Aragonese Crusade: French forces led by King
Philip III (the Bold) entrench before
Girona, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on
September 7. Philip's son, the 15-year-old
Charles of Valois, is crowned as king of
Aragon (under the vassalage of the
Holy See) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of
dysentery and Philip is forced to retreat.[1]
May – King
Sancho IV (the Brave) assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral
Benedetto I Zaccaria to blockade the mouth of the
Guadalquivir River. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and
Alcalá de Guadaíra, the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.
May 22 – Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son
Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on
June 1. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona,
Niebla, Écija, Seville and
Sanlúcar de Barrameda.[3]
August – Castilian forces led by Sancho IV (the Brave) march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on
August 2. He withdraws his army to the safety of
Algeciras and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at
El Puerto de Santa Maria (or "The port of
Saint Mary").[4]
September 4 –
Battle of Les Formigues: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral
Roger of Lauria defeats French and Genoese ships near the
Formigues Islands. According to
Johan Esteve de Bezers, a French
troubadour, all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.
October 1 –
Battle of the Col de Panissars: Aragonese forces under King
Peter III (the Great) ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the
Pyrenees. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family. Philip III (the Bold) arrives with his fatigued remnants in
Perpignan, where he dies of dysentery on
October 5.
November 2 – Peter III (the Great) dies after a 9-year reign at
Vilafranca del Penedès. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son
Alfonso III (the Liberal), who becomes king of
Aragon. Peter's other son
James II (the Just), is crowned ruler of
Sicily. His third son, the 13-year-old
Frederick, becomes co-ruler and
regent of Sicily.[5]
The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King
Edward I (Longshanks), defines the jurisdictions of church and state, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.
Levant
April 17 – Mamluk forces under Sultan
Qalawun (the Victorious) appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of
Margat and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of
Knights Hospitaller to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on
May 25. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to
Tortosa – while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the
Crusader States.[6]
Asia
June 24 –
Battle of Chương Dương: Joint forces of
Champa and
Đại Việt defeat the Mongol-led Yuan fleet on the
Red River. Most of the Yuan warships are burned during the battle, and the Mongol army retreats to
China in late June. The Vietnamese royal court returns to the capital in
Thang Long following a six-month conflict.[7]
The first record is made of an emission of
life annuities, by the city of
Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in
Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western
Europe (see
1228).[8]
The
County of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of
France; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the
Fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.[9]
Religion
January 6 – Archbishop
Jakub Świnka organizes a synod in
Łęczyca. During the meeting, he orders all priests who are subject to his bishopric to deliver their sermons in Polish rather than German. This further unifies the
Catholic Church in
Poland and fosters a national identity.
^Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980). Capetian France: 987–1328, p. 356. Longman.
ISBN978-0-582-40428-1.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 90.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 90–91.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 91.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 330–31.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Stone, Zofia (2017). Genghis Khan: A Biography, p. 76. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
ISBN978-93-86367-11-2.
^Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
ISBN978-90-04-17565-5.
Aragonese Crusade: French forces led by King
Philip III (the Bold) entrench before
Girona, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on
September 7. Philip's son, the 15-year-old
Charles of Valois, is crowned as king of
Aragon (under the vassalage of the
Holy See) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of
dysentery and Philip is forced to retreat.[1]
May – King
Sancho IV (the Brave) assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral
Benedetto I Zaccaria to blockade the mouth of the
Guadalquivir River. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and
Alcalá de Guadaíra, the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.
May 22 – Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son
Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on
June 1. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona,
Niebla, Écija, Seville and
Sanlúcar de Barrameda.[3]
August – Castilian forces led by Sancho IV (the Brave) march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on
August 2. He withdraws his army to the safety of
Algeciras and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at
El Puerto de Santa Maria (or "The port of
Saint Mary").[4]
September 4 –
Battle of Les Formigues: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral
Roger of Lauria defeats French and Genoese ships near the
Formigues Islands. According to
Johan Esteve de Bezers, a French
troubadour, all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.
October 1 –
Battle of the Col de Panissars: Aragonese forces under King
Peter III (the Great) ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the
Pyrenees. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family. Philip III (the Bold) arrives with his fatigued remnants in
Perpignan, where he dies of dysentery on
October 5.
November 2 – Peter III (the Great) dies after a 9-year reign at
Vilafranca del Penedès. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son
Alfonso III (the Liberal), who becomes king of
Aragon. Peter's other son
James II (the Just), is crowned ruler of
Sicily. His third son, the 13-year-old
Frederick, becomes co-ruler and
regent of Sicily.[5]
The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King
Edward I (Longshanks), defines the jurisdictions of church and state, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.
Levant
April 17 – Mamluk forces under Sultan
Qalawun (the Victorious) appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of
Margat and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of
Knights Hospitaller to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on
May 25. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to
Tortosa – while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the
Crusader States.[6]
Asia
June 24 –
Battle of Chương Dương: Joint forces of
Champa and
Đại Việt defeat the Mongol-led Yuan fleet on the
Red River. Most of the Yuan warships are burned during the battle, and the Mongol army retreats to
China in late June. The Vietnamese royal court returns to the capital in
Thang Long following a six-month conflict.[7]
The first record is made of an emission of
life annuities, by the city of
Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in
Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western
Europe (see
1228).[8]
The
County of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of
France; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the
Fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.[9]
Religion
January 6 – Archbishop
Jakub Świnka organizes a synod in
Łęczyca. During the meeting, he orders all priests who are subject to his bishopric to deliver their sermons in Polish rather than German. This further unifies the
Catholic Church in
Poland and fosters a national identity.
^Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980). Capetian France: 987–1328, p. 356. Longman.
ISBN978-0-582-40428-1.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 90.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 90–91.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 91.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 330–31.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Stone, Zofia (2017). Genghis Khan: A Biography, p. 76. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
ISBN978-93-86367-11-2.
^Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
ISBN978-90-04-17565-5.