From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A 1984 United States advertisement for access to health information with the 1980s Apple III

Health information on the Internet refers to all health-related information communicated through or available on the Internet.

Description

The Internet is widely used by the general public as a tool for finding health information. [1] In the late 1990s, researchers noted an increase in Internet users' access to health-related content despite the variation in the quality of information, level of accessibility, and overall health literacy. [2] Access to health information does not guarantee understanding, as health literacy of individuals vary.

It is believed patients who know their medical history may learn and interpret this information in a way that benefits them. [3] This, however, is not always the case because online health information is not always peer reviewed. [2] Physicians worry that patients who conduct Internet research on their medical history are at a risk of being misinformed. [4] [5] In 2013, the opinions about the relationship between health care providers and online health information were still being established. [6] According to a 2014 study, "The flow of information has fundamentally changed, and physicians have less control over health information relayed to patients. Not surprisingly, this paradigm shift has elicited varied and sometimes conflicting views about the value of the Internet as a tool to improve health care." [7]

Importance of the physician-patient relationship

In cases in which a physician has difficulty explaining complicated medical concepts to a patient, that patient may be inclined to seek information on the internet. [8] A consensus exists that patients should have shared decision making, meaning that patients should be able to make informed decisions about the direction of their medical treatment in collaboration with their physician. [9] Rich, educated, and socially advantaged patients may enjoy the benefits of the shared decision-making approach more than those with a lower socioeconomic class or minority status. [10]

Patients' naive understanding of their health contributes to a range of issues, including the tendency to deviate from the physician's medical advice or to miss medical appointments. [11] Patients with limited access to health information are more likely to use complementary and alternative medicine, and fail to inform their physician about it. [11] [12] Complementary and alternative medicine may not be evidence-based medicine. While physicians can work on improving their doctor-patient communication skills, individuals can become more knowledgeable about their health through patient education programs. A study by Lorig in 2002 suggested healthcare processes can be efficiently improved with patients' behavior. [13]

Social media

Social forums in which anyone can have conversations about health with their peers exist; these are especially popular among patients who want to talk about shared medical concerns with others. [14] Those who participate in online communities that discuss health issues report feeling relieved about their health worries, perceiving they have more control over their health and medical condition, gaining more medical knowledge, and having more personal agency overall. [15]

Some research studies have failed to find evidence to validate the physicians' concerns about patients receiving misinformation online or using online health information to conduct self-diagnosis. [14] [16] [17] Patients with chronic diseases who use the Internet to get health-related information often acquire good skills to judge the quality of information that they find. [18]

Social media platforms are considered channels physicians can use to acquire insight on their patients' thoughts. [19] Patients have increasingly turned to social media for health information, sometimes of dubious quality. [20] [21] [22] [23] Several studies have used social media to gather data on patients' adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with generally promising results. [24]

Some commercial organizations use health information gathered from the Internet, raising serious ethical and privacy concerns, [25] [26] including the risk of accidental violations of the patient privacy by healthcare providers. [27] [28]

Academic medical literature

The written record of peer-reviewed medical consensus is stored in scientific journals. There has been an academic journal publishing reform since the advent of electronic publishing. Although some journals have adopted an open access template for online users, [29] [30] other journals are opposed to a widening of open access publishing. [31] The open-access policy has significantly increased the accessibility of professional health information to researchers, physicians, and the public through the Internet. Some of the academic medical literature, however, may not be peer-reviewed [32] [33] and users are advised to exercise caution when reading health-related articles from such websites.[ citation needed]

Quality

The nature of health-related information available on the Internet is complex and its quality varies greatly by source. [34] [35] [36] [37] The standards for ensuring quality control on the Internet have been criticized[ citation needed] and no single standard is universally accepted. [38] Many researchers have investigated this issue in detail, resulting in a wide range of theories from different disciplines.[ citation needed]

One study found that a correct diagnosis given by the average online symptom checker happened only 34% of the time. [39] Triage recommendations (i.e., whether immediate, normal, or self-type of care is needed) were also assessed and found to be correct 50% of the time. [40] Quality of health information on the internet becomes important in this context as both misdiagnosis and inaccurate recommendations for triage are possible. Additionally, most online diagnostic tools fail to account for the user's familial and personal medical history, including current diagnoses and conditions they possess.[ citation needed]

Personal health information

For many applications, people wish to use health information on the Internet to gain further insight about a personal health concern. Because of this, the goal is often to use the Internet to find information as it is described in a person's medical record. [7] In 2013, 72% of US adults used the internet to search for health information. [41] Since the advent of electronic media, medical records have been increasingly kept as electronic medical records.[ citation needed] More healthcare professionals rely on electronic medical records because it is a favorable means for patients to access their personal health information. These comprehensive systems allow patients to easily access their records without a doctor's visit, view interactive patient education materials, and use a greater range of health services such as renewing a medical prescription or making an appointment online [42] All medical records are protected health information because sharing personal health information exposes an individual to a range of harm that may result from a violation of their expectation of privacy. [43] Some privacy risks include an increased likelihood of medical identity theft, termination of disability coverage and unauthorized use of advanced medical research by third parties.[ citation needed]

As of 2000, there is a broad international debate about ways to balance patient and commercial medicine demands for personal health information with an individual's needs for safety and respect. [44] [45]

Electronic medical records

An electronic medical record is a medical record stored on electronic media, [46] for example, computer servers or hard-drives.

De-identification

De-identification is an attempt to remove patients' identifiable information from their medical records with the intent of making the information transferable without compromising patients' identities[ citation needed]. The closer the data is to anonymization, the lesser its value to those who want it[ citation needed]. Research companies and digital advertising companies are among the third parties that use such information in a variety of ways, which include using these patient datasets to reach their target audiences, formulate new medications or collect genetic data for government surveillance. Patients' data is rarely fully anonymized[ citation needed]. Many controversies regarding the de-identification of patient's data exist. [47]

Research using personal health information

There is a high commercial demand for accessing extensive collections of various types of personal health care information. [48]

Distribution of collections of personal health information

In 2014 National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom proposed selling patients' personal health information. [49] In 2013, however, various groups had expressed worries over dangers resulting from the distribution of patients' identifiable information along with their medical history. [50]

Major sources of information

Mobile apps

Mobile apps are highly variable in the quality of health information they offer. 95% of cancer information mobile apps targeted at health care workers had scientifically valid information. In contrast, only 32% of cancer information apps aimed at the general public had valid information. Health apps have not been subject to much regulation or oversight. For example, an app by wellness blogger Belle Gibson promoting alternative, unproven cancer therapies was downloaded over 200,000 times in its first month after its 2013 debut. It reached a rank of #1 in the Apple App Store and was voted Apple's Best Food and Drink App of 2013. Gibson later admitted that she had never had cancer, as she had claimed when marketing the app. [41]

PubMed

PubMed is a free search engine that primarily lists the MEDLINE database of peer-reviewed references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics maintained by the United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. When readers search and try to access a manuscript of interest, they are directed to the website of the respective journal where the document was originally published.[ citation needed]

User-generated content

In 2014, Wikipedia was described as "the leading single source of healthcare information for patients and healthcare professionals". [51] The information available on Wikipedia may not be peer-reviewed. Other wiki-style website exist to promulgate medical and heath-related information.

Regulation

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration offers guidance for health industry organizations that share information online. [52] [53]

References

  1. ^ Huynh, Roy (17 April 2022). "How to identify health misinformation online. 10 questions to ask yourself. | Oplyfe". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  2. ^ a b Risk A, Petersen C (2002). "Health information on the internet: quality issues and international initiatives". JAMA. 287 (20): 2713–5. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.20.2713. PMID  12020308.
  3. ^ Beaudin JS, Intille SS, Morris ME (2006). "To track or not to track: user reactions to concepts in longitudinal health monitoring". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 8 (4): e29. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.4.e29. PMC  1794006. PMID  17236264.
  4. ^ Robeznieks A (May 2007). "Getting personal. Legal liability, patient-data overload among issues making physicians uneasy over emergence of personal health records". Modern Healthcare. 37 (21): 40–2. PMID  17824189.
  5. ^ Huynh, Roy (17 April 2022). "How to identify health misinformation online. 10 questions to ask yourself. | Oplyfe". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  6. ^ Farnan JM, Snyder Sulmasy L, Worster BK, Chaudhry HJ, Rhyne JA, Arora VM (April 2013). "Online medical professionalism: patient and public relationships: policy statement from the American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards". Annals of Internal Medicine. 158 (8): 620–7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-8-201304160-00100. PMID  23579867. S2CID  24921697.
  7. ^ a b Tonsaker T, Bartlett G, Trpkov C (May 2014). "Health information on the Internet: gold mine or minefield?". Canadian Family Physician. 60 (5): 407–8. PMC  4020634. PMID  24828994.
  8. ^ Castro CM, Wilson C, Wang F, Schillinger D (Sep–Oct 2007). "Babel babble: physicians' use of unclarified medical jargon with patients". American Journal of Health Behavior. 31 (Suppl 1): S85-95. doi: 10.5993/ajhb.31.s1.11. PMID  17931142.
  9. ^ Braddock CH, Edwards KA, Hasenberg NM, Laidley TL, Levinson W (22 December 1999). "Informed decision making in outpatient practice: time to get back to basics". JAMA. 282 (24): 2313–20. doi: 10.1001/jama.282.24.2313. PMID  10612318.
  10. ^ Fiscella K, Epstein RM (September 2008). "So much to do, so little time: care for the socially disadvantaged and the 15-minute visit". Archives of Internal Medicine. 168 (17): 1843–52. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.17.1843. PMC  2606692. PMID  18809810.
  11. ^ a b Wicks P, Massagli M, Frost J, Brownstein C, Okun S, Vaughan T, et al. (June 2010). "Sharing health data for better outcomes on PatientsLikeMe". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 12 (2): e19. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1549. PMC  2956230. PMID  20542858.
  12. ^ Robinson A, McGrail MR (Jun–Sep 2004). "Disclosure of CAM use to medical practitioners: a review of qualitative and quantitative studies". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 12 (2–3): 90–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2004.09.006. PMID  15561518.
  13. ^ Lorig K (March 2002). "Partnerships between expert patients and physicians". Lancet. 359 (9309): 814–5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07959-X. PMID  11897275. S2CID  40363746.
  14. ^ a b Eysenbach G, Powell J, Englesakis M, Rizo C, Stern A (May 2004). "Health related virtual communities and electronic support groups: systematic review of the effects of online peer to peer interactions". BMJ. 328 (7449): 1166. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1166. PMC  411092. PMID  15142921.
  15. ^ Barak A, Boniel-Nissim M, Suler J (September 2008). "Fostering empowerment in online support groups". Computers in Human Behavior. 24 (5): 1867–1883. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.004. S2CID  6104687.
  16. ^ Ahmad F, Hudak PL, Bercovitz K, Hollenberg E, Levinson W (September 2006). "Are physicians ready for patients with Internet-based health information?". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 8 (3): e22. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.3.e22. PMC  2018833. PMID  17032638.
  17. ^ Crocco AG, Villasis-Keever M, Jadad AR (June 2002). "Analysis of cases of harm associated with use of health information on the internet". JAMA. 287 (21): 2869–71. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.21.2869. PMID  12038937.
  18. ^ Stevenson FA, Kerr C, Murray E, Nazareth I (August 2007). "Information from the Internet and the doctor-patient relationship: the patient perspective--a qualitative study". BMC Family Practice. 8: 47. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-8-47. PMC  2041946. PMID  17705836.
  19. ^ Verhoef LM, Van de Belt TH, Engelen LJ, Schoonhoven L, Kool RB (February 2014). "Social media and rating sites as tools to understanding quality of care: a scoping review". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 16 (2): e56. doi: 10.2196/jmir.3024. PMC  3961699. PMID  24566844.
  20. ^ Prybutok G, Ryan S (April 2015). "Social media: the key to health information access for 18- to 30-year-old college students". Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 33 (4): 132–41. doi: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000147. PMID  25887107. S2CID  5132933.
  21. ^ Lau AY, Siek KA, Fernandez-Luque L, Tange H, Chhanabhai P, Li SY, et al. (2011-01-01). "The role of social media for patients and consumer health. Contribution of the IMIA Consumer Health Informatics Working Group". Yearbook of Medical Informatics. 6 (1): 131–8. PMID  21938338.
  22. ^ Fernández-Luque L, Bau T (April 2015). "Health and social media: perfect storm of information". Healthcare Informatics Research. 21 (2): 67–73. doi: 10.4258/hir.2015.21.2.67. PMC  4434065. PMID  25995958.
  23. ^ Helve O, Kattelus M, Norhomaa S, Saarni S (2015-01-01). "[Health information and social media: the doctor as a primary school teacher again]". Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja. 131 (21): 2003–8. PMID  26677551.
  24. ^ Sarker A, Ginn R, Nikfarjam A, O'Connor K, Smith K, Jayaraman S, et al. (April 2015). "Utilizing social media data for pharmacovigilance: A review". Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 54: 202–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2015.02.004. PMC  4408239. PMID  25720841.
  25. ^ Denecke K, Bamidis P, Bond C, Gabarron E, Househ M, Lau AY, et al. (August 2015). "Ethical Issues of Social Media Usage in Healthcare". Yearbook of Medical Informatics. 10 (1): 137–47. doi: 10.15265/IY-2015-001. PMC  4587037. PMID  26293861.
  26. ^ Moorhead SA, Hazlett DE, Harrison L, Carroll JK, Irwin A, Hoving C (April 2013). "A new dimension of health care: systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 15 (4): e85. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1933. PMC  3636326. PMID  23615206.
  27. ^ Ventola CL (July 2014). "Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices". P & T. 39 (7): 491–520. PMC  4103576. PMID  25083128.
  28. ^ Shay DF (August 2014). "Physician use of social media: navigating the risks. Establish social media guidelines to protect health information, and reputation of practice and physicians". Medical Economics. 91 (16): 44–6. PMID  25509476.
  29. ^ "Home - Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery". qims.amegroups.com. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  30. ^ "JMIR Publications". www.jmirpublications.com. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  31. ^ "About the Journal: Nuclear Medicine Communications". journals.lww.com. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  32. ^ "medRxiv.org - the preprint server for Health Sciences". medRxiv. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  33. ^ "Advancing the sharing of research results for the life sciences". bioRxiv.org. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  34. ^ Fahy E, Hardikar R, Fox A, Mackay S (2014). "Quality of patient health information on the Internet: reviewing a complex and evolving landscape". The Australasian Medical Journal. 7 (1): 24–8. doi: 10.4066/AMJ.2014.1900. PMC  3920473. PMID  24567763.
  35. ^ Purcell GP, Wilson P, Delamothe T (March 2002). "The quality of health information on the internet". BMJ. 324 (7337): 557–8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.324.7337.557. PMC  1122494. PMID  11884303.
  36. ^ Khosrowjerdi, M. (2016). A review of theory-driven models of trust in the online health context. IFLA Journal, 42(3): pp. 189-206. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0340035216659299
  37. ^ Huynh, Roy (17 April 2022). "How to identify health misinformation online. 10 questions to ask yourself. | Oplyfe". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  38. ^ Jadad AR, Gagliardi A (February 1998). "Rating health information on the Internet: navigating to knowledge or to Babel?". JAMA. 279 (8): 611–4. doi: 10.1001/jama.279.8.611. PMID  9486757. S2CID  15202383.
  39. ^ Compton-Thweatt, Kelli Jo (2018). "Physicians or Facebook? The effects of do-it-yourself-healthcare on modern society". Integrated Studies: 212. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  40. ^ Compton-Thweatt, Kelli Jo (2018). "Physicians or Facebook? The effects of do-it-yourself-healthcare on modern society". Integrated Studies: 212. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  41. ^ a b Swire-Thompson, Briony; Lazer, David (2020). "Public Health and Online Misinformation: Challenges and Recommendations". Annual Review of Public Health. 41: 433–451. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094127. PMID  31874069.
  42. ^ Pagliari C, Detmer D, Singleton P (August 2007). "Potential of electronic personal health records". BMJ. 335 (7615): 330–3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39279.482963.AD. PMC  1949437. PMID  17703042.
  43. ^ Nass SJ, Levit LA, Gostin LO, eds. (2009). The Value and Importance of Health Information Privacy. National Academies Press (US).
  44. ^ Kaplan RM, Babad YM (April 2011). "Balancing influence between actors in healthcare decision making". BMC Health Services Research. 11 (1): 85. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-85. PMC  3108374. PMID  21504599.
  45. ^ National Research Council (US) Committee on Enhancing the Internet for Health Applications: Technical Requirements and Implementation Strategies (2000). Health Applications of the Internet. National Academies Press (US).
  46. ^ Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ (1 March 2006). "Personal health records: definitions, benefits, and strategies for overcoming barriers to adoption". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 13 (2): 121–6. doi: 10.1197/jamia.M2025. PMC  1447551. PMID  16357345.
  47. ^ Office for CivilRights (OCR) (2012-09-07). "Methods for De-identification of PHI". HHS.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  48. ^ Bundorf MK, Baker L, Singer S, Wagner T (March 2004). "Consumer Demand for Health Information on the Internet". National Bureau of Economic Research. doi: 10.3386/w10386. S2CID  167116898.
  49. ^ Ramesh R (19 January 2014). "NHS patient data to be made available for sale to drug and insurance firms". theguardian.com. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  50. ^ Doctorow C (5 June 2013). "Data protection in the EU: the certainty of uncertainty". theguardian.com. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  51. ^ Note - sketchy link requires registration. IMS Health (2014). "The use of Wikipedia in Health Care". Engaging patients through social media Is healthcare ready for empowered and digitally demanding patients?. IMS Health. pp. 16–26. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014. Further cited in
  52. ^ FDA Voice (17 June 2014). "FDA Issues Draft Guidances for Industry on Social Media and Internet Communications About Medical Products: Designed with Patients in Mind". blogs.fda.gov. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  53. ^ Food and Drug Administration (2014-07-07). "About the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research > For Industry: Using Social Media". fda.gov. Retrieved 5 September 2014.

External links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A 1984 United States advertisement for access to health information with the 1980s Apple III

Health information on the Internet refers to all health-related information communicated through or available on the Internet.

Description

The Internet is widely used by the general public as a tool for finding health information. [1] In the late 1990s, researchers noted an increase in Internet users' access to health-related content despite the variation in the quality of information, level of accessibility, and overall health literacy. [2] Access to health information does not guarantee understanding, as health literacy of individuals vary.

It is believed patients who know their medical history may learn and interpret this information in a way that benefits them. [3] This, however, is not always the case because online health information is not always peer reviewed. [2] Physicians worry that patients who conduct Internet research on their medical history are at a risk of being misinformed. [4] [5] In 2013, the opinions about the relationship between health care providers and online health information were still being established. [6] According to a 2014 study, "The flow of information has fundamentally changed, and physicians have less control over health information relayed to patients. Not surprisingly, this paradigm shift has elicited varied and sometimes conflicting views about the value of the Internet as a tool to improve health care." [7]

Importance of the physician-patient relationship

In cases in which a physician has difficulty explaining complicated medical concepts to a patient, that patient may be inclined to seek information on the internet. [8] A consensus exists that patients should have shared decision making, meaning that patients should be able to make informed decisions about the direction of their medical treatment in collaboration with their physician. [9] Rich, educated, and socially advantaged patients may enjoy the benefits of the shared decision-making approach more than those with a lower socioeconomic class or minority status. [10]

Patients' naive understanding of their health contributes to a range of issues, including the tendency to deviate from the physician's medical advice or to miss medical appointments. [11] Patients with limited access to health information are more likely to use complementary and alternative medicine, and fail to inform their physician about it. [11] [12] Complementary and alternative medicine may not be evidence-based medicine. While physicians can work on improving their doctor-patient communication skills, individuals can become more knowledgeable about their health through patient education programs. A study by Lorig in 2002 suggested healthcare processes can be efficiently improved with patients' behavior. [13]

Social media

Social forums in which anyone can have conversations about health with their peers exist; these are especially popular among patients who want to talk about shared medical concerns with others. [14] Those who participate in online communities that discuss health issues report feeling relieved about their health worries, perceiving they have more control over their health and medical condition, gaining more medical knowledge, and having more personal agency overall. [15]

Some research studies have failed to find evidence to validate the physicians' concerns about patients receiving misinformation online or using online health information to conduct self-diagnosis. [14] [16] [17] Patients with chronic diseases who use the Internet to get health-related information often acquire good skills to judge the quality of information that they find. [18]

Social media platforms are considered channels physicians can use to acquire insight on their patients' thoughts. [19] Patients have increasingly turned to social media for health information, sometimes of dubious quality. [20] [21] [22] [23] Several studies have used social media to gather data on patients' adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with generally promising results. [24]

Some commercial organizations use health information gathered from the Internet, raising serious ethical and privacy concerns, [25] [26] including the risk of accidental violations of the patient privacy by healthcare providers. [27] [28]

Academic medical literature

The written record of peer-reviewed medical consensus is stored in scientific journals. There has been an academic journal publishing reform since the advent of electronic publishing. Although some journals have adopted an open access template for online users, [29] [30] other journals are opposed to a widening of open access publishing. [31] The open-access policy has significantly increased the accessibility of professional health information to researchers, physicians, and the public through the Internet. Some of the academic medical literature, however, may not be peer-reviewed [32] [33] and users are advised to exercise caution when reading health-related articles from such websites.[ citation needed]

Quality

The nature of health-related information available on the Internet is complex and its quality varies greatly by source. [34] [35] [36] [37] The standards for ensuring quality control on the Internet have been criticized[ citation needed] and no single standard is universally accepted. [38] Many researchers have investigated this issue in detail, resulting in a wide range of theories from different disciplines.[ citation needed]

One study found that a correct diagnosis given by the average online symptom checker happened only 34% of the time. [39] Triage recommendations (i.e., whether immediate, normal, or self-type of care is needed) were also assessed and found to be correct 50% of the time. [40] Quality of health information on the internet becomes important in this context as both misdiagnosis and inaccurate recommendations for triage are possible. Additionally, most online diagnostic tools fail to account for the user's familial and personal medical history, including current diagnoses and conditions they possess.[ citation needed]

Personal health information

For many applications, people wish to use health information on the Internet to gain further insight about a personal health concern. Because of this, the goal is often to use the Internet to find information as it is described in a person's medical record. [7] In 2013, 72% of US adults used the internet to search for health information. [41] Since the advent of electronic media, medical records have been increasingly kept as electronic medical records.[ citation needed] More healthcare professionals rely on electronic medical records because it is a favorable means for patients to access their personal health information. These comprehensive systems allow patients to easily access their records without a doctor's visit, view interactive patient education materials, and use a greater range of health services such as renewing a medical prescription or making an appointment online [42] All medical records are protected health information because sharing personal health information exposes an individual to a range of harm that may result from a violation of their expectation of privacy. [43] Some privacy risks include an increased likelihood of medical identity theft, termination of disability coverage and unauthorized use of advanced medical research by third parties.[ citation needed]

As of 2000, there is a broad international debate about ways to balance patient and commercial medicine demands for personal health information with an individual's needs for safety and respect. [44] [45]

Electronic medical records

An electronic medical record is a medical record stored on electronic media, [46] for example, computer servers or hard-drives.

De-identification

De-identification is an attempt to remove patients' identifiable information from their medical records with the intent of making the information transferable without compromising patients' identities[ citation needed]. The closer the data is to anonymization, the lesser its value to those who want it[ citation needed]. Research companies and digital advertising companies are among the third parties that use such information in a variety of ways, which include using these patient datasets to reach their target audiences, formulate new medications or collect genetic data for government surveillance. Patients' data is rarely fully anonymized[ citation needed]. Many controversies regarding the de-identification of patient's data exist. [47]

Research using personal health information

There is a high commercial demand for accessing extensive collections of various types of personal health care information. [48]

Distribution of collections of personal health information

In 2014 National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom proposed selling patients' personal health information. [49] In 2013, however, various groups had expressed worries over dangers resulting from the distribution of patients' identifiable information along with their medical history. [50]

Major sources of information

Mobile apps

Mobile apps are highly variable in the quality of health information they offer. 95% of cancer information mobile apps targeted at health care workers had scientifically valid information. In contrast, only 32% of cancer information apps aimed at the general public had valid information. Health apps have not been subject to much regulation or oversight. For example, an app by wellness blogger Belle Gibson promoting alternative, unproven cancer therapies was downloaded over 200,000 times in its first month after its 2013 debut. It reached a rank of #1 in the Apple App Store and was voted Apple's Best Food and Drink App of 2013. Gibson later admitted that she had never had cancer, as she had claimed when marketing the app. [41]

PubMed

PubMed is a free search engine that primarily lists the MEDLINE database of peer-reviewed references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics maintained by the United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. When readers search and try to access a manuscript of interest, they are directed to the website of the respective journal where the document was originally published.[ citation needed]

User-generated content

In 2014, Wikipedia was described as "the leading single source of healthcare information for patients and healthcare professionals". [51] The information available on Wikipedia may not be peer-reviewed. Other wiki-style website exist to promulgate medical and heath-related information.

Regulation

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration offers guidance for health industry organizations that share information online. [52] [53]

References

  1. ^ Huynh, Roy (17 April 2022). "How to identify health misinformation online. 10 questions to ask yourself. | Oplyfe". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  2. ^ a b Risk A, Petersen C (2002). "Health information on the internet: quality issues and international initiatives". JAMA. 287 (20): 2713–5. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.20.2713. PMID  12020308.
  3. ^ Beaudin JS, Intille SS, Morris ME (2006). "To track or not to track: user reactions to concepts in longitudinal health monitoring". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 8 (4): e29. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.4.e29. PMC  1794006. PMID  17236264.
  4. ^ Robeznieks A (May 2007). "Getting personal. Legal liability, patient-data overload among issues making physicians uneasy over emergence of personal health records". Modern Healthcare. 37 (21): 40–2. PMID  17824189.
  5. ^ Huynh, Roy (17 April 2022). "How to identify health misinformation online. 10 questions to ask yourself. | Oplyfe". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  6. ^ Farnan JM, Snyder Sulmasy L, Worster BK, Chaudhry HJ, Rhyne JA, Arora VM (April 2013). "Online medical professionalism: patient and public relationships: policy statement from the American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards". Annals of Internal Medicine. 158 (8): 620–7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-8-201304160-00100. PMID  23579867. S2CID  24921697.
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