C-C motif chemokine 11 also known as eosinophil chemotactic protein and eotaxin-1 is a
protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL11gene. This gene is encoded on three
exons and is located on
chromosome 17.[5][6]
Function
CCL11 is a small
cytokine belonging to the CC
chemokine family. CCL11 selectively recruits
eosinophils by inducing their
chemotaxis, and therefore, is implicated in
allergic responses.[7][8][9] The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to a G-protein-linked receptor known as a
chemokine receptor. Chemokine receptors for which CCL11 is a
ligand include
CCR2,[10]CCR3[5] and
CCR5.[10] However, it has been found that eotaxin-1 (CCL11) has high degree selectivity for its receptor, such that they are inactive on
neutrophils and
monocytes, which do not express CCR3.[11]
Increased CCL11 levels in blood plasma are associated with aging in mice and humans.[12] Additionally, it has been demonstrated that exposing young mice to CCL11 or the blood plasma of older mice decreases their
neurogenesis and cognitive performance on behavioural tasks thought to be dependent on neurogenesis in the
hippocampus.[12]
Higher plasma concentrations of CCL11 have been found in current
cannabis users compared to past users and those who had never used. CCL11 has also been found in higher concentrations in people with schizophrenia; cannabis is a known trigger of
schizophrenia.[13]
During periods of bone inflammation, CCL11 and CCR3 are upregulated. This is associated with an increase in osteoclast activity.[15]
In 2022, Monje et al demonstrated that elevated levels of CCL11 may contribute to the
brain fog associated with both chemotherapy and so-called
long covid[16][17]
^Garcia-Zepeda EA, Rothenberg ME, Ownbey RT, Celestin J, Leder P, Luster AD (Apr 1996). "Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophil cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia". Nature Medicine. 2 (4): 449–56.
doi:
10.1038/nm0496-449.
PMID8597956.
S2CID25571283.
^Fernandez-Egea E, Scoriels L, Theegala S, Giro M, Ozanne SE, Burling K, Jones PB (Oct 2013). "Cannabis use is associated with increased CCL11 plasma levels in young healthy volunteers". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 46: 25–8.
doi:
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.06.011.
PMID23820464.
S2CID207410464.
Garcia-Zepeda EA, Rothenberg ME, Ownbey RT, Celestin J, Leder P, Luster AD (Apr 1996). "Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophil cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia". Nature Medicine. 2 (4): 449–56.
doi:
10.1038/nm0496-449.
PMID8597956.
S2CID25571283.
Bartels J, Schlüter C, Richter E, Noso N, Kulke R, Christophers E, Schröder JM (Aug 1996). "Human dermal fibroblasts express eotaxin: molecular cloning, mRNA expression, and identification of eotaxin sequence variants". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 225 (3): 1045–51.
doi:
10.1006/bbrc.1996.1292.
PMID8780731.
Garcia-Zepeda EA, Rothenberg ME, Weremowicz S, Sarafi MN, Morton CC, Luster AD (May 1997). "Genomic organization, complete sequence, and chromosomal location of the gene for human eotaxin (SCYA11), an eosinophil-specific CC chemokine". Genomics. 41 (3): 471–6.
doi:
10.1006/geno.1997.4656.
PMID9169149.
Hein H, Schlüter C, Kulke R, Christophers E, Schröder JM, Bartels J (Aug 1997). "Genomic organization, sequence, and transcriptional regulation of the human eotaxin gene". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 237 (3): 537–42.
doi:
10.1006/bbrc.1997.7169.
PMID9299399.
Blanpain C, Migeotte I, Lee B, Vakili J, Doranz BJ, Govaerts C, Vassart G, Doms RW, Parmentier M (Sep 1999). "CCR5 binds multiple CC-chemokines: MCP-3 acts as a natural antagonist". Blood. 94 (6): 1899–905.
doi:
10.1182/blood.V94.6.1899.
PMID10477718.
Zhang J, Lathbury LJ, Salamonsen LA (Feb 2000). "Expression of the chemokine eotaxin and its receptor, CCR3, in human endometrium". Biology of Reproduction. 62 (2): 404–11.
doi:
10.1095/biolreprod62.2.404.
PMID10642580.
S2CID28214811.
Kampen GT, Stafford S, Adachi T, Jinquan T, Quan S, Grant JA, Skov PS, Poulsen LK, Alam R (Mar 2000). "Eotaxin induces degranulation and chemotaxis of eosinophils through the activation of ERK2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases". Blood. 95 (6): 1911–7.
doi:
10.1182/blood.V95.6.1911.
PMID10706854.
S2CID25314791.
Huber MA, Kraut N, Addicks T, Peter RU (Mar 2000). "Cell-type-dependent induction of eotaxin and CCR3 by ionizing radiation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 269 (2): 546–52.
doi:
10.1006/bbrc.2000.2287.
PMID10708591.
C-C motif chemokine 11 also known as eosinophil chemotactic protein and eotaxin-1 is a
protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL11gene. This gene is encoded on three
exons and is located on
chromosome 17.[5][6]
Function
CCL11 is a small
cytokine belonging to the CC
chemokine family. CCL11 selectively recruits
eosinophils by inducing their
chemotaxis, and therefore, is implicated in
allergic responses.[7][8][9] The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to a G-protein-linked receptor known as a
chemokine receptor. Chemokine receptors for which CCL11 is a
ligand include
CCR2,[10]CCR3[5] and
CCR5.[10] However, it has been found that eotaxin-1 (CCL11) has high degree selectivity for its receptor, such that they are inactive on
neutrophils and
monocytes, which do not express CCR3.[11]
Increased CCL11 levels in blood plasma are associated with aging in mice and humans.[12] Additionally, it has been demonstrated that exposing young mice to CCL11 or the blood plasma of older mice decreases their
neurogenesis and cognitive performance on behavioural tasks thought to be dependent on neurogenesis in the
hippocampus.[12]
Higher plasma concentrations of CCL11 have been found in current
cannabis users compared to past users and those who had never used. CCL11 has also been found in higher concentrations in people with schizophrenia; cannabis is a known trigger of
schizophrenia.[13]
During periods of bone inflammation, CCL11 and CCR3 are upregulated. This is associated with an increase in osteoclast activity.[15]
In 2022, Monje et al demonstrated that elevated levels of CCL11 may contribute to the
brain fog associated with both chemotherapy and so-called
long covid[16][17]
^Garcia-Zepeda EA, Rothenberg ME, Ownbey RT, Celestin J, Leder P, Luster AD (Apr 1996). "Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophil cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia". Nature Medicine. 2 (4): 449–56.
doi:
10.1038/nm0496-449.
PMID8597956.
S2CID25571283.
^Fernandez-Egea E, Scoriels L, Theegala S, Giro M, Ozanne SE, Burling K, Jones PB (Oct 2013). "Cannabis use is associated with increased CCL11 plasma levels in young healthy volunteers". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 46: 25–8.
doi:
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.06.011.
PMID23820464.
S2CID207410464.
Garcia-Zepeda EA, Rothenberg ME, Ownbey RT, Celestin J, Leder P, Luster AD (Apr 1996). "Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophil cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia". Nature Medicine. 2 (4): 449–56.
doi:
10.1038/nm0496-449.
PMID8597956.
S2CID25571283.
Bartels J, Schlüter C, Richter E, Noso N, Kulke R, Christophers E, Schröder JM (Aug 1996). "Human dermal fibroblasts express eotaxin: molecular cloning, mRNA expression, and identification of eotaxin sequence variants". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 225 (3): 1045–51.
doi:
10.1006/bbrc.1996.1292.
PMID8780731.
Garcia-Zepeda EA, Rothenberg ME, Weremowicz S, Sarafi MN, Morton CC, Luster AD (May 1997). "Genomic organization, complete sequence, and chromosomal location of the gene for human eotaxin (SCYA11), an eosinophil-specific CC chemokine". Genomics. 41 (3): 471–6.
doi:
10.1006/geno.1997.4656.
PMID9169149.
Hein H, Schlüter C, Kulke R, Christophers E, Schröder JM, Bartels J (Aug 1997). "Genomic organization, sequence, and transcriptional regulation of the human eotaxin gene". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 237 (3): 537–42.
doi:
10.1006/bbrc.1997.7169.
PMID9299399.
Blanpain C, Migeotte I, Lee B, Vakili J, Doranz BJ, Govaerts C, Vassart G, Doms RW, Parmentier M (Sep 1999). "CCR5 binds multiple CC-chemokines: MCP-3 acts as a natural antagonist". Blood. 94 (6): 1899–905.
doi:
10.1182/blood.V94.6.1899.
PMID10477718.
Zhang J, Lathbury LJ, Salamonsen LA (Feb 2000). "Expression of the chemokine eotaxin and its receptor, CCR3, in human endometrium". Biology of Reproduction. 62 (2): 404–11.
doi:
10.1095/biolreprod62.2.404.
PMID10642580.
S2CID28214811.
Kampen GT, Stafford S, Adachi T, Jinquan T, Quan S, Grant JA, Skov PS, Poulsen LK, Alam R (Mar 2000). "Eotaxin induces degranulation and chemotaxis of eosinophils through the activation of ERK2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases". Blood. 95 (6): 1911–7.
doi:
10.1182/blood.V95.6.1911.
PMID10706854.
S2CID25314791.
Huber MA, Kraut N, Addicks T, Peter RU (Mar 2000). "Cell-type-dependent induction of eotaxin and CCR3 by ionizing radiation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 269 (2): 546–52.
doi:
10.1006/bbrc.2000.2287.
PMID10708591.