowledge becomes more robust: a study demonstrates that
school meal programs (the
HHFKA) can substantially
improve the health of youths as measured by
BMI.[192][193] Scientists show associations between
ultra-processed foods (such as breakfast cereals) consumption and
cancer-related mortality in ~200,000
UK Biobank participants (31 Jan).[194][195] An
umbrella review confirms that
physical activity is highly beneficial (as in ~1.5 times more effective than counseling) for improving symptoms of
depression,
anxiety and distress in adults and should be one "mainstay approach" (1 Feb).[196] A separate
review comes to similar conclusions for depressive symptoms, also giving broad recommendations for the selection of exercise type(s), i.a. reporting
AE and
RE types showed large effects whereas mixing both did not (1 Feb).[197] Scientists, using data of ~9 million U.S. citizens, report worldwide-prevalent
air pollution is a potential risk factor for
late-onset depression (10 Feb).[198][199] A study expands on the evidence of air pollution-related
bone damage (14 Feb).[200]
The engineering of
metastructures that allow the electrical fields inside the device to be controlled at the sub-wavelength scale is shown to be a viable approach for developing ultra-fast electronics in
6G communications.[210][211]
A study strengthens (see also
26 Sep 2022) the invalidation of the common
argument for high
medication costs that research and development (R&D) investments are reflected in and necessitate the treatment costs, finding that during recent decades, the largest
biopharmaceutical companies spent more on selling, general and administrative activities (
SG&A such as
marketing and
advertising) than on R&D, with the same largely also applying to
share buybacks. It also mentions past
public investments, suggests valuable
innovation could
getaccelerated and concludes that high prices in specific as well as higher new medication price medians â both burdens to
consumers and
healthcare systems â are not justified.[219][220]
16 February
An effective new method for
carbon dioxide removal from the ocean is described. It could be implemented by ships that would process seawater as they travel, at offshore drilling platforms or aquaculture fish farms.[221]
19 February â A study reports that
rationing has been neglected as a policy option for
mitigating climate change, and, partly based on historical data and economic analysis, concludes that such
personal carbon allowances (PCAs) for few or many products could help states reduce emissions rapidly and
fairly. It suggests built-in
fair shares mechanisms would be a key part of two-currency PCA
economics and that
carbon taxes-only economics would not have effects that are as quick and equitable, with their fairness issues potentially including
disproportionate impacts on low-income populations (or intensified
economic inequality in general). There could be 'carbon cards' for all-encompassing CAs (e.g. using
life-cycle assessment for
supermarket items [as in
8 Aug 2022) or per-capita rationing of (scientifically) selected goods such as
meat,
flights, and/or
fossil fuels to adapt to the
scarce (physically limited)
carbon budget available to
meet goals. PCAs could also help address other issues such as the
energy crisis and viably accelerate
sustainability transitions of domains ranging from
lifestyles to
investments but may require smaller initial steps than an entire-population-national rationing implementation.[232][233]
Neuroethicists propose a framework that differentiates
consciousness into multiple (ten) dimensions, relevant to
consciousness studies and questions about
non-human consciousness, with nuanced cognitive capacity levels in each that via indicators could form comparable consciousness profiles.[244] On 23 February, a study reports first brain recordings of freely moving
octopuses, which are among the
most intelligent animals of Earth, also enabling novel intelligence studies and finding both human-like and never-before-seen
brain waves.[245][246]
Soft,
3D-printed heart replicas that can be personalised for individual patients are demonstrated by engineers for applications in device development, procedural planning, and
outcome prediction.[252][253]
The world's first
COVID-19 drug designed by
generativeAI is approved for human use, with clinical trials expected to begin in China. The new drug, ISM3312, is developed by
Insilico Medicine.[267]
The channelling of
ions into defined pathways in
perovskite materials is shown to improve the stability and operational performance of
perovskite solar cells. A research team claims this could boost their efficiency from 25 to 40%.[278][279]
A new record for the closest and oldest
ultracool dwarf binary pair is reported. The newly discovered stars, in a system named
LP 413-53AB, orbit each other in just 17 hours and are believed to be billions of years old.[303][304]
Bioengineers show bodily system changes can induce
anxiety, in specific altered
heart rate by itself in risky contexts,[310][311] after earlier studies also implicated
immune system elements.[312][313]
An "adversarial
collaboration" study shows larger financial
incomes increase mental
wellbeing beyond a previously believed flattening threshold, except for a ceiled "
unhappy" minority.[314][315]
After a study (27 Feb) indicated pathological changes to subcortical motor and cognitive hubs in (fatigued)
long COVID cases,[334] a small comparative study shows
differences in volumes of
brainstem regions are similar for
ME/CFS and long COVID patients, being larger than in 10 healthy subjects.[335][336]
6 March â The highest-granularity study
on food GHGs reports that
global food consumptionalone would lead tofailedclimate goals with constant patterns, with ~75% of the projected warming
due to ruminant meat, dairy and
rice, albeit consumption currently shifts towards higher emissions overall as economic development is expected to facilitate acquisitions of undifferentiated goods like beef.[340][341]
16 March: A global rise of high-risk pathogen labs raises
pandemic prevention concerns.
8 March
A new way of
capturing carbon, which transforms the gas into
bicarbonate of soda and stores it safely in seawater, is shown to be three times more efficient than existing methods.[342][343]
9 March â Researchers report the development of a fuel cell
implant powered by
bloodglucose. It can also release
insulin at certain levels and have enough energy to allow smartphone implant control.[350][351]
10 March
The entire brain of a fruit fly larva is
mapped in complete detail for the first time, showing all 3,016 neurons and 548,000 synapses.[352][353]
News outlets report on a study (27 Feb), alongside related reports, that concludes "Russia's role as a major player in the global
nuclear power sector has remained largely
belowthe [Russian invasion of Ukraine related] sanctions radar".[354][355] On 7 March, news reports of a study (28 Feb) that uses
ICIJ data to investigate offshore networks of oligarchs, suggesting sanctioning of professional intermediary
wealth managers.[356][357]
A study (1 Mar) reports average carbon footprints of average diets in a US
cohort that can be called vegan (~0.69
CO2-eq/1000 kcal), vegetarian (~1.16), pescatarian (~1.66), omnivore (~2.23), paleo (~2.62) and keto (~2.91) diets.
Pescatarian diets were the healthiest before the two other
plant-based diets.[368][369] There may also be substantial variation within diets.
Scientists report (22 Mar)
fMRI results showing daily consumption of a high-fat/high-sugar
snackalters, similar to drug addiction and likely directly,
brain reward circuits, altering food preferences.[374][375]
The
LLMGPT-4 is launched by
OpenAI.[376][377] It and ChatGPT based on it continue to receive major global media attention.
Researchers suggest that growing influence of industry in AI research means that "public interest alternatives for important AI tools may become increasingly scarce" (2 Mar).[378]
Google reveals
PaLM-E, an embodied
multimodal language model with 562 billion parameters (7 Mar).[379][380]
Google releases
chatbotBard due to effects of the ChatGPT release,[381] with potential for
integration into its Web search and, like ChatGPT software, also as a
software development helper tool[382] (21 Mar).
DuckDuckGo releases the DuckAssist feature integrated into its search engine that
summarizes information from Wikipedia to answer search queries that are questions (8 Mar). The experimental feature is shut down without explanation on 12 April.[383][384][385] Around the time, a proprietary feature by scite.ai is released that delivers answers that use research papers and provide
citations for the quoted paper(s). It may demonstrate an alternative approach to ChatGPT whose fundamental algorithms are not designed to generate text that is true, including for example "
hallucinations" and fake citations or
misinformation more generally.[386][387] Elicit.org may provide a free alternative to this tool.[388][389] A broader alternative approach to the software's Q&A applications and use of text generation for assignments may be the improvement of
media literacy and
Web search skills in
education systems.
A method for editing
NeRF scenes, a novel media technique from 2020,[390] with natural language
commands is demonstrated by Nvidia (22 Mar).[391][392]
An
open letter "Pause Giant AI Experiments" by the
Future of Life Institute calls for "AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4" due to "profound risks to society and humanity".[393][394] It received substantial media attention and also contributed to speculations about perceived large LLM potential (22 Mar). At the time there is extensive media coverage of views that regard ChatGPT as a potential step towards
AGI or sentient machines, also extending to some academic works (e.g. a popular 22 Mar
preprint by a company).[395] The coverage focused on such views may not represent the majority expert views and, for example, some researchers note that e.g. the ability to generate coherent text and imitations are not the same as understanding language.[396] A set of techniques under development include self-refining code or text.[397]
The first clear evidence of
activevolcanism on Venus is presented, based on a reanalysis of old images from the Magellan spacecraft.[398][399][400] On 24 March, a second study finds that
Venus hosts far more volcanoes than previously mapped, creating a new catalog.[401][402]
16 March â The first
Global Biolabs Report documents a rapid rise of high-risk pathogen labs around the world, many of which in urban areas or with particularly weak
biorisk management, with
BSL-4 labs doubling within a decade. Its results raise concerns about contemporary
pandemic prevention measures for which the report makes broad key recommendations to prevent reckless, accidental â for which there are track-records[409][410][411][412] â or malicious releases.[413][414]
17 March â A study suggests in developed countries (Sweden) wealth (lottery winning)
increases marriage formation and
fertility (likely via
desirability)
for males, with the only discernible effect on female winners being increased short-run (but not long-run) divorce risk.[415][416]
19 March â A news outlet reports on a
systematic study of major issues in
popular currently available commercial
VPNs for
Internet privacy and security.[417][418] On 3 March, researchers report on their paper about 'digital resignation', calling for regulations and
education reform.[419]
20 March
The final
synthesis of
the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report is published. It summarises the state of knowledge relating to
climate change with assessed levels of
confidence. Conclusions in the summary for contemporary policy-makers include that the extent to which both current and future
generations will be
impacted depends on choices now and in the near-term, with "high confidence" that
policies implemented by the end of 2020 are "projected to result in higher global
GHG emissions
in 2030 than emissions implied by
NDCs" and would
fail to meet
global climate goals.[420]
On 21 March, a psychologist reports on a study (10 Feb) that hypothesizes
mental health awareness efforts (in current forms) or glamorised and romanticised mental disorders
on social media (e.g. quotes about depression on aesthetically appealing backgrounds shared widely on certain social media[which?]) may contribute to the recent rise in reported mental health problems â by intensifying and over-diagnosing of such â beyond e.g. increased reporting of previously under-recognised symptoms or mental health-related issues.[436][437]
The first (9) multi-organ-based
humanvirome, of (31)
post-mortem healthy individuals, is published, including a dark virome from body sites previously considered to be
sterile. Positive and negative long-term consequences of such resident
DNA viruses, including
reactivation factors and issues, are largely unknown.[447][additional citation(s) needed]
A study of ~90,000 adults finds that increased
physical activity levels can reduce the mortality risks associated with short or long
sleep duration.[452][453]
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This article lists a number of significant events in
science that have occurred in the first quarter of
2023.
Events
January
3 January – Researchers report molecular mechanisms that appear to underlie some of the reported health benefits of periods of
intermittent fasting: changes to
gene expression or rhythmicity of ~80% of all mouse genes in at least one tissue.[1][2]
4 January: A
metascience study delivers various insights and theories about the growth, practices, and changes of
science overall from citation analysis of a large corpus of scientific papers.
4 January –
Metascientists introduce the 'CD index' intended to characterize "how papers and patents change networks of
citations in
science and
technology" and report
that it has declined, which they interpret as "
slowing rates of disruption". They propose linking this to changes to three "use of previous knowledge"-indicators which they interpret as "contemporary
discovery and
invention" being informed by "a narrower scope of existing
knowledge". The overall number of papers has risen while the total of "highly disruptive" papers hasn't. The
1998 discovery of the
accelerating expansion of the universe has a CD index of 0. Their results also suggest scientists and inventors "may be struggling to keep up with the pace of knowledge expansion".[3][4]
5 January
Scientists report the discovery of an unknown thin
membranemeningeal layer in
brain anatomy, the
SLYM, that likely plays a role in
CSF functions and is both a protective barrier and hosting immune cells that monitor the brain for infection and
inflammation.[5][6]
Archaeologists report that notational signs
from ~37,000 years ago in caves, apparently conveying
calendaric meaning about the behaviour of animal species drawn next to them, are
the first known (proto-)
writing in history.[7][8]
A study (30 Jan) outlines challenges of
aviation decarbonization by 2050 whose identified factors mainly are future demand, continuous
efficiency improvements, new short-haul engines, higher
SAF (biofuel) production,
CO2 removal to compensate for non-CO2 forcing, and related policy-options. With constant air transport demand and aircraft efficiency, decarbonizing aviation would require nearly five times the 2019 worldwide
biofuel production, competing with other hard-to-decarbonize sectors and land-use (or
food security).[13]
5 January: Archaeologists report that notational signs
from ~37,000 years ago in caves, apparently conveying
calendaric meaning about the behaviour of animal species drawn next to them, are
the first known (proto-)
writing in history.
The long-term impact of
biodiversity loss in
Madagascar is modelled, suggesting that recovery from extinctions could take as long as 23 million years.[22][23]
NASA publishes images of a
debris disk surrounding the red dwarf
AU Mic, taken by the James Webb Space Telescope, capturing details as close to the star as 5 astronomical units (~750 million km) â the equivalent of Jupiter's orbit in the Solar System.[27]
A team led by
David Sinclair shows how
DNA breaks are a major driver of
epigenetic change, and how the loss of epigenetic information is a cause of
aging in mammals. Using a treatment based on
Yamanaka factors, they demonstrate an ability to drive aging in both the forward and reverse directions in mice.[35][36][37]
In a
review, the authors of a heavily cited paper on the
hallmarks of aging update the set of proposed hallmarks after a decade (3 Jan).[38][39] On the same day, a review with overlapping authors merge or link various hallmarks of cancer with those of aging.[40][additional citation(s) needed]
A study reports the development of
deep learning software using anatomic magnetic resonance images to
estimatebrain age with the highest accuracy for AI so far, including detecting early signs of Alzheimer's disease and varying
neuroanatomical patterns of neurological aging (3 Jan).[41][42]
In a
preprint, another team of researchers reports the use of
reprogramming to modestly extend the lifespan in elderly mice. However, if it was also applicable to humans, risks reportedly may include the formation of cancer (5 Jan).[36][43][44]
News outlets report on an
investigation and a set of recent studies that indicate that carbon emission reductions from projects launched to earn
carbon-offset credits have been vastly overstated to the extent that ~90% of
rainforest offset credits of the
Verified Carbon Standard are called likely to be "phantom credits".[69]
A
metagenomic analysis provides data and insights into microbial sharing between individuals, finding substantial strain sharing among cohabiting individuals, with median strain-sharing rates for the gut and oral
microbiomes being 12% (34% for mothers and their 0â3-years-old offspring) and 32% (38% for partners) in the used data. Time since cohabitation was the largest factor and bacterial strain sharing "recapitulated host population structures better[clarification needed] than species-level profiles did".[70][71]
A novel potentially significantly more efficient
text-to-image approach, as implemented in MUSE, is reported (2 Jan).[94][95]
A first successful autonomous long-duration operation (Dec 21 and/or Dec 22), including simulated
combat, of a modified
F-16 fighter jet,
X-62A, by two AI software is reported (4 Jan).[96][97][98]
A
text-to-speech synthesizer,
VALL-E, that can be trained to mimic anybody's
voice with just three seconds of voice data and may produce the most natural-sounding results to date is reported in a preprint (5 Jan).[99][100]
A use of world models for a wide range of domains that makes decisions using e.g. different 3D worlds and reward frequencies and outperforms previous approaches, DreamerV3, is reported as a step towards
general artificial intelligence in a preprint (10 Jan).[101][102]
A study reports the development of
deep learning algorithms to identify
technosignature candidates, finding 8 potential alien signals not detected earlier (30 Jan).[109][110]
Chatbot and text-generating AI,
ChatGPT (released on 30 Nov 2022), a
large language model, becomes highly popular, with some considering the large public's attention as unwarranted hype as potential applications are limited, similar software such as
Cleverbot existed for many years, and the software is, on the fundamental level, not structured toward accuracy â e.g. providing seemingly credible but incorrect answers to queries and operating "without a contextual
understanding of the language" â but only toward essentially the authenticity of mimicked human language (~Jan).[111][112][113][114][115] It was estimated that only two months after its launch, it had 100 million active users.[116] Applications may include solving or supporting school writing assignments,[117] malicious
social bots (e.g. for
misinformation, propaganda, and scams),[118][119] and providing inspiration (e.g.
for artistic writing or in design or
ideation in general).[120][121]
23 January
The most affordable
carbon capture and conversion system to date, bringing the cost down to just $39 per metric ton, is revealed. The process takes
flue gas from power plants, uses a solvent to strip out the CO2, then converts it to industrially-useful
methanol.[122][123]
A
geophysical study reports that the spin of the
Earth's inner core has stopped
spinning faster than the
planet's surface and likely is now rotating slower than it. This is not thought to have major effects and one cycle of the oscillation is about seven decades, coinciding with several other geophysical periodicities.[127][128]
25 January
Engineers report the design of millimetre-sized robots able to rapidly shift between liquid and solid states. The devices could be used to fix electronics or remove objects from the body.[129][130]
The US
NIH begins "requiring most of the 300,000 researchers and 2,500 institutions it funds annually to include a data-management plan in their grant applications â and to eventually make their data publicly available".
Advantages of such requirements may include making science more accessible, increasing public trust in science and increasing efficiency and
reproducibility.[141]
ESA reports the successful demonstration of a braking sail-based satellite deorbiter, ADEO, which could be used by
space debris mitigation measures.[144][145]
30 January
Climate scientists predict, using
artificial intelligence, that
global warming will exceed 1.5 °C in the next decade (scenario
SSP2-4.5), and a nearly 70% chance of 2 °C between 2044 and 2065 (~2054) â a substantial probability of exceeding the 2 °C threshold â even if emissions rapidly decline (scenario
SSP1-2.6).[146][147]
In two studies (4 & 30 Jan) separate teams of researchers report substantial improvements to
green hydrogenproduction methods, enabling higher efficiencies and durable use of untreated seawater.[148][149][150][151]
31 January – A news outlet reports on a study (9 Nov 2022) that concludes that a "visual flicker paradigm to
entrain individuals at their own brain rhythm (i.e. peak
alpha frequency)"
results in substantially faster perceptual visual
learning, maintained the day following training.[152][153]
February
6 February: A previously unknown cell mechanism explains how cells 'remember' their identity when they divide.8 February: The dwarf planet
Quaoar is found to have a ring system.
A previously unknown cell mechanism involved in
aging is discovered, which explains how cells 'remember' their identity when they divide â the cells' so-called
epigenetic memory.[159][additional citation(s) needed]
The first direct transfer of
qubits between
quantum computer microchips is demonstrated, with a 99.999993% accuracy rate and connection speed of 2424/s. The research team suggests their work has "the potential to scale-up by connecting hundreds or even thousands of quantum computing microchips."[180][181]
A study reports results of the first
longevitycaloric restriction (CR) trial,
CALERIE, finding that two years of nonintermittent CR slowed the pace of aging as measured by one of three
aging clocks (modest DunedinPACE effects).[188][189]
13 February â
Publichealth knowledge becomes more robust: a study demonstrates that
school meal programs (the
HHFKA) can substantially
improve the health of youths as measured by
BMI.[192][193] Scientists show associations between
ultra-processed foods (such as breakfast cereals) consumption and
cancer-related mortality in ~200,000
UK Biobank participants (31 Jan).[194][195] An
umbrella review confirms that
physical activity is highly beneficial (as in ~1.5 times more effective than counseling) for improving symptoms of
depression,
anxiety and distress in adults and should be one "mainstay approach" (1 Feb).[196] A separate
review comes to similar conclusions for depressive symptoms, also giving broad recommendations for the selection of exercise type(s), i.a. reporting
AE and
RE types showed large effects whereas mixing both did not (1 Feb).[197] Scientists, using data of ~9 million U.S. citizens, report worldwide-prevalent
air pollution is a potential risk factor for
late-onset depression (10 Feb).[198][199] A study expands on the evidence of air pollution-related
bone damage (14 Feb).[200]
The engineering of
metastructures that allow the electrical fields inside the device to be controlled at the sub-wavelength scale is shown to be a viable approach for developing ultra-fast electronics in
6G communications.[210][211]
A study strengthens (see also
26 Sep 2022) the invalidation of the common
argument for high
medication costs that research and development (R&D) investments are reflected in and necessitate the treatment costs, finding that during recent decades, the largest
biopharmaceutical companies spent more on selling, general and administrative activities (
SG&A such as
marketing and
advertising) than on R&D, with the same largely also applying to
share buybacks. It also mentions past
public investments, suggests valuable
innovation could
getaccelerated and concludes that high prices in specific as well as higher new medication price medians â both burdens to
consumers and
healthcare systems â are not justified.[219][220]
16 February
An effective new method for
carbon dioxide removal from the ocean is described. It could be implemented by ships that would process seawater as they travel, at offshore drilling platforms or aquaculture fish farms.[221]
19 February â A study reports that
rationing has been neglected as a policy option for
mitigating climate change, and, partly based on historical data and economic analysis, concludes that such
personal carbon allowances (PCAs) for few or many products could help states reduce emissions rapidly and
fairly. It suggests built-in
fair shares mechanisms would be a key part of two-currency PCA
economics and that
carbon taxes-only economics would not have effects that are as quick and equitable, with their fairness issues potentially including
disproportionate impacts on low-income populations (or intensified
economic inequality in general). There could be 'carbon cards' for all-encompassing CAs (e.g. using
life-cycle assessment for
supermarket items [as in
8 Aug 2022) or per-capita rationing of (scientifically) selected goods such as
meat,
flights, and/or
fossil fuels to adapt to the
scarce (physically limited)
carbon budget available to
meet goals. PCAs could also help address other issues such as the
energy crisis and viably accelerate
sustainability transitions of domains ranging from
lifestyles to
investments but may require smaller initial steps than an entire-population-national rationing implementation.[232][233]
Neuroethicists propose a framework that differentiates
consciousness into multiple (ten) dimensions, relevant to
consciousness studies and questions about
non-human consciousness, with nuanced cognitive capacity levels in each that via indicators could form comparable consciousness profiles.[244] On 23 February, a study reports first brain recordings of freely moving
octopuses, which are among the
most intelligent animals of Earth, also enabling novel intelligence studies and finding both human-like and never-before-seen
brain waves.[245][246]
Soft,
3D-printed heart replicas that can be personalised for individual patients are demonstrated by engineers for applications in device development, procedural planning, and
outcome prediction.[252][253]
The world's first
COVID-19 drug designed by
generativeAI is approved for human use, with clinical trials expected to begin in China. The new drug, ISM3312, is developed by
Insilico Medicine.[267]
The channelling of
ions into defined pathways in
perovskite materials is shown to improve the stability and operational performance of
perovskite solar cells. A research team claims this could boost their efficiency from 25 to 40%.[278][279]
A new record for the closest and oldest
ultracool dwarf binary pair is reported. The newly discovered stars, in a system named
LP 413-53AB, orbit each other in just 17 hours and are believed to be billions of years old.[303][304]
Bioengineers show bodily system changes can induce
anxiety, in specific altered
heart rate by itself in risky contexts,[310][311] after earlier studies also implicated
immune system elements.[312][313]
An "adversarial
collaboration" study shows larger financial
incomes increase mental
wellbeing beyond a previously believed flattening threshold, except for a ceiled "
unhappy" minority.[314][315]
After a study (27 Feb) indicated pathological changes to subcortical motor and cognitive hubs in (fatigued)
long COVID cases,[334] a small comparative study shows
differences in volumes of
brainstem regions are similar for
ME/CFS and long COVID patients, being larger than in 10 healthy subjects.[335][336]
6 March â The highest-granularity study
on food GHGs reports that
global food consumptionalone would lead tofailedclimate goals with constant patterns, with ~75% of the projected warming
due to ruminant meat, dairy and
rice, albeit consumption currently shifts towards higher emissions overall as economic development is expected to facilitate acquisitions of undifferentiated goods like beef.[340][341]
16 March: A global rise of high-risk pathogen labs raises
pandemic prevention concerns.
8 March
A new way of
capturing carbon, which transforms the gas into
bicarbonate of soda and stores it safely in seawater, is shown to be three times more efficient than existing methods.[342][343]
9 March â Researchers report the development of a fuel cell
implant powered by
bloodglucose. It can also release
insulin at certain levels and have enough energy to allow smartphone implant control.[350][351]
10 March
The entire brain of a fruit fly larva is
mapped in complete detail for the first time, showing all 3,016 neurons and 548,000 synapses.[352][353]
News outlets report on a study (27 Feb), alongside related reports, that concludes "Russia's role as a major player in the global
nuclear power sector has remained largely
belowthe [Russian invasion of Ukraine related] sanctions radar".[354][355] On 7 March, news reports of a study (28 Feb) that uses
ICIJ data to investigate offshore networks of oligarchs, suggesting sanctioning of professional intermediary
wealth managers.[356][357]
A study (1 Mar) reports average carbon footprints of average diets in a US
cohort that can be called vegan (~0.69
CO2-eq/1000 kcal), vegetarian (~1.16), pescatarian (~1.66), omnivore (~2.23), paleo (~2.62) and keto (~2.91) diets.
Pescatarian diets were the healthiest before the two other
plant-based diets.[368][369] There may also be substantial variation within diets.
Scientists report (22 Mar)
fMRI results showing daily consumption of a high-fat/high-sugar
snackalters, similar to drug addiction and likely directly,
brain reward circuits, altering food preferences.[374][375]
The
LLMGPT-4 is launched by
OpenAI.[376][377] It and ChatGPT based on it continue to receive major global media attention.
Researchers suggest that growing influence of industry in AI research means that "public interest alternatives for important AI tools may become increasingly scarce" (2 Mar).[378]
Google reveals
PaLM-E, an embodied
multimodal language model with 562 billion parameters (7 Mar).[379][380]
Google releases
chatbotBard due to effects of the ChatGPT release,[381] with potential for
integration into its Web search and, like ChatGPT software, also as a
software development helper tool[382] (21 Mar).
DuckDuckGo releases the DuckAssist feature integrated into its search engine that
summarizes information from Wikipedia to answer search queries that are questions (8 Mar). The experimental feature is shut down without explanation on 12 April.[383][384][385] Around the time, a proprietary feature by scite.ai is released that delivers answers that use research papers and provide
citations for the quoted paper(s). It may demonstrate an alternative approach to ChatGPT whose fundamental algorithms are not designed to generate text that is true, including for example "
hallucinations" and fake citations or
misinformation more generally.[386][387] Elicit.org may provide a free alternative to this tool.[388][389] A broader alternative approach to the software's Q&A applications and use of text generation for assignments may be the improvement of
media literacy and
Web search skills in
education systems.
A method for editing
NeRF scenes, a novel media technique from 2020,[390] with natural language
commands is demonstrated by Nvidia (22 Mar).[391][392]
An
open letter "Pause Giant AI Experiments" by the
Future of Life Institute calls for "AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4" due to "profound risks to society and humanity".[393][394] It received substantial media attention and also contributed to speculations about perceived large LLM potential (22 Mar). At the time there is extensive media coverage of views that regard ChatGPT as a potential step towards
AGI or sentient machines, also extending to some academic works (e.g. a popular 22 Mar
preprint by a company).[395] The coverage focused on such views may not represent the majority expert views and, for example, some researchers note that e.g. the ability to generate coherent text and imitations are not the same as understanding language.[396] A set of techniques under development include self-refining code or text.[397]
The first clear evidence of
activevolcanism on Venus is presented, based on a reanalysis of old images from the Magellan spacecraft.[398][399][400] On 24 March, a second study finds that
Venus hosts far more volcanoes than previously mapped, creating a new catalog.[401][402]
16 March â The first
Global Biolabs Report documents a rapid rise of high-risk pathogen labs around the world, many of which in urban areas or with particularly weak
biorisk management, with
BSL-4 labs doubling within a decade. Its results raise concerns about contemporary
pandemic prevention measures for which the report makes broad key recommendations to prevent reckless, accidental â for which there are track-records[409][410][411][412] â or malicious releases.[413][414]
17 March â A study suggests in developed countries (Sweden) wealth (lottery winning)
increases marriage formation and
fertility (likely via
desirability)
for males, with the only discernible effect on female winners being increased short-run (but not long-run) divorce risk.[415][416]
19 March â A news outlet reports on a
systematic study of major issues in
popular currently available commercial
VPNs for
Internet privacy and security.[417][418] On 3 March, researchers report on their paper about 'digital resignation', calling for regulations and
education reform.[419]
20 March
The final
synthesis of
the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report is published. It summarises the state of knowledge relating to
climate change with assessed levels of
confidence. Conclusions in the summary for contemporary policy-makers include that the extent to which both current and future
generations will be
impacted depends on choices now and in the near-term, with "high confidence" that
policies implemented by the end of 2020 are "projected to result in higher global
GHG emissions
in 2030 than emissions implied by
NDCs" and would
fail to meet
global climate goals.[420]
On 21 March, a psychologist reports on a study (10 Feb) that hypothesizes
mental health awareness efforts (in current forms) or glamorised and romanticised mental disorders
on social media (e.g. quotes about depression on aesthetically appealing backgrounds shared widely on certain social media[which?]) may contribute to the recent rise in reported mental health problems â by intensifying and over-diagnosing of such â beyond e.g. increased reporting of previously under-recognised symptoms or mental health-related issues.[436][437]
The first (9) multi-organ-based
humanvirome, of (31)
post-mortem healthy individuals, is published, including a dark virome from body sites previously considered to be
sterile. Positive and negative long-term consequences of such resident
DNA viruses, including
reactivation factors and issues, are largely unknown.[447][additional citation(s) needed]
A study of ~90,000 adults finds that increased
physical activity levels can reduce the mortality risks associated with short or long
sleep duration.[452][453]
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