May –
Ibrahim II, Aghlabid
emir of
Ifriqiya, sends a large army to
Palermo, to impose
Arab authority from
Kairouan. After an uprising, the Sicilians make a bid for independence.[8]
Former
Silla general
Gyeon Hwon seizes the cities of
Wansanju and
Mujinju, taking over the territory of
Baekje. He wins the support of the people, and declares himself king.[9]
An
East Frankish expeditionary force under
Zwentibold, the eldest son of King
Arnulf of Carinthia, crosses the
Alps into
Friuli. He makes junction at
Verona, with the army of the deposed king
Berengar I, and proceeds to lay siege to
Pavia. After a three-month campaign, Zwentibold receives orders to head back to
Bavaria, in case of a
Magyar intervention.
Summer –
Battle of Buttington: A combined Welsh and
Mercian army under Lord
Æthelred besieges a Viking camp at
Buttington in Wales. The Danes escape with heavy losses, and take their families to safety in East Anglia.[14]
Autumn – Danish Vikings under Hastein take the city of
Chester, after a rapid march from East Anglia. Alfred the Great destroys the food supplies, forcing them to move into
Wales.[15]
March 23 –
893 Ardabil earthquake. Several earthquake catalogues and historical sources describe this earthquake as a destructive earthquake that struck the city of
Ardabil,
Iran. The magnitude is unknown, but the death toll was reported to be very large. The
USGS, in their "List of Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths", give an estimate that 150,000 were killed, which would make it the ninth deadliest earthquake in history.[17]
March – Arnulf of Carinthia proceeds to
Piacenza, and from there invades central Italy. After a successful campaign, he calls the invasion off and returns to Pavia – probably because Duke
Rudolph I of Burgundy was threatening to invade
Lorraine. Arnulf has himself proclaimed
King of Italy at Pavia, leaving Berengar I as his
vice-regent in Italy.
Arnulf of Carinthia returns to
Germany through the
Alps, harried by militias dispatched by Rudolph I of Burgundy and margrave
Anscar I of Ivrea. Only with much difficulty is Arnulf able to get his army through the
Aosta Valley and through
St. Moritz, back into Germany. Guy III descends from the
Apennines, and re-seizes the Italian kingdom.
December – Guy III dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by his 14-year-old son
Lambert, already associated as co-emperor since
892. At the pleading of Archbishop
Fulk of Reims,
Pope Formosus reconciles with the young emperor. Lambert proceeds from Spoleto to Pavia, where he is acclaimed and crowned with the
Iron Crown of Lombardy.
Árpád, head of the confederation of the
Hungarian tribes, comes to an agreement with the prince of the Moravians, Svatopluk II, that Hungarian and Moravian armies will together expel the
Eastern Franks from
Pannonia.[20]
The
Vikings in
Northumbria and
East Anglia swear allegiance and hand over hostages to King
Alfred the Great, but promptly break their truce by attacking the southwest of
England. A Viking force returns from
Exeter and sails along the coast, in an attempt to plunder
Chichester. They are defeated by the Saxon
garrison, losing many ships and men.[22]
King
Anarawd of
Gwynedd's shaky alliance with the Vikings collapses. His kingdom is ravaged by the
Norsemen. Anarawd is forced to ask for help from Alfred the Great and submits to his overlordship. Alfred imposes oppressive terms and forces Anarawd's confirmation in the
Christian Church, with Alfred as 'godfather'.
Autumn –
Battle of Benfleet: Danish Viking forces retire to
Essex, after being deprived of food by Alfred the Great (see
893). They draw their
longships up the
Thames and into the
Lea, entrenching themselves at
Benfleet.[23]
The
Magyars are expelled from
western Siberia, and settle in the
Carpathian Basin, under the leadership of
Árpád (The traditional date of
896 held during the 20th century has proved to be erroneous). Emperor
Leo VI (the Wise) seeks aid from the Magyars, and after crossing the
Danube on
Byzantine ships, they ravage Bulgarian territory.[24]
Simeon I (the Great), ruler (khan) of the
Bulgarian Empire, seeks refuge in the fortress of
Drastar, while the Magyars reach the outskirts of the capital
Preslav. Facing a difficult situation with war on two fronts, Simeon calls for a
truce. Leo VI sends the diplomat
Leo Choirosphaktes to Bulgaria, to negotiate the terms.[25]
May – Arnulf of Carinthia summons the
Imperial Diet in his residence at
Worms. Angered by the non-appearance of Charles the Simple, he again supports Odo's claim to the throne of the West Frankish Kingdom. In the same assembly, he crowns Zwentibold as king of
Lotharingia.
Guy IV, duke of
Spoleto, conquers
Benevento (after the Byzantines have moved the capital of
Byzantine Italy from Benevento to
Bari). Guy makes himself prince, thereby uniting the two Italian states. The Byzantines attempt to retake Benevento, but are defeated by Lombard troops.
December – Arnulf of Carinthia invades
Italy, at the head of an
East Frankish expeditionary army. He arrives in
Pavia and reorganizes the
Lombard state. Arnulf partitions the northern part of the kingdom: the western half (March of Lombardy) and the eastern half (March of Verona).
Arnulf of Carinthia crosses the
Po River and divides his army in two: one corps (
Swabian) proceeds to
Florence (via
Bologna), while the other corps (
Franks) moves through the
Lunigiana to the precincts of
Rome.
King
Anarawd of
Gwynedd is supplied with English troops, to assist in his reconquest of
Seisyllwg (
Wales). He is successful, and his brother
Cadell is finally able to take his rightful place on the Seisyllwg throne.
November – Lambert II and Berengar I agree to sign a treaty at
Pavia. Berengar receives the
realm between the
Adda and the
Po, while the rest stays under the control of Lambert (including the
March of Tuscany). They share
Bergamo, and Lambert pledges to marry Gisela, Berengar's daughter.[30]
Prince
Klonimir, pretender to the
throne of the
Serbian Principality, is defeated by his ruling cousin,
Petar. He is recognized as sole ruler of Serbia by Simeon I, resulting in a 20-year peace and
alliance (approximate date).[31]
Spring – King
Lambert II travels to
Rome with his mother, Queen
Ageltrude and brother
Guy IV, Lombard
duke of
Spoleto, to meet Pope
Stephen VI to receive reconfirmation of his imperial title. Guy is murdered on the
Tiber by agents of
Alberic I, a Frankish
nobleman with political interests. He seizes Spoleto (possibly at the instigation of King
Berengar I) and sets himself up as duke.
Britain
English warships (nine vessels from Alfred's new fleet) intercept six Viking
longships in the mouth of an unknown
estuary on the south coast (possibly at
Poole Harbour) in
Dorset. The
Danes are blockaded, and three ships attempt to break through the English lines. Lashing the
Viking boats to their own, the English crew board the enemy's vessels and kill everyone on board. Some ships manage to escape, two of the other three boats are driven against the
Sussex coast. The
shipwrecked sailors are brought before King
Alfred the Great at
Winchester and hanged. Just one Viking ship returns to
East Anglia.[34]
Emperor
Uda abdicates the
throne after a ten year reign. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son
Daigo, as the 60th
emperor of Japan.
By topic
Religion
January – The
Cadaver Synod: Lambert II orders Stephen VI to exhume the nine-month-old cadaver of former pope
Formosus, to redress him in papal robes, and have him put on trial while seated in a chair at
St. Peter's. Formosus is 'convicted' of several crimes, his fingers of
consecration are cut off, and the body is stripped of his
vestments.
August – Stephen VI is removed from office, imprisoned and
strangled in his cell. He is succeeded by
Romanus as the 114th
pope of the
Catholic Church.
December – Romanus is deposed and succeeded by
Theodore II as the 115th pope of Rome, but dies twenty days later.
Summer –
Adalbert II, margrave of
Tuscany, revolts (pushed by his wife
Bertha) against his cousin, Emperor
Lambert II. The Tuscan army proceeds against the
Lombard capital of
Pavia. Lambert with his forces at
Marengo defeats Adalbert at
Borgo San Donnino, taking him, as a prisoner, to Pavia.
October 15 – Lambert II dies from falling off his horse while
hunting — or is killed (possibly assassinated by supporters of Maginulf of Milan). After the death of Lambert, his rival
Berengar I gains recognition as king of
Italy. He releases Adalbert II and receives homage from the Italian nobles.
John IX holds councils at
Rome and
Ravenna to rehabilitate the late Pope
Formosus. He condemns the
Cadaver Synod of the late Pope
Stephen VI, and restores the clergymen who were deposed by Stephen's faction.
Summer – King
Arnulf of Carinthia enlists the support of the
Magyars, to raid northern
Italy. They overrun the Lombard plain all the way to
Pavia. King
Berengar I assembles a large army against the Magyars, and confronts them near the
Adda River. Daunted at the strong force,
Árpád (head of the confederation of the
Hungarian tribes) offers to make peace and restore much of what they've taken, if they are permitted to leave Italy unmolested. Berengar refuses, and the Magyars withdraw to the
Brenta River. Árpád renews his offer, offering to leave all his booty and even some hostages. Again Berengar refuses, and awaits their crossing of the Brenta River for a final battle.
September 24 –
Battle of the Brenta: The Magyar forces, consisting of 5,000 men, take a circuitous route through the mountains, crossing the Brenta River and proceed south to fall upon the encamped Lombard army (15,000 men) at
Cartigliano. The Magyars massacre much of Berengar's unprepared army. He himself manages to escape to
Pavia, changing his dress with the clothing of one of his soldiers. Árpád renews the offensive and heads across
Lombardy, pillaging the countryside around
Treviso,
Vicenza,
Bergamo and other towns all the way to
Vercelli. He turns south and heads down the
Aemilian Road, sacking
Reggio Emilia,
Modena and
Bologna.[38]
Winter – The Magyars turn back north towards the shores of the
Venetian Lagoon. They pillage
Chioggia and
Pellestrina, and advance towards
Malamocco. Their advance into the lagoon is checked by the assembly of the
Venetian fleet under doge
Pietro Tribuno, which defeats the Magyar's river crossing vessels at Albiola, causing them to pull back. This close call with the Magyars prompts the Venetians to initiate the fortification of the
Rialto and the building of protective chains over the
Grand Canal.
Britain
October 26 – King
Alfred the Great dies after a 28-year reign in which he has forced invading Danish
Vikings to withdraw, consolidated
England around
Wessex, divided parts of
Mercia into shires, compiled the best laws of earlier kings, encouraged learning by bringing famous
scholars to Wessex and made his own translations of
Latin works. He is succeeded by his eldest son,
Edward the Elder as king of Wessex.
Winter –
Æthelwold's Revolt: Following the death of Alfred the Great,
Æthelwold (youngest son of the late king
Æthelred I) disputes the succession of Edward the Elder. He seizes the royal estates at
Wimborne, the ancient symbolic burial place of West Saxon kings, and
Christchurch. Edward set up his
army camp at
Badbury Rings. Æthelwold first declares that he will 'live or die' at Wimborne, but then flees to
Northumbria.[39]
^Lee Hyun-hee, Park Sung-soo, Yoon Nae-hyun, translated by The Academy of Korean Studies, New History of Korea pp. 263–265, Jimoondang, Paju, 2005.
ISBN89-88095-85-5.
^Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900–c. 1024, ed.
Timothy Reuter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 313–315.
^Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, pp. 124–125.
ISBN978-1-59416-087-5.
^John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, pp. 66–67.
ISBN978-0-140-51328-8.
^Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, pp. 128–130.
ISBN978-1-59416-087-5.
^John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, pp. 66–67.
ISBN978-0-140-51328-8.
^Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
ISBN978-0-8248-0368-1.
^John V.A. Fine, Jr. (1991). A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, pp. 137–138.
ISBN978-0-472-08149-3.
^Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, pp. 134–135.
ISBN978-1-59416-087-5.
^Reuter, Timothy (trans.) The Annals of FuldaArchived February 26, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
^Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900–c. 1024, ed.
Timothy Reuter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 313–15.
May –
Ibrahim II, Aghlabid
emir of
Ifriqiya, sends a large army to
Palermo, to impose
Arab authority from
Kairouan. After an uprising, the Sicilians make a bid for independence.[8]
Former
Silla general
Gyeon Hwon seizes the cities of
Wansanju and
Mujinju, taking over the territory of
Baekje. He wins the support of the people, and declares himself king.[9]
An
East Frankish expeditionary force under
Zwentibold, the eldest son of King
Arnulf of Carinthia, crosses the
Alps into
Friuli. He makes junction at
Verona, with the army of the deposed king
Berengar I, and proceeds to lay siege to
Pavia. After a three-month campaign, Zwentibold receives orders to head back to
Bavaria, in case of a
Magyar intervention.
Summer –
Battle of Buttington: A combined Welsh and
Mercian army under Lord
Æthelred besieges a Viking camp at
Buttington in Wales. The Danes escape with heavy losses, and take their families to safety in East Anglia.[14]
Autumn – Danish Vikings under Hastein take the city of
Chester, after a rapid march from East Anglia. Alfred the Great destroys the food supplies, forcing them to move into
Wales.[15]
March 23 –
893 Ardabil earthquake. Several earthquake catalogues and historical sources describe this earthquake as a destructive earthquake that struck the city of
Ardabil,
Iran. The magnitude is unknown, but the death toll was reported to be very large. The
USGS, in their "List of Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths", give an estimate that 150,000 were killed, which would make it the ninth deadliest earthquake in history.[17]
March – Arnulf of Carinthia proceeds to
Piacenza, and from there invades central Italy. After a successful campaign, he calls the invasion off and returns to Pavia – probably because Duke
Rudolph I of Burgundy was threatening to invade
Lorraine. Arnulf has himself proclaimed
King of Italy at Pavia, leaving Berengar I as his
vice-regent in Italy.
Arnulf of Carinthia returns to
Germany through the
Alps, harried by militias dispatched by Rudolph I of Burgundy and margrave
Anscar I of Ivrea. Only with much difficulty is Arnulf able to get his army through the
Aosta Valley and through
St. Moritz, back into Germany. Guy III descends from the
Apennines, and re-seizes the Italian kingdom.
December – Guy III dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by his 14-year-old son
Lambert, already associated as co-emperor since
892. At the pleading of Archbishop
Fulk of Reims,
Pope Formosus reconciles with the young emperor. Lambert proceeds from Spoleto to Pavia, where he is acclaimed and crowned with the
Iron Crown of Lombardy.
Árpád, head of the confederation of the
Hungarian tribes, comes to an agreement with the prince of the Moravians, Svatopluk II, that Hungarian and Moravian armies will together expel the
Eastern Franks from
Pannonia.[20]
The
Vikings in
Northumbria and
East Anglia swear allegiance and hand over hostages to King
Alfred the Great, but promptly break their truce by attacking the southwest of
England. A Viking force returns from
Exeter and sails along the coast, in an attempt to plunder
Chichester. They are defeated by the Saxon
garrison, losing many ships and men.[22]
King
Anarawd of
Gwynedd's shaky alliance with the Vikings collapses. His kingdom is ravaged by the
Norsemen. Anarawd is forced to ask for help from Alfred the Great and submits to his overlordship. Alfred imposes oppressive terms and forces Anarawd's confirmation in the
Christian Church, with Alfred as 'godfather'.
Autumn –
Battle of Benfleet: Danish Viking forces retire to
Essex, after being deprived of food by Alfred the Great (see
893). They draw their
longships up the
Thames and into the
Lea, entrenching themselves at
Benfleet.[23]
The
Magyars are expelled from
western Siberia, and settle in the
Carpathian Basin, under the leadership of
Árpád (The traditional date of
896 held during the 20th century has proved to be erroneous). Emperor
Leo VI (the Wise) seeks aid from the Magyars, and after crossing the
Danube on
Byzantine ships, they ravage Bulgarian territory.[24]
Simeon I (the Great), ruler (khan) of the
Bulgarian Empire, seeks refuge in the fortress of
Drastar, while the Magyars reach the outskirts of the capital
Preslav. Facing a difficult situation with war on two fronts, Simeon calls for a
truce. Leo VI sends the diplomat
Leo Choirosphaktes to Bulgaria, to negotiate the terms.[25]
May – Arnulf of Carinthia summons the
Imperial Diet in his residence at
Worms. Angered by the non-appearance of Charles the Simple, he again supports Odo's claim to the throne of the West Frankish Kingdom. In the same assembly, he crowns Zwentibold as king of
Lotharingia.
Guy IV, duke of
Spoleto, conquers
Benevento (after the Byzantines have moved the capital of
Byzantine Italy from Benevento to
Bari). Guy makes himself prince, thereby uniting the two Italian states. The Byzantines attempt to retake Benevento, but are defeated by Lombard troops.
December – Arnulf of Carinthia invades
Italy, at the head of an
East Frankish expeditionary army. He arrives in
Pavia and reorganizes the
Lombard state. Arnulf partitions the northern part of the kingdom: the western half (March of Lombardy) and the eastern half (March of Verona).
Arnulf of Carinthia crosses the
Po River and divides his army in two: one corps (
Swabian) proceeds to
Florence (via
Bologna), while the other corps (
Franks) moves through the
Lunigiana to the precincts of
Rome.
King
Anarawd of
Gwynedd is supplied with English troops, to assist in his reconquest of
Seisyllwg (
Wales). He is successful, and his brother
Cadell is finally able to take his rightful place on the Seisyllwg throne.
November – Lambert II and Berengar I agree to sign a treaty at
Pavia. Berengar receives the
realm between the
Adda and the
Po, while the rest stays under the control of Lambert (including the
March of Tuscany). They share
Bergamo, and Lambert pledges to marry Gisela, Berengar's daughter.[30]
Prince
Klonimir, pretender to the
throne of the
Serbian Principality, is defeated by his ruling cousin,
Petar. He is recognized as sole ruler of Serbia by Simeon I, resulting in a 20-year peace and
alliance (approximate date).[31]
Spring – King
Lambert II travels to
Rome with his mother, Queen
Ageltrude and brother
Guy IV, Lombard
duke of
Spoleto, to meet Pope
Stephen VI to receive reconfirmation of his imperial title. Guy is murdered on the
Tiber by agents of
Alberic I, a Frankish
nobleman with political interests. He seizes Spoleto (possibly at the instigation of King
Berengar I) and sets himself up as duke.
Britain
English warships (nine vessels from Alfred's new fleet) intercept six Viking
longships in the mouth of an unknown
estuary on the south coast (possibly at
Poole Harbour) in
Dorset. The
Danes are blockaded, and three ships attempt to break through the English lines. Lashing the
Viking boats to their own, the English crew board the enemy's vessels and kill everyone on board. Some ships manage to escape, two of the other three boats are driven against the
Sussex coast. The
shipwrecked sailors are brought before King
Alfred the Great at
Winchester and hanged. Just one Viking ship returns to
East Anglia.[34]
Emperor
Uda abdicates the
throne after a ten year reign. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son
Daigo, as the 60th
emperor of Japan.
By topic
Religion
January – The
Cadaver Synod: Lambert II orders Stephen VI to exhume the nine-month-old cadaver of former pope
Formosus, to redress him in papal robes, and have him put on trial while seated in a chair at
St. Peter's. Formosus is 'convicted' of several crimes, his fingers of
consecration are cut off, and the body is stripped of his
vestments.
August – Stephen VI is removed from office, imprisoned and
strangled in his cell. He is succeeded by
Romanus as the 114th
pope of the
Catholic Church.
December – Romanus is deposed and succeeded by
Theodore II as the 115th pope of Rome, but dies twenty days later.
Summer –
Adalbert II, margrave of
Tuscany, revolts (pushed by his wife
Bertha) against his cousin, Emperor
Lambert II. The Tuscan army proceeds against the
Lombard capital of
Pavia. Lambert with his forces at
Marengo defeats Adalbert at
Borgo San Donnino, taking him, as a prisoner, to Pavia.
October 15 – Lambert II dies from falling off his horse while
hunting — or is killed (possibly assassinated by supporters of Maginulf of Milan). After the death of Lambert, his rival
Berengar I gains recognition as king of
Italy. He releases Adalbert II and receives homage from the Italian nobles.
John IX holds councils at
Rome and
Ravenna to rehabilitate the late Pope
Formosus. He condemns the
Cadaver Synod of the late Pope
Stephen VI, and restores the clergymen who were deposed by Stephen's faction.
Summer – King
Arnulf of Carinthia enlists the support of the
Magyars, to raid northern
Italy. They overrun the Lombard plain all the way to
Pavia. King
Berengar I assembles a large army against the Magyars, and confronts them near the
Adda River. Daunted at the strong force,
Árpád (head of the confederation of the
Hungarian tribes) offers to make peace and restore much of what they've taken, if they are permitted to leave Italy unmolested. Berengar refuses, and the Magyars withdraw to the
Brenta River. Árpád renews his offer, offering to leave all his booty and even some hostages. Again Berengar refuses, and awaits their crossing of the Brenta River for a final battle.
September 24 –
Battle of the Brenta: The Magyar forces, consisting of 5,000 men, take a circuitous route through the mountains, crossing the Brenta River and proceed south to fall upon the encamped Lombard army (15,000 men) at
Cartigliano. The Magyars massacre much of Berengar's unprepared army. He himself manages to escape to
Pavia, changing his dress with the clothing of one of his soldiers. Árpád renews the offensive and heads across
Lombardy, pillaging the countryside around
Treviso,
Vicenza,
Bergamo and other towns all the way to
Vercelli. He turns south and heads down the
Aemilian Road, sacking
Reggio Emilia,
Modena and
Bologna.[38]
Winter – The Magyars turn back north towards the shores of the
Venetian Lagoon. They pillage
Chioggia and
Pellestrina, and advance towards
Malamocco. Their advance into the lagoon is checked by the assembly of the
Venetian fleet under doge
Pietro Tribuno, which defeats the Magyar's river crossing vessels at Albiola, causing them to pull back. This close call with the Magyars prompts the Venetians to initiate the fortification of the
Rialto and the building of protective chains over the
Grand Canal.
Britain
October 26 – King
Alfred the Great dies after a 28-year reign in which he has forced invading Danish
Vikings to withdraw, consolidated
England around
Wessex, divided parts of
Mercia into shires, compiled the best laws of earlier kings, encouraged learning by bringing famous
scholars to Wessex and made his own translations of
Latin works. He is succeeded by his eldest son,
Edward the Elder as king of Wessex.
Winter –
Æthelwold's Revolt: Following the death of Alfred the Great,
Æthelwold (youngest son of the late king
Æthelred I) disputes the succession of Edward the Elder. He seizes the royal estates at
Wimborne, the ancient symbolic burial place of West Saxon kings, and
Christchurch. Edward set up his
army camp at
Badbury Rings. Æthelwold first declares that he will 'live or die' at Wimborne, but then flees to
Northumbria.[39]
^Lee Hyun-hee, Park Sung-soo, Yoon Nae-hyun, translated by The Academy of Korean Studies, New History of Korea pp. 263–265, Jimoondang, Paju, 2005.
ISBN89-88095-85-5.
^Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900–c. 1024, ed.
Timothy Reuter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 313–315.
^Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, pp. 124–125.
ISBN978-1-59416-087-5.
^John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, pp. 66–67.
ISBN978-0-140-51328-8.
^Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, pp. 128–130.
ISBN978-1-59416-087-5.
^John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, pp. 66–67.
ISBN978-0-140-51328-8.
^Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
ISBN978-0-8248-0368-1.
^John V.A. Fine, Jr. (1991). A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, pp. 137–138.
ISBN978-0-472-08149-3.
^Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, pp. 134–135.
ISBN978-1-59416-087-5.
^Reuter, Timothy (trans.) The Annals of FuldaArchived February 26, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
^Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900–c. 1024, ed.
Timothy Reuter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 313–15.