The oldest known mention is made of the city of
Dortmund (approximate date).
Asia
Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese statesman, creates the position of regent (kampaku) for himself. The
Fujiwara clan will be able to dominate the government for more than 3 centuries.
King
Alfred the Great increases the size of his new navy, and sails out to attack four
Viking ships. Two of the ships are captured (before they surrender), and the other crews are killed.[4]
Guy II of Spoleto begins a revolt, and assembles an army supported with Arab
auxiliaries. King Charles the Fat sends
Berengar of Friuli with an expeditionary force to deprive him of
Spoleto. An
epidemic ravages Berengar's army, and forces them to retire.[5]
Summer – King
Carloman II reverts to the former fall-back of 'pay and pray', buying (with
Danegeld) a truce at
Amiens, while he raises 12,000 lbs of
silver for the
Vikings to depart.
November 27 – The Vikings begin the
Siege of Paris by attacking the northeast tower with
ballistae,
mangonels and
catapults. All Viking attacks are repulsed by
Odo, Count of Paris, who defends the city with a small
garrison (about 200 men). Sigfred decides to withdraw, and builds a
camp on the right bank of the river. Meanwhile he mines the city, and scours the countryside for provisions.
Britain
King
Alfred the Great summons
Asser, a relative of Bishop
Nobis of
St. David's, to the English
court. He agrees to spend six months of the year in the king's service. Asser helps to negotiate the recognition of Alfred, as
overlord of the
Welsh kings.
Danish Vikings land in
Kent and besiege
Rochester. Town defences having been improved, the city holds out long enough for Alfred the Great to organize an army. He forces the Vikings to flee back across
the Channel, to the
Continent.
Battle of Tawahin: Muslim forces (4,000 men) of the
Abbasid Caliphate, under
Al-Mu'tadid, are defeated near
Ramlah (modern
Israel) by
Khumarawayh, ruler of the
Tulunid dynasty. This ends the Abbasid attempt to recover
Syria from the Tulunids. A large part of the Abbasid army is captured, and transported to
Egypt. Khumarawayh aims for reconciliation with the caliphal government, and allows the soldiers who want to return to modern-day
Iraq to depart without
ransom, while offering the rest the opportunity to settle in Egypt.[9][10]
October –
Siege of Paris: Count
Odo slips through
Viking-controlled territory, to ask the king of
West FranciaCharles the Fat for support. He returns with a relief force, and reaches safety within the walls. Charles arrives later with a large army, and establishes a camp at
Montmartre. After negotiations he promises the Vikings
tribute (
Danegeld) worth 700
Livres (equivalent to 257kg of silver), and allows them to sail up the
River Seine, to over-winter in
Burgundy.
Britain
King
Alfred the Great of
Wessex recaptures
London from the
Danish Vikings, and renames it
Lundenburh. Slightly upstream from
London Bridge, he builds a small harbor called
Queenhithe. Alfred hands the town over to his son-in-law
Æthelred, lord of
Mercia. A street system is planned out in the town, with boundaries of 1,100 yards from east to west, and around 330 yards from north to south.[13]
King Alfred receives the formal submission of all of the citizens of England not under
Viking rule, and adopts the title '
King of the Anglo-Saxons'.
October –
Alan I (the Great), count of
Vannes, and his rival
Judicael, unite their forces to defeat the
Vikings at
Questembert (or
889). Judicael is killed, in a notable victory for the
Bretons, with 15,000 Vikings crushed, some few 400 escaping to their ships. In command of a 'united' Breton force, Alan is able to drive the Vikings back to the
Loire River. Alan becomes sole ruler of
Brittany, and over the Frankish counties of
Rennes,
Nantes,
Coutances and
Avranches.
Lord
Æthelred II of the Mercians is struck down with a debilitating illness. His wife, Princess
Æthelflæd (a daughter of Alfred the Great) of
Wessex, joins him as joint ruler of
Mercia (approximate date).
Boris I, ruler (khan) of the
Bulgarian Empire, abdicates the
throne after a 37-year reign, and retires to a
monastery. He is succeeded by his eldest son
Vladimir, as monarch of
Bulgaria. Vladimir falls under the influence of the old
boyars; many remain anti-Christian and anti-Byzantine. He attempts to restore the former Frankish
alliance, and to reestablish
paganism.[19]
A ship carrying about twenty Arab
freebooters, from
Pechina in
Al-Andalus (modern
Spain), sets anchor in the Gulf of
Saint-Tropez in Provence. They establish a fortified base at
Fraxinet (modern-day
La Garde-Freinet). After raiding the surrounding area, the Muslim colony is bolstered by contingents of
Saracen adventurers.
In Italy,
Forlì becomes a
republic for the first time. The city is allied with the Ghibelline faction, in the medieval struggles between the
Guelphs and Ghibellines.
^Reuter, Timothy (1991). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1056. London: Longman. pp. 116–117. AF(M), 885 (pp. 98–99 and nn6–7) and AF(B), 885 (p. 111 and n2).
^Sobernheim, Moritz (1987).
"Khumārawaih". In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume IV: 'Itk–Kwaṭṭa. Leiden: BRILL. p. 973.
ISBN978-90-04-08265-6.
^Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
"Ioannes Kurkuas (#22824)". Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
^Gwatking, H. M., Whitney, J. P., et al. Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III–Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge University Press: London (1930).
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Abbas, Ihsan (1989).
"BŪRĀN". In
Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/5: Brick–Burial II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 553–554.
ISBN978-0-71009-128-4.
Sources
Martínez Díez, Gonzalo (2005). El Condado de Castilla (711–1038). La historia frente a la leyenda (in Spanish). Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León.
ISBN84-9718-275-8.
The oldest known mention is made of the city of
Dortmund (approximate date).
Asia
Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese statesman, creates the position of regent (kampaku) for himself. The
Fujiwara clan will be able to dominate the government for more than 3 centuries.
King
Alfred the Great increases the size of his new navy, and sails out to attack four
Viking ships. Two of the ships are captured (before they surrender), and the other crews are killed.[4]
Guy II of Spoleto begins a revolt, and assembles an army supported with Arab
auxiliaries. King Charles the Fat sends
Berengar of Friuli with an expeditionary force to deprive him of
Spoleto. An
epidemic ravages Berengar's army, and forces them to retire.[5]
Summer – King
Carloman II reverts to the former fall-back of 'pay and pray', buying (with
Danegeld) a truce at
Amiens, while he raises 12,000 lbs of
silver for the
Vikings to depart.
November 27 – The Vikings begin the
Siege of Paris by attacking the northeast tower with
ballistae,
mangonels and
catapults. All Viking attacks are repulsed by
Odo, Count of Paris, who defends the city with a small
garrison (about 200 men). Sigfred decides to withdraw, and builds a
camp on the right bank of the river. Meanwhile he mines the city, and scours the countryside for provisions.
Britain
King
Alfred the Great summons
Asser, a relative of Bishop
Nobis of
St. David's, to the English
court. He agrees to spend six months of the year in the king's service. Asser helps to negotiate the recognition of Alfred, as
overlord of the
Welsh kings.
Danish Vikings land in
Kent and besiege
Rochester. Town defences having been improved, the city holds out long enough for Alfred the Great to organize an army. He forces the Vikings to flee back across
the Channel, to the
Continent.
Battle of Tawahin: Muslim forces (4,000 men) of the
Abbasid Caliphate, under
Al-Mu'tadid, are defeated near
Ramlah (modern
Israel) by
Khumarawayh, ruler of the
Tulunid dynasty. This ends the Abbasid attempt to recover
Syria from the Tulunids. A large part of the Abbasid army is captured, and transported to
Egypt. Khumarawayh aims for reconciliation with the caliphal government, and allows the soldiers who want to return to modern-day
Iraq to depart without
ransom, while offering the rest the opportunity to settle in Egypt.[9][10]
October –
Siege of Paris: Count
Odo slips through
Viking-controlled territory, to ask the king of
West FranciaCharles the Fat for support. He returns with a relief force, and reaches safety within the walls. Charles arrives later with a large army, and establishes a camp at
Montmartre. After negotiations he promises the Vikings
tribute (
Danegeld) worth 700
Livres (equivalent to 257kg of silver), and allows them to sail up the
River Seine, to over-winter in
Burgundy.
Britain
King
Alfred the Great of
Wessex recaptures
London from the
Danish Vikings, and renames it
Lundenburh. Slightly upstream from
London Bridge, he builds a small harbor called
Queenhithe. Alfred hands the town over to his son-in-law
Æthelred, lord of
Mercia. A street system is planned out in the town, with boundaries of 1,100 yards from east to west, and around 330 yards from north to south.[13]
King Alfred receives the formal submission of all of the citizens of England not under
Viking rule, and adopts the title '
King of the Anglo-Saxons'.
October –
Alan I (the Great), count of
Vannes, and his rival
Judicael, unite their forces to defeat the
Vikings at
Questembert (or
889). Judicael is killed, in a notable victory for the
Bretons, with 15,000 Vikings crushed, some few 400 escaping to their ships. In command of a 'united' Breton force, Alan is able to drive the Vikings back to the
Loire River. Alan becomes sole ruler of
Brittany, and over the Frankish counties of
Rennes,
Nantes,
Coutances and
Avranches.
Lord
Æthelred II of the Mercians is struck down with a debilitating illness. His wife, Princess
Æthelflæd (a daughter of Alfred the Great) of
Wessex, joins him as joint ruler of
Mercia (approximate date).
Boris I, ruler (khan) of the
Bulgarian Empire, abdicates the
throne after a 37-year reign, and retires to a
monastery. He is succeeded by his eldest son
Vladimir, as monarch of
Bulgaria. Vladimir falls under the influence of the old
boyars; many remain anti-Christian and anti-Byzantine. He attempts to restore the former Frankish
alliance, and to reestablish
paganism.[19]
A ship carrying about twenty Arab
freebooters, from
Pechina in
Al-Andalus (modern
Spain), sets anchor in the Gulf of
Saint-Tropez in Provence. They establish a fortified base at
Fraxinet (modern-day
La Garde-Freinet). After raiding the surrounding area, the Muslim colony is bolstered by contingents of
Saracen adventurers.
In Italy,
Forlì becomes a
republic for the first time. The city is allied with the Ghibelline faction, in the medieval struggles between the
Guelphs and Ghibellines.
^Reuter, Timothy (1991). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1056. London: Longman. pp. 116–117. AF(M), 885 (pp. 98–99 and nn6–7) and AF(B), 885 (p. 111 and n2).
^Sobernheim, Moritz (1987).
"Khumārawaih". In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume IV: 'Itk–Kwaṭṭa. Leiden: BRILL. p. 973.
ISBN978-90-04-08265-6.
^Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
"Ioannes Kurkuas (#22824)". Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
^Gwatking, H. M., Whitney, J. P., et al. Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III–Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge University Press: London (1930).
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Abbas, Ihsan (1989).
"BŪRĀN". In
Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/5: Brick–Burial II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 553–554.
ISBN978-0-71009-128-4.
Sources
Martínez Díez, Gonzalo (2005). El Condado de Castilla (711–1038). La historia frente a la leyenda (in Spanish). Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León.
ISBN84-9718-275-8.